Small Wind Turbine Engineering ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

About me ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

 Executive in the wind industry since 1983.

 Founded Ecology Management in 1995.
 Lecturer at Energy and Climate Academy.
 Member of Ministry of Energy advisory board on Wind Turbine Certification.
 Member of advisory group at EnerginetDK on grid connection.
 Management member of Small Wind Group.
 Author of Small Wind Turbine Engineering, from idea to certification.
 Guest lecturer at Via University.
The dilemma ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

BWEA
Country Rated reference
Rotor Swetp
of powe annual Tower
Manufacturer Turbine Diamet Area, Standard SWCC MCS (IEC61400-2)
manufac r, energy at height, [m]
er. [m] [m^2]
turer [kW] 5m/s,
[kWh]

EO- 18,24,30,36, AWEA 9.1 -

CANADA Eocycle 25 37.229 12,60 125,1 Pending Pending
25/12 42 2009
Sumec
PWB01- AWEA 9.1 -
China Hardware & 1 2.920 3,00 10,2 7,1 SWCC
30-48 2009
tools Co., LTD
Sumec
PWB01- AWEA 9.1 -
China Hardware & 2 4.660 4,00 10,2 12,6 SWCC
40-48 2009
tools Co., LTD
Sumec
PWA03- AWEA 9.1 -
China Hardware & 3 6.400 4,40 10,2 15,2 SWCC
44-250 2009
tools Co., LTD
Sumec
PWA05- AWEA 9.1 -
China Hardware & 5 9.240 5,00 10,25 19,6 SWCC
50-280 2009
tools Co., LTD
Zhejiang HY5 —
China Huaying Wind AD5.6 5 10.000 5,60 - 24,6 BWEA MCS
Power Wind

DK KVA Diesel KVA 6 6 - 7,10 18 34,4 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

Ropatec
DK Hagi Big Star 25 - 8*4,3 - 34,4 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)
Vertikal

41 turbines
DK KVA Diesel KVA 10 10 - 7,10 21 39,6 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)

Zenia
DK Zenia Energy 6 - 7,30 16.5, 18 40,0 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)
ZA6

Zenia
DK Zenia Energy 10 - 7,30 18 40,0 BEK 73 (IEC61400-2)
ZA10

certified and DK

DK
HS Wind

Solid Wind
Power

Solid Wind
Viking
25

SWP10-
14TG20

SWP25-
25

10
43.500

41.800
13,00

14,00
18

18
133,0

154,0
BEK 73

BEK 73
(IEC61400-2)

(IEC61400-2)

11 pending.
DK 25 57.000 14,00 18 154,0 BEK 73 MCS (IEC61400-2)
Power 14TG20

TWP 40-
DK THYMøllen 10 18.000 7,13 21 39,9 BEK 73
10

TWP 40-
DK THYMøllen 6 15.000 7,13 21 39,9 BEK 73
6

Nov. 2015 Ireland

Ireland

Ireland
C&F

C&F

C&F
CF11

CF12

CF25
11

12

25
24.000

24.500

40.000
9,00

9,00

13,10
15 or 18

15, 20

20
63,5

63,6

134,8
BWEA

BWEA

BWEA
MCS

MCS

Pending

Ireland C&F CF20 20 43.799 13,10 20 134,8 BWEA MCS

Ireland C&F CF15 15 43.400 13,10 20 135,0 BWEA MCS

Italy Tozzi Nord TN535 10 37.410 13,20 15, 18, 24 136,7 BWEA MCS

Nikko JSWTA000
Japan NWG-1K 0,905 1.435 - - -
company 1

Zephyr JSWTA000
Japan Z-9000 4,711 9.167 1,80 - 2,5
Corporation 1
Airdolph
Zephyr JSWTA000
Japan in GTO / 0,585 786 5,50 - 23,8
Corporation 1
Z-1000-
RW3K- JSWTA000
Japan Riamwind 1,6 1478 - - -
JA-01 1
width 4;
JSWTA000
Japan Hi- VAWT DS-3000 3 - height 8 -
1

320 Small Wind

4.16
Netherla Fortis Wind Montan
5 5,00 18 19,6 BWEA Pending Pending
nds Energy a

Netherla Aircon
Lely 10 Not given 7,50 18, 24 or 30 44,0 BWEA MCS
nds 10S
Gaia- 15 or 18

Turbines from 115

Scotland Gaia Wind Wind 10 27.502 13,00 (lattice) or 132,7 BWEA MCS
133 18 and 27
Eveready
South Kestrel AWEA 9.1 -
Diversified 2,9 3.930 4,00 12, 18 12,6 SWCC
Africa e400nb 2009
Products (Pty)
Windsp
Sonkyo
Spain ot 3.5 3,5 4.820 4,05 12, 14, 18 12,8 BWEA SWCC MCS
Energy
kW

companies. Spain

Sweden
Ennera Energy

WindEn
Windera
in S

WindEn
45

Evance
3,2

45
-

-
4,30

14,60
12

10, 12, 15,

14,5

167,4
JSWTA000
1

BWEA MCS

UK Evancewind 5 8.780 5,50 23,7 BWEA SWCC MCS

R900 or 18

Ampair 15, 18, 24,

UK Ampair 10 10.168 5,50 23,7 BWEA Pending
6kW 30

Kingspan Kingspa
UK 5,2 8.949 5,50 9, 11.6 or 15 24,6 BWEA MCS
wind n KW6

Ampair 15, 18, 24,

UK Ampair 10 13.971 6,40 32,2 BWEA Pending
10kW 30

UK Osiris Energy Osiris10 10 23.704 9,70 15.5 74,0 BWEA SWCC MCS (IEC61400-2)

Kingspan
UK KW15 15,7 30.000 9,80 15, 20 75,5 BWEA MCS
wind

Ampair 15, 18, 24,

UK Ampair 20 28.085 10,40 84,9 BWEA Pending
20kW 30
vertical.
Urban Green AWEA 9.1 -
US Eddy GT 10 1.750 Width = 2,7 4,6 Pending Pending
Energy 2009
1,8
Skystrea 10.2, 13.7 or AWEA 9.1 -
US xzeres 2,4 3.416 3,72 11,0 SWCC MCS
m 3.7 18.3 2009
Urban Green VisionAI AWEA 9.1 -
US 3,2 2.000 - 5,2 16,6 Pending Pending
Energy R(5M) 2009
Weaver Wind AWEA 9.1 -
US 5 5,0 3.587 4,98 5,2 19,5 Pending
Energy 2009

Bergey AWEA 9.1 -

US Excel 6 6,7 9.920 6,02 24, 49 28,4 SWCC
Windpower 2009
Endurance
31.1, 36.6 or AWEA 9.1 -
US Wind S-343 - 8.910 6,37 31,9 SWCC
27.5 2009
Power Inc.
Bergey Bergey AWEA 9.1 -
US 10 13.800 7,00 18 to 49 38,5 SWCC MCS
Windpower Excel 10 2009

Xzeres AWEA 9.1 -

US xzeres 10 15.329 9,70 Not given 41,0 SWCC MCS
442SR 2009
vertical.
Urban Green AWEA 9.1 -
US UGE 9M 10 14.500 Width = 9,6 61,4 Pending Pending
Energy 2009
6,4
Star Wind STAR 36- AWEA 9.1 -
US 12 - 11,00 15, 24 95 Pending Pending
Turbines LLC 12 2009

Star Wind STAR 52- AWEA 9.1 -

US 24 - - - - Pending Pending
Turbines LLC 24 2009
Quality Assurance ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Source: IRENA
International Standards ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Design perspective

Mechanical Electrical

IEC 61400-1 IEC 61400-21

IEC 61400-2
IEC 61400-25-x
A < 200 m2

IEC 61400-3
Off Shore

+ Several other standards for details, sound, safety, quality etc.

Neglected by Governments ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Denmark, Spain, Sweden

and United Kingdom are the
only European countries
requiring certification. Country Incentives
Austria 30% of investment. Extra to off grid
Belgium 25%-50% of investment
Finland 30%-40% of investment
Greece 25%-40% of investment
Litauania Up to 80% of investment < €200,000
Luxembourg Up to 45% of investment
Poland Loans at 1% interest
Romania 40%-70% for agriculture
Slovakia Petition of subsidy
Slovenia Up to 50% of investment
 Vertical Axis ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Blade Element Calculation on HAWT Blade Element Calculation on VAWT

2,0
1,8
1,6
Opdrift
1,4
B C Modstand
1,2
1,0
D
0,8
A
0,6
0,4
Faktor

0,2
-0,0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1,0
-1,2
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Indfaldsvinkel

Ch ord
b FD

Rotation head wind U

Res
ul tin g
Meteorological Wind Wi nd
W
V1
60% of rotation with V
All elements are known components unknown.
Burnt Child fears fire! ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT
Market Segments ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

”Luxury”

Need
The big thing! ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT
The Money will be there! ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT
It is not that difficult! ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

IEC 61400-2 set a safety factor of 3.3 on stress

UDMATTELSE
Fattique
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 10 100 1000 10000 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+09
Do you understand this? ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

If not, hire someone who does, or stop right now!

Note the difference ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

3.85 m blade. Class II wind regime.

Normal Operation Extreeme Load

2 x 20 kg 22 x 20 kg
Load Cases ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Design Load cases Wind flow Type of analysis Remarks

Situation
Power A Normal operation F
production

B Yawing Vhub=Vdesign U
C Yaw error Vhub=Vdesign U
D Maximum trust Vhub=2.5Vave U Rotor spinning but
could be furling or
fluttering

Power E Maximum U
production plus
occurance of
rotational speed
fault

F Short at load Vhub=Vdesign U Maximum short-circuit

generator torque
connection

Shutdown G Shutdown Vhub=Vdesign U

(Braking)
Extreeme wind H Extreme wind Vhub=Ve50 U The turbine may be
loading parked (idling or
loading standstill) or
governing. No manual
intervention has
occurred.

Parked and I Parked wind Vhub=Vref U Turbine is loaded with

fault conditions most unfavorable
loading, maximum exposure
exposure

Transport, J To be stated by U
assembly and
repair
the manufacturer

Key
F analysis of fatigue loads
U analysis of ultimate loads
To you who depend on furling ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

This is how you calculate the bending moment on your blades, at 30 deg yaw error.

And this is how you calculate it if you have free yaw, and just flip the tail.

You double the loads on your blades and main shaft!

All because you don’t know aerodynamics.
Recommended Design Scale ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Rotor rpm [class III] Typical

Rotor D TSR Power 220 W/sqm
m λ=4 λ=6 kW
1 802 1203 0,2
2 401 602 0,7
3 267 401 1,6
4 201 301 2,8
5 160 241 4,3
6 134 201 6,2
7 115 172 8,5
8 100 150 11,1
9 89 134 14,0
10 80 120 17,3
11 73 109 20,9
12 67 100 24,9
13 62 93 29,2
14 57 86 33,9
15 53 80 38,9
Rules of Thumb ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

• 200-250 W/sqm
• Tip Speed 45-55 m/s
• Main Shaft Ø ≥ 1% of Rotor Ø
(high grade steel >900 MPa)
• Fx=300N/sqm acting 2/3R
Area/Power Ratio ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

P0 P
V1 V2
Tip Speed ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

• Other things being equal, sound pressure will

increase with the fifth power of the speed of
the blade relative to surrounding air.
• Most profiles have optimum lift at angle of
attack about 12 – 14 degrees.
Main Shaft Ø ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

• Loads on main shaft increase with cube of

rotor diameter.
• Bending strength of a shaft increase with cube
of shaft diameter.
300 N/sqm, 2/3R ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

FX1 FX1 Adds to Tower Loads

FX2 Determines Yaw Loads,

FX2 Except with free yaw.

Fx3 Adds to Main Shaft Loads

Fx3

FX1= FX2 = Fx3 = 300 x R2 x π

Usefull Links ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

www.airfoiltools.com

http://www.q-blade.org/

http://www.omwcorp.com/how-to-design-machined-
parts.html

www.nationalcadstandard.org

www.bizmanuals.com

http://www.intertek.com/uploadedFiles/Intertek/Divisions
/Commercial_and_Electrical/Media/PDF/Energy/Wind/101
510200LHD-
001b_BWEA%20Summary%20Report_CF10%20(phase%20A)
.pdf
Final Words ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

• Governments should require Certification.

• Certification is not a guarantee, but an
important step in the right direction.

Thank You
For your attention