Appointed Person Notes

LLOYDS BRITISH TRAINING SERVICES
THE APPOINTED PERSON
Page 1 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

THE APPOINTED PERSON

(BS 7121 — 3:2000 MOBILE CRANES)
A person with training, practical, and theoretical knowledge and experience to carry out the
role.
Selection of Appointed Person
When selecting and assessing an Appointed Person the employing organisation should
consider the variety and complexity of the operation, as well as all the problems that could
arise from proximity hazards and environmental causes. The Appointed Person should be
notified formally in writing. The Appointed Person should be given authority to carry out the
duties involved, including consulting others with specialist knowledge and experience, and
should be able to delegate duties and tasks for any part of the safe system of work to
suitably qualified individuals.
The employing organisation should review the performance of the Appointed Person
periodically. Different lifting operations may entail selection of a new Appointed
Person, as appropriate, or provision of additional training to the existing Appointed
Person.
NOTE: Duties for Appointed Persons for Mobile Crane Operations are
described in pages 35 — 37 of this support material.
THE CRANE SUPERVISOR

(BS 7121 — 3:2000 MOBILE CRANES)
A person who controls the lifting operation, and ensures that it is carried out in accordance
with the Appointed Person’s safe system of work.
The Crane Supervisor can also be the Appointed Person (perform both duties).
NOTE: Duties for Crane Supervisors for Mobile Crane Operations are described
on page 37 -49 of this support material.
When a company hires a mobile crane, the hire company will ask them the following:
1. Have you an Appointed Person? Who is he (name)?

2. Have you a Crane Supervisor? Who is he (name)?
3. Have you a Method Statement? Will it be available (yes)?
4. Have you a Risk Assessment? Will it be available (yes)?
5. Have you a Qualified Slinger(s)? Who is he (name)?
If the answer is no to all these questions they will offer their services at a fee.
If the answer is yes to all these questions the above must be in place and available for the
crane operator when he arrives on site, otherwise the lift will not take place.

PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998

(AN OVERVIEW)
PUWER 98, which came into force on 5th December 1998, is a key set of regulations
controlling overall many aspects of work equipment.
Definitions:
Work equipment: Means any machine, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation for use
at work (whether exclusively or not);
Use: means any activity involving work equipment and includes, starting,
stopping, programming, setting, transporting, repairing, modifying,
maintaining, servicing and cleaning.
Set out in part as follows:
(1) Regulations 1 to 3 deal with the date of commencement of the regulations,

the definition of terms, where they apply and who has duties under them;
(2) Regulations 4 to 10 are the ‘management duties’ of PUWER 98 covering the
selection of suitable equipment, maintenance, inspection, specific risks,
information and instructions, and training;
(3) Regulations 11 to 24 deal with the physical aspects of PUWER 98 covering
the guarding of dangerous parts of work equipment, the provision of
appropriate stop and emergency stop controls, stability, suitable and sufficient
lighting and suitable warning markings or devices;
(4) Regulations 25 to 30 deal with certain risks from mobile work equipment.
Specific regulations:
Lifting equipment is work equipment and the use of lifting equipment involves the specific
risk of gravity. Therefore the following detail within PUWER 98 is particularly relevant to
lifting operations:
Regulation 7 - Specific risks
(1) Where the use of work equipment involves a specific risk, every employer
shall ensure that the use and repairs, modifications, maintenance or servicing
is restricted to those who have been trained and are authorised.
Regulation 8 - Information and Instructions
(1) All persons who use work equipment shall have available adequate health
and safety information and, where appropriate, written instructions pertaining
to the use of this equipment;
(2) This requirement also extends to those employees who supervise or manage
the use of work equipment.
Regulation 9 - Training

(1) Every employer shall ensure that all persons who use work equipment have
received adequate training for the purposes of health and safety, including the
training in methods which may be adopted when using the work equipment,
any risks which such use may entail and the precautions to be taken.
(2) This requirement also extends to those employees who supervise or manage
the use of work equipment.

LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS (LOLER 98)

(AN OVERVIEW)
PUWER 98 does not contain all the specific requirements that are necessary to control the
health and safety risks associated with lifting operations.
LOLER therefore provides a single set of modern goal-setting regulations which remove the
anomalies of the previous piecemeal legislation. It applies across all industries including
those where there was no specific lifting legislation.
LOLER replaces the existing pre-HASAWA lifting legislation creating a single standard for all
lifting operations and lifting equipment. It is also risk based.
LOLER defines:
(1) Lifting operations as “...any operation concerned with the lifting or lowering
of a load, Reg. 8(2)...”
(2) Lifting equipment as "...any work equipment for lifting or lowering loads
including attachments used for anchoring, fixing, or supporting it, Reg. 2...”
(3) Load includes a person, Reg. 2.
LOLER in particular requires:
(1) Lifting operations are properly planned by a competent person, appropriately

supervised and carried out in a safe manner, Reg. 8;
(2) Lifting equipment is subject to thorough examination and inspection at
suitable intervals by a competent person, Reg. 9.
The competent person referred to in regulation 8 is not necessarily the same as the one
referred to in regulation 9 as the two requirements are different. It’s unlikely that the
competent person under regulation 8 would need to be from an external organisation.
LOLER regulations are short in nature and do not stand alone, but are supported by an
approved code of practice (ACOP). This provides clear and comprehensive guidance on
how to comply with LOLER and also other general regulations where they apply to the use of
lifting equipment. The ACOP is accompanied by non-statutory guidance notes which
interpret LOLER and give further detailed advice.
LOLER consolidates the control of lifting operations and equipment into some 10 ‘goal-
setting' regulations which cover:
(1) The strength and stability of lifting equipment (Reg. 4);
(2) The safety of lifting equipment for lifting people (Reg. 5);
(3) The positioning and installation of lifting equipment (Reg. 6);
(4) The marking of lifting machinery and accessories for lifting (Reg. 7);
(5) The organisation of lifting operations (Reg. 8);
(6) The thorough examination and inspection of lifting equipment (Reg. 9);

(7) The making of reports of thorough examinations and records of inspections

(Reg. 10 and Schedule 1);
(8) The keeping of information in the reports and records (Reg. 11).
A further regulation concerns the application of LOLER to the armed forces, whilst the
remainder revoke all the previous piecemeal controls on lifting operations and equipment
(Reg. 12 to 17).

THE MOBILE CRANE
THE MOBILE CRANE
No mobile crane should be used unless it is in perfect mechanical condition. All lifting
machines are subject to STATUTORY THOROUGH EXAMINATION at least once in every
TWELVE MONTHS and a certificate of worthiness issued. When using man-riding baskets
the examination will be every SIX MONTHS.
Types of Mobile Crane
Truck Mounted
This crane that can travel on the motorway and can meet the requirements of the Road
Traffic Acts. It’s a fast and efficient way for it to be moved from one site to another, it is
compact and the small cranes carry all of their equipment in terms of boom extension, and
hook block attachment. The duty of the crane may be 360° or overside or rear.
Wheeled Cranes
The term wheeled crane relates to several types in terms of potential uses. Normally a
wheeled crane will only have one cab for use in moving the crane around a site and also for
operating the crane. The crane may have 2 or 4 wheel drive and steering to enable it to
traverse rough or uneven ground associated with construction sites. Duties can be blocked
or free on wheels. Wheeled cranes generally are more manoeuvrable than truck cranes.
They normally have 360 degrees duty,
Crawler Cranes
A Crawler crane is fitted with tracks which enables the crane to negotiate soft uneven ground
without the problems associated with cranes that are fitted with wheels i.e. truck or wheeled.
They normally have 360 degree duties.
All Terrain Crane
An All Terrain Crane is a mixture of part truck crane for a fast highway travel and part
wheeled crane for manoeuvrability and the ability to negotiate the conditions found on most
construction sites. It will normally have all wheel drive and steering, it is very manoeuvrable.
They have block duties over 360 degrees and some free on wheel duties.

Selection of the crane
The condition of the site and duration of the length of time that the crane is needed on site
may influence which crane is to be used. Another consideration may be the amount of room
that is available and the position in which the crane is to be used i.e. a small site where a
crane with a high manoeuvrability is required an all terrain or wheeled crane may be
selected.
Where there is a lot of room and the conditions are good a truck mounted crane may be
used.
Crawler cranes are normally multi-function Crawlers i.e. piling grabbing as well as crane
duties.
CRANE TERMINOLOGY
Carrier on Chassis
Gives the mobility. It can be truck mounted chassis, wheeled chassis or crawler or
Crawler Crane Chassis.
Upperworks or Superstructure
The upperworks or superstructure is normally mounted on the chassis by using a slew ring.
Slew Ring
Mounted on the chassis the Slew Ring is also secured to the upperworks and it gives the
crane upperworks the ability to rotate around and over the chassis of the crane.
Machinery Housing
The part of the upperworks which encloses all machinery for the operation of the crane.
Crane Cab
Mounted on the upperworks normally the position where the crane operator sits to operate
the crane.
Power Source
The Power Source of the crane can be transmitted in the following way for all crane
operations.
Diesel Electric
Diesel Hydraulic
Diesel Mechanical

Outriggers
Truck mounted, wheeled and all terrain cranes have outriggers which increase the stability of
the crane.
These are extendable structural members on the crane mounting to increase the effective
base on which the crane stands.
Axle/Suspension Locks
These are devices which lock the axle or suspension movement relative to the carrier to
enable the crane to operate free on wheels.
Jacks and Jack Floats
Are fitted to the outer ends of the outrigger beams and they are used to enable the crane to
be set level against most site conditions.
Wheels off the Ground
To maximise the base weight of the crane and convert it into part of the stability — the
wheels of the crane should be clear of the ground.
Jib/Boom
There are two types of jib/boom fitted to mobile cranes, telescopic, lattice.
Telescopic Jib/Boom
Can be extended by hydraulic power to give increased lengths. They consist of sections
inside each other and are driven out as the need for a longer boom is required. Fitted to the
end of a telescopic jib/boom we can have an extension of a lattice type which is either an
underslung jib or a swing round extension. Generally fly jibs can be inline with the main
jib/boom or at an offset to the main jib/boom.
Lattice Jib/Boom
Generally fitted to crawler cranes and very heavy lifting cranes which can be of truck type.
A lattice jib/boom consists of the foot section and the head section with insert sections of
varying lengths to enable the boom to be assembled in many configurations of length.
There are 4 basic functions that all cranes have and the terminology remains the same for
each type of crane. They are derricking, hoisting, lowering and slew or swing.
Luffing Jib
Detachable auxiliary fly jib normally of lattice construction fitted to the end of the main
jib/boom giving variable radii.

Derricking
The ability to raise or lower the jib/boom to achieve varying radii.
Hoisting and Lowering
The ability to raise or lower the hook or load.
Slew or Swing
The ability to rotate the upperworks around its axis to enable a load to be lifted and placed at
different locations.
Telescoping
The ability to extend or retract the jib/boom by telescoping.
Hook Block
The pulley attached to the crane hook which is suspended in the fall of the load hoisting
rope.
Falls of Rope
The Falls of Rope are the number of falls of hoist rope hanging from the boom head to
support the Hook Block.
Capacity of the Crane
Cranes lifting capacities are based on 2 factors — jibiboom length and radius of operation.
The longer the jibfboom length or greater the radius the less the capacity of the crane.
Radius
Radius is a horizontal measurement from centre of rotation of the crane to vertical line
through centre of the hook block or load.
Outreach
The nearest part of the crane other than the boom to the centre of the load measured
horizontally. Sometimes it is outreach that determines the capacity of the crane.

Duty Charts
Tables of Safe Working Loads for the cranes are issued with and placed on the crane.
These give the operator the maximum Safe Load that can be lifted by the crane in any
configuration of fts equipment or jib/boom length at given radii and maximum radii for any
configuration in which the crane can be used.

Automatic Safe Load Indicator
An Automatic Safe Load Indicator is an instrument fitted to the crane to monitor certain crane
functions. It warns the operator when the crane is approaching its maximum safe working
load at any radius or jib/boom configuration and also warns both the operator and others in
the area when the crane is in an overload condition.
Rigging the Crane
The rigging of the crane must be taken into account when selecting the crane as rigging the
crane generally can take up a greater amount of room than may be envisaged at the job site.
Depending on the boom and fly jib to be assembled, for example a crane with a lattice boom
and fly jib. Length of boom for example 40m plus fly jib of 12m, overall length 52m. When
assembling onto the crane the room needed will be 52m plus overall length of the crane
chassis.
Telescopic
Cranes may not need quite as much room but depending on size and length of attachments
some room will be required. Take a swing around lattice extension of 9m length as the lattice
swings around into position on the boom head an area of 9m at right angles to the main
boom through the arc to a position in line in front of the boom head will be required.
Another type of extension on a telescopic crane is the under slung fly jib, again if the fly jib is
9m long an area of 9m in front of the main boom head will be required.
Reeving the Hook Block
The principles of mechanical advantage are used to multiply the capacity of the Safe
Working Load of the Hoist Rope. Generally by applying more falls of rope a greater load
weight can be lifted.
Falls of rope are also matched to boom length.
When reeving we must use the principle of balance for the falls of rope across the jiblboom
head to prevent distortion under load, and also at the Hook Block to prevent the hook from
being unbalanced.
SAFE LOAD INDICATORS
Automatic Safe Load Indicators are fitted to the crane to comply with existing legislation.
They have to be properly maintained and working.
The function of the indicator is to monitor the crane under load conditions and to warn the
operator of the approach to maximum Safe Working Load at any given working radii and
boom length and to warn the crane operator and persons working in the vicinity of the crane
when the crane is overloaded.
Up until 1990 all indicators had to meet the approval of the Health and Safety Executive and
they would the responsibility of issuing an approval certificate for type and purpose.

Warnings
Warning of approach to Safe Working Load is visual and takes place at approximately 95%
to 97% of maximum Safe Working Load.
Overload
Warning is visual and audible and the audible alarm is sufficiently loud enough to be heard
by those persons working in the vicinity of the crane. The overload warning is activated at
approximately 102% to 107.5% of Safe Working Load at any radii or boom length.
BS 7262— 1990
Under the British Standard which has been approved by the Health and Safety Executive,
Safe Load Indicators manufactured from 1960 onwards automatically have approval under
BS 7262: 1990. Visual and audible warning must be given to a stricter standard.
Overload
A visual and audible warning to the crane operator and any person within a distance of
1.5 times the maximum working radius of the crane.
Automatic Safe Load Indicators
Must be properly adjusted to suit the configuration and duty to which the crane is to be used
normally carried out by the crane operator. Adjustments may take the form of a cam,
programme block or duty selector switch.
There are many different types of Automatic Safe Load Indicator in use on cranes. All of
them in some way collect all necessary information from various operations of the crane.
Effects of High Wind
Where lifting equipment, and/or its load, may be affected by high wind the equipment should
be fitted with appropriate devices so as to detect dangerous situations and allow measures
to be taken to cease using the equipment.
Strength and Stability
Adequate Strength:
You should assess whether the lifting equipment has adequate strength for the proposed
use. Account should be taken of the combination of forces to which the lifting equipment will
be subjected as well as the weight of any associated accessories used in the lifting
operation.

Minimum Attributes of Personnel

(as prescribed in BS 7121 Part 1 General: 1989)
Crane driver
The crane driver should be:
(a) Competent;
(b) Over 18 years of age unless under the direct supervision of a person competent for
the purpose of training;
(c) Fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes;
(d) Physically able to operate the crane safely:
(e) Able to judge distances, heights and clearances;
(f) Adequately trained for the type of crane being driven and have sufficient knowledge
of the crane and its safety devices;
(g) Fully conversant with the duties of the slinger and signaller and should understand
the signal code and any alternative methods of relaying the signals that are to be
used, in order to implement safely the instruction of the slinger or signaller;
(h) Familiar with the fire appliances on the crane and trained in their use;
(i) Familiar with any means provided for escape in case of emergency;
(j) Authorised to operate the crane;
Note: Evidence that the driver is medically fit to drive a crane should be obtained at not more
than 5 yearly intervals.
Prior to Operation
1. Do not use or allow the use of any mobile crane not in perfect condition.
2. Check that the crane has the correct documentation: -

a) Test and examination certificates should be kept at all times with
individual cranes. Test certificates, records of thorough examinations
and inspections, including ropes carried out on the crane (whether
statutory or not).
3. Records of significant repairs and modifications and hours worked of the crane are
usually kept separate from the crane.
Before starting operations inspect the crane in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual.
The operator is responsible for this normal inspection and maintenance, the operator should
check: -
a) All ropes and rigging components

b) Overall tidiness in the cab, fire extinguisher etc
c) Ensure all protective guards are in position
d) Fuel, oil, radiator and battery levels
e) Hydraulic hoses for chaffing, bulging and leaks
f) Controls for correctness and ease of operation
g) Tyre pressures and wheel studs. Tyre wear can be greatly reduced and stability of
the machine increased by matching tyres carefully for the size and degree of wear.
Maintain specific inflation at all times. This is particularly important when working
without outriggers.

h) Brake air pressure

i) Low air pressure warning devices
j) Foot brake operation
k) Headlights, clearance lights, turn signals, parking lights, stop lights, windshield
wipers, horn.
Siting of the Crane
Siting of the crane should take account of all the factors that may affect its safe operation,
particularly the following:
1 The crane standing and support conditions
2 The presence and proximity of other hazards
3 The effect of wind during in-service and out of-service conditions
4 The adequacy of access to allow the placing or erection of the crane in its
working position and naturally dismantling/removal from site on job
completion.
Proximity Hazards
Consideration should be given to the presence of proximity hazards such as overhead

electric lines or cables, nearby structures, other cranes, public access areas including
highways, railways and rivers. Where any part of the crane or its load cannot be kept clear of
such hazards the appropriate authority should be consulted. The danger to or from
underground services, such as mains electricity cables or gas mains should not be
overlooked. At any place where a crane or its load passes an obstacle, the following points
should be observed.
a) If practicable, the crane path should be clearly defined by marking to ensure that it is
kept free from obstruction, and a clearance of not less than 600 mm should be
arranged between any part of the crane and any obstacle. Where it is not reasonably
practicable to achieve this clearance, effective precautions should be taken to
prevent access to any trapping hazards.
b) If goods are regularly stacked near a crane, boundary lines for the stacking of goods
should be permanently marked on the ground.
Overhead Electric Lines and Cables
MANY FATAL ACCIDENTS HAVE OCCURRED DUE TO SOME PART OF THE

CRANE, INCLUDING ROPE, SLINGS OR LOAD, TOUCHING, OR EVEN COMING
NEAR TO, OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES OR CABLES.
The appointed person should ensure that the guidance given in HSE Note CS 6 s complied
with, and that the local offices of the electricity board or other line operator are consulted, if
the crane is used within:
15m plus the maximum jib length of overhead lines on steel towers; or 9m plus the
maximum jib length of overhead lines on wood, concrete or steel poles.

All distances should be measured at ground level from a position estimated by eye to be
vertically below the outermost conductor at a tower or pole position and should include an
allowance for the load.
WARNING - All overhead lines and other electrical apparatus should be treated as
LIVE unless declared DEAD and SAFE by the line operator. If in doubt, seek advice.
All operators of mobile cranes should be familiar with the following procedure:
If the machine makes contact with live electric line or cable, observe the following basic
rules;
a) Remain inside the cab.

b) Warn all other personnel to keep away from the crane and not to touch any part of
the crane, rope or load.
c) Try, unaided, and without anyone approaching the machine, to move the crane until it
is clear of power line or cable.
d) If the machine cannot be moved away, remain inside the cab. If possible, get
someone to inform the electricity supply authority at once. Take no action until it has
been confirmed that conditions are safe.
e) If it is essential to leave the cab because of fire or some other reason, jump clear as
far away from the crane as possible. DO NOT TOUCH THE CRANE AND THE
GROUND AT THE SAME TIME.
f) Inform the responsible engineer of the works or site concerned of the situation
immediately and until assistance is received someone should remain near the crane
to warn of the danger

GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS
It would be advantageous for the operator to read the maintenance sections of the
manufacturer’s manual. Knowledge of protective maintenance may allow the operator to
spot a malfunction in the machine before an accident occurs.
Check the operational accuracy of the automatic safe load indicator (ASLI). Check the
register of inspections, examinations, etc.
During operation the operator should:
a) Remain alert to any unusual noises, loss of power, or bad response to control of the
engine.
b) Watch for any gauges showing incorrect or suspicious readings. If any appear to be
wrong shut the machine down and investigate the cause, if in doubt consult a
supervisor.
c) Make sure all controls work freely and easily.
d) Watch for oil leaks. If any develop, correct them before continuing operation.
e) Test the winch brake when a load is first lifted, and when the load is only a few
inches above its starting position to insure the ability of the brakes to hold the load
while it is aloft.
f) If the crane is being operated by more than one operator, be sure to notify the next
operator of any defects when changing over.
Never use or allow the use of any crane when the weather conditions are such as to cause
hazards for personnel, property or the general public. This means that the size and the
shape of loads being lifted must be carefully considered and planned to determine whether a
safety hazard will arise when the loads are to be lifted during conditions of high wind speeds.
It is advisable to avoid handling loads presenting large wind-catching surfaces which could
result in loss of control of the load and crane even though the weight of the load is within the
normal capacity of the crane.
In the absence of the manufacturers handbook regarding maximum permissible wind speed
for operation, use 40-50 Km/h (25-30 mph) as the range within which to consider removal of
the crane from service.
REFUELLING THE CRANE
When refueling the crane ensure that:
a) The engine is switched off and the cab heaters are off.
b) The fuel is stored in containers that meet the requirements of the local fire laws.
c) There are no flames, or spark producers nearby.
d) No one is smoking.
e) No Smoking signs are posted in all refuelling and fuel storage areas.
f) There is an appropriate fire extinguisher available and people know how to use it.

OPERATION OF THE CRANE
Before starting the engine make sure that all personnel are well clear of the machine. Let the
engine warm up for a few minutes to give the oil in the pumps a chance to circulate. Do not
operate the machine under load until the hydraulic oil has warmed to the minimum operating
temperature specified in the manufacturers manual. Operate the winches, derricking
cylinders, jib extension cylinders, and slew mechanism to circulate the oil. It is extremely
important to engage jib cylinders slowly in cold weather, since severe shock loading could
occur if cold oil in the cylinders is not displaced gently.
When the carrier engine is idled for long periods during crane operation ensure that the
idling speed is sufficient to show a positive reading on the ammeter indicating that the
generator or alternator is charging the battery.
Keep the crane engine at or near maximum governed speed during normal operation,
especially when lifting a load. This gives maximum fuel economy, operating efficiency, safety
and power.
Before shutting down a heavily-worked engine, let it run without any load at part throttle for a
little while to cool off. The engine must not be run in an excavation or confined space unless
provision is made for the exhaust gas to go direct to the atmosphere and not accumulate.
Know the location and use of all emergency shutdowns and NEVER REVERSE THE
CRANE WITHOUT FIRST CHECKING THAT NO-ONE WILL BE ENDANGERED
OR TRAPPED. When clear vision of the area behind the crane is impossible, use a
signalman or banksman. Sound the horn before moving the machine and intermittently
during travel, especially when approaching personnel.
NEVER WORK ALONE - USE A BANKSMAN.
Never get on or off the machine when it is in motion and always use both hands when
climbing onto or around the machine. Never jump from the machine.
Never get on or off a machine when it is in motion and always use both hands when climbing
onto or around the machine. Never jump from the machine except in emergencies - step
down.
With the exception of those involved in the operation of the crane, no one should be
permitted to get on, leave or ride on the equipment when it is in motion or in operation.
The operator must never allow his attention to be diverted from the operation of the crane.
When possible he should practice operating all controls to get the feel of the equipment,
particularly if this is not the machine he usually operates.
Always use the shortest jib possible.
Ensure that, whenever possible, the machine is operated in its most stable position and in
the area of highest capacity. In general this means that most of the lifting should be done in
the rear quadrant.

NEVER, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, lift or slew over the front of the
machine. Some of the more modem cranes have a 360° slew and can be operated over the
cab, rear and overside.
Position the crane as close to the load as possible and in such a way as to minimise the
slew.
Be sure there is adequate clearance for tail slew of the revolving frame. The crane should be
positioned so that no part of the superstructure comes within 600mm (24in) of any
obstruction in which a workman could be trapped and crushed. If this is not possible then
entry to the obstructed area must be prevented by barriers or fences.
Regardless of the size or weight of the load to be lifted use the crane’s outriggers. Extend
the beams FULLY and get the wheels OFF THE GROUND.
The revolving portion of the superstructure of the crane must be dead level before making
the lift.
When organising to make a lift ensure that no one is within the radius of rotation of any part
of the crane or load unless he is authorised by the person in charge of the work to be in that
area, and insofar as practicable, ensure that no-one is ever directly beneath the load.
Ensure that the slewing lock is disengaged before starting to operate.
If the machine is equipped with a manually operated derricking drum pawl then it must be
engaged at all times except when lowering the jib. If the machine is equipped with
automatically- engaged derricking drum pawls, the operation of the pawls should be checked
at regular intervals.
Engage the derricking lever lock (where provided) whenever derricking is not being carried
out.

Before performing any type of crane work, be sure that the machine is secure against travel.
If necessary, block the crane to prevent movement. Remove blocking before attempting to
travel.
When operating a truck crane, be sure the carrier transmission is placed in neutral,
otherwise the rocking or tilting motion can be transmitted to the locked transmission and may
cause severe damage.
If lifts have to be made on wheels be sure the transmission shift lever is positioned in
neutral, the air brakes are applied and wheel chocks are used to block the wheels. Check
the brake air pressure frequently.
Watch out for the carrier cab on truck-mounted cranes when slewing the jib. Keep the jib
high enough to slew well clear of the cab.
Make a dry run, especially in areas which are really tight. Go through all the motions without
a load, anticipating what actions you will take to make a safe lift.
One of the most important precautions is to determine the weight of all loads before slinging
them or attempting to lift them, make ample allowances for unknown factors and determining
the available capacity of the equipment being used. The automatic safe load indicator (ASLI)
gives warning of an overload but may not show by how much.
In calculating the total weight of the lift, be sure to include the block, hook, and any slings or
other lifting devices between the jib head and the load. When making near capacity lifts,
calculate the entire load carefully and check it against the rated lifting capacity of the crane.
It takes less time to check clearances and loads ahead of time than to try to lift and not make
it and then have to luff in, to reposition the crane and load for another try.
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPACITY
Before the machine is put into operation, the operator must know the capacity under all
conditions and configurations. Load chart capacities are based on almost ideal seldom
achieved under actual working conditions, and as such it is extremely important not only to
know how to determine the capacity from the chart but also to recognise the factors which
can reduce the capacity below what the chart says.
The rated capacities of mobile cranes are based on both strength and stability. It is
extremely important to know the difference for in one case one of the structural components
of the crane will break and in the other case the crane will tip over.
DO NOT USE STABILITY TO DETERMINE LIFTING CAPACITY
USE THE LOAD CHART
The operators of all hydraulic cranes must be guided solely by the rating plate
recommendations concerning load, jib length, and jib radius, lifting quadrants and other
factors listed on the rating plate, such as outrigger position, and terrain.
When outriggers are not used, the strength of the crane itself very seldom governs the
capacity, but new factors such as axle loadings, deflection, strength of the chassis and
ground pressure gain importance.

The ability of a mobile crane to lift is also affected by the quadrant in which it is working.
Lifting quadrants are defined as “over the front”, “over the side”, or “over the rear”. The load
which can be safely lifted will vary considerably from quadrant to quadrant. It is the
operator’s responsibility to see to it that rating plate ratings are not exceeded, regardless of
the quadrant in which he is operating.
It is also especially important when slewing through quadrants not to carry loads from an
area of higher rating into an area of lower rating without first raising the jib to bring the load
to within a safe operating radius.
The load carrying capacity of a crane is also significantly affected by the length of the jib, its
angle and the angle the pendants make with the jib. As the pendant angle decreases the jib
stresses increase. It is, therefore, recommended that the pendant angle be kept at maximum
by operating the crane with its gantry and/or live mast in the highest position.
The crane’s lifting capacity is also dependent upon the counterweights. Operating with too
little will permit the crane to tip forward and operating with too much will cause the crane to
tip backward more readily.
MOBILE CRANE PRECAUTIONS
LEAVING THE CRANE UNATTENDED FOR SHORT PERIODS
1. All loads have been removed from the hook

2. Electric power switched off or engine stopped
3. Appropriate motion brakes and locks have been applied
FOR LONG PERIODS AND OUT OF SERVICE CONDITIONS
1. Isolation should be permanent

2. Switches locked off
3. Fuel supplies cut off
4. Doors giving access to machinery or control cabs locked to prevent unauthorised
access
AT ALL TIMES
Ignition key and any other keys should be removed from the crane at any time when
the driver is absent from the machine
PROCEDURES - ROUTINE CHECKS
FREQUENCY - at the beginning of each shift or working day by a responsible person, le:
Driver or authorised person as appropriate
1. Check that the automatic safe load indicator is correctly set and/or fitted with the
correct cam/cassette appropriate to the jib length, or jib and fly jib lengths, and falls of
rope
2. Check that the correct load radius scale appropriate to the jib (or fly jib) length is
fitted on the visual indicator

3. Check the security of the counterweight or ballasting. Where this is in the form of
removable weights, check that the weights fitted, correctly correspond to those
shown on the counterweight chart for the operating condition in use
4. Check the oil level(s), fuel level and lubrication
5. Check the ropes, and rope terminal fittings and anchorages for obvious damage and
wear
6. Check the condition and inflation pressure(s) of tyres (where applicable)
7. Check that all water is drained from any air reservoirs
8. Check the jib structure for damage
9. In the interest of safety and fire prevention, check that the crane cabin is in a tidy
condition and free from tins of grease and oil, rags, tools or materials other than
those for which storage provision is made
10. Check the operating pressures in any air and/or hydraulic systems
11. Check the operation of the crane through all its motions with particular attention to
the brakes to ensure they are operating efficiently
12. Check the operation of all limit switches or cut-outs
REPORTING OF DEFECTS AND AUTHORISATION FOR USE
Anyone, Driver or Maintenance Staff should report:
1. Any defects or abnormality in the crane or operation of the crane, or should the crane
be accidentally damaged, this should be reported immediately to the person
responsible for the safe use of the crane
2. The machine should be taken out of service until the faults have been corrected
3. The Responsible Person for the crane should give clearance for its use
4. Legal obligation to report accidents
SAFE MEANS OF ACCESS
1. Statutory requirement that a safe means of access shall be provided to the driving
position of the crane and to enable inspections and maintenance work to be carried
out
2. Personnel should be instructed to use only the proper means of access provided
LEVEL, FIRM AND UNIFORM STANDING
1. Failure to meet these conditions may be dangerous

2. Level indicator should be available and preferably fitted on the crane in poor standing
conditions.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAFE WORKING LOADS
1. Should not exceed the Safe Working Load (calculate, weighbridge etc)
2. Based on crane being in good condition (daily, weekly inspections)
3. Dragging of loads not permissible (vertical lifting only)
4. Ground conditions
Ground conditions are vitally important, the loads imposed by the crane can vary depending
on the size of the crane and the weight of the load. The loadings should include the
combined efforts of the following:
a) The dead weight of the crane (including any counterweight, ballasting or foundation,
as appropriate);
b) The dead weight of the load(s) and any lifting attachment(s)
c) Dynamic forces caused by the movements of the crane
d) The wind loadings resulting from wind speeds up to the maximum permitted, taking
into account the degree of exposure of the site.
Culverts, drainage systems, tunnels and underground storage areas are also factors to be
considered.
HANDLING OF LOADS NEAR PERSONS AND CARRYING PERSONS
1. Extreme care and adequate clearance allowed (600mm rotating, tag lines)
2. Audible warning should be applied (test prior to start)
3. Persons should not be carried (except man riding baskets) examination of basket
and crane must have been carried out within the last six month
MODE OF OPERATION AND CONTROL
1. Each control should be clearly identified to show motion and direction
2. Driver should ensure:

Clear and unrestricted view of the load and operational area, alternatively, act
under direction of slinger who is positioned to have a clear and uninterrupted view
Telephone or radio communication can be used providing verbal message can be

clearly heard and must be continual voice instructions
That all gauges are reading correctly and that air or hydraulic systems are up to
operating pressure

PROXIMITY OF HAZARDS
1. Overhead Electric Lines

2. Structures.
3. Other cranes.
4. Underground services such as Gas or Electrical Cables
5. Ground abnormalities
PRECAUTIONS FOR CONTACT WITH OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINES
1. Remain in the cab

2. Tell all other personnel to keep away
CORRECT AND INCORRECT USE OF OUTRIGGERS

OUTRIGGERS (Cont’d)

OUTRIGGERS (Cont’d)
Many accidents result from poor blocking under floats
Alternate arrangement of blocks is desirable

Packing for outriggers/stabilisers
Mobile cranes must be levelled before they commence any lifting duties. The outriggers
must be fully extended and locked. The crane can be levelled via the outrigger legs, there is
a spirit level bubble located on each side of the crane by the outrigger legs, each leg can be
adjusted independently to level the crane.

THE MOBILE CRANE
SUMMARY SHEET:
The role of the Appointed Person is the objective of the course; therefore the delegates must
understand the types of crane and their capabilities. The Instructor will explain the different
types available and their duties.
The requirements of the British Standards 7121 Part 1 and 3 are the relevant standards
based around the course.
Under the BS 7121 Part 3: 2000 the Appointed Person must be capable of selecting the
correct crane for the lifting operation.
The crane will be selected by calculation taking into account the weight of the load, and the
positioning of the crane in relation to where the load must be deposited. The selection will be
determined using the duty charts of the crane.

MANAGEMENT OF THE LIFTING OPERATION
Safe system of work
A safe system of work should be established and complied with for each lifting operation,
whether it is an individual lift or a group of repetitive operations. A safe system of work
should be applied if the lifting operations are carried out at a site or if the crane is a
permanent fixture (e.g. in a factory or at a dock).
The safe system of work should include the following:
a) a risk assessment
b) planning of the operation
c) preparation of a method statement
d) selection, provision and use of a suitable crane(s) and equipment, including:
1) maintenance
2) inspection
3) examination, and testing if required;
e) preparation of the site, if required;

f) provision of properly trained and competent personnel aware of their statutory
responsibilities;
Note: It is essential for the safety of the operation to ensure that all personnel can
communicate clearly.
g) supervision by properly trained and competent personnel with authority;

h) ensuring that all test certificates and other documents are available;
i) preventing unauthorised movement or use of the crane at all times;
j) consideration for the safety of persons in the danger zone but not involved in the
lifting operation.
Erection and dismantling of the crane(s) should also be covered by a safe system of work
(and may be a separate lifting operation).
Safe systems of work should be effectively communicated to all parties concerned.
Control of the lifting operation
The employing organisation should contract an appointed person prior to each specific lifting
operation. The appointed person should ensure that the safe system of work is implemented.
Note: Provision of an appointed person does not lessen the legal responsibility of the
employing organisation for ensuring safety.
The appointed person may have other duties and is not necessarily a direct employee of the
employing organisation.
The appointed person should have sufficient training and experience to carry out all duties
competently.

Planning of the lifting operation
All lifting operations should be planned to ensure that they are carried out safely and that all
foreseeable risks are taken into account. Planning should be carried out by a competent
person.
Planning should include consideration of the following:
a) the load characteristics and the method of lifting;
Note: It may also be necessary to allow for any adhesion between the load and its support.
b) selection of an appropriate crane(s) for the operation, ensuring that sufficient

clearances are maintained between the load(s) and the crane structure;
c) selection of crane accessories, including taking into account the weight of

accessories on the total load of the crane(s);
d) the position of the crane(s) and load before, during and after the operation;
e) the site of the operation, taking into account proximity hazards, space availability and
suitability of the ground foundations;
f) erection and dismantling of the crane(s);
g) present and foreseeable environmental conditions at the site, that could entail
interruptions to the operation.
Method statement
A method statement should be prepared, by the appointed person, including a step-by- step
description of the safe system of work for the entire lifting operation. The method statement
should include at least the following:
a) the schedule of responsibilities (e.g. type of hire, road closures, base preparation,
isolation of live services);
b) full details of the crane(s)
c) details of ancillary equipment;
d) details of the lifting accessories;
e) the name of the appointed person;
f) the name of the crane supervisor (who may be the appointed person);
g) a complete plan including the sequence of the operation [from site preparation,
arrival of the equipment on site, any necessary erection, positioning of the crane(s)
lifting and placing of the load(s) and dismantling the crane(s), to moving off site].
Note: This list is not exhaustive and in some circumstances further information may be
required.

During preparation of the method statement the appointed person should consult with any
persons with specialised knowledge and experience, as appropriate, to ensure that all
hazards that may be caused by, or to, the crane(s) are taken into consideration. The method
statement should give details of the steps to be taken to eliminate danger to personnel not
involved in the lifting operation, and if required, to prevent entry into the danger zone.
Duties of appointed persons for mobile crane operations
General
The duties of appointed persons for mobile crane operations can vary in accordance with the
complexity of the operation. The duties for a “basic lift” are considerably fewer and less
demanding than for a lift at a hazardous location. An appointed person employed for a “basic
lift” may not be suitably trained or experienced for a more complicated operation, and
another appointment may be required for this.
There are three types of lift categorised in British Standard 7121-3-2000:
1. Basic Lift
2. Standard Lift
3. Complex Lift
Basic lift:-
If the weight of the load(s) can be simply established, and there are no hazards or
obstructions within the area of the operation, then the duties of the appointed person should
include the following:
a) Establishing the weight. This can be by a reliable source of information, weighing the
load, or calculation (with allowance for possible inaccuracies).
b) Selection of the crane, based on the weight of the load, including the crane hook
block and any lifting tackle; the maximum height of lift and the maximum radius
required. The rated capacity of the crane should be specified by the manufacturer in
the information for use supplied with the crane, or else on the current report of
thorough examination issued by the competent person as required by statutory
requirements. Manufacturer’s sales leaflets should not be relied on for the rated
capacity for a specified crane.
c) Consideration of the location of the operation, taking into account the access and
egress required for the crane, and the suitability of the ground to take the loads
imposed on the crane during preparation for the lift and during the lift itself.
d) Ensuring that the crane has been thoroughly examined (including testing where
appropriate), and inspected and checked, before use.
e) Ensuring that a system for reporting defects is in place.
f) Selecting appropriate lifting accessories, including their method of attachment to the
load, and any protection used to prevent damage.
g) Ensuring that lifting accessories are thoroughly examined, inspected and checked,
before use.
h) Designating a person to check the lifting accessories and any lifting points that are
provided on the load to ensure they are free from any obvious defect before attaching
the load to the crane.

i) Briefing all persons involved in the lifting operation to ensure that the safe system of
work described in the method statement is understood.
(This should include a recommendation for all persons involved in the lifting operation
to seek advice from the appointed person if any change is required to the lifting
operation, or if in any doubts about safety arise.)
NOTE: If one or more handlines/taglines are required to give more control of the
load, the appointed person should designate persons to handle the lines.
j) Checking if numerous loads are to be lifted over a long period, to ensure that no
changes are required in the safe system of work.
k) Ensuring that there is a crane supervisor designated to direct personnel and to

ensure that the operation is carried out in accordance with the method statement.
The appointed person and crane supervisor should be aware of the limits of their
knowledge and experience concerning lifting operations, and should understand that
when conditions exceed these limits, that further advice should be sought.
Standard lift
NOTE: Normally lifting of persons is a standard lift.
If there are hazards, either within the working area of the crane or on the access route to the
working area, but no multiple crane lifting is required, the duties of the appointed person
should include, in addition to the duties listed above:-
a) Investigating all hazards in the operating area, including any areas required for
access or erection/dismantling of the crane. (Hazards can be from surrounding
buildings, or over ground or underground services.)
b) Taking account of increased risks if the load is lifted from a structure at a height
above the standing position of the crane. (Additional risks can arise from the crane
driver not being able to observe the load while taking the initial strain, and
movements due to deflections as the load is lifted clear of the supporting structure,
making it not possible to put the load back down.)
k) Liaison with any other person or authority, as required to overcome any hazard, by
including any necessary corrective action or special measures in the safe system of
work.
d) Consideration of the effect of the lifting operation on surrounding property or persons,
including the general public. This should lead to arranging for appropriate action to
minimise any adverse effects, and to giving appropriate notice to all persons
concerned, including any required by statute.
Complex lift
If the lifting operation requires more than one crane to lift the load, or cranes using load
enhancement attachments, or if the lift is at a location with exceptional hazards (e.g. at a
chemical plant), then the appointed person should ensure, in addition to the duties listed in
‘Basic and Standard lifts” that:
a) The weight of the load is known.

b) Any lifting points provided on the load are adequate for the loads applied.
c) The proportion of the weight taken by each crane throughout the lifting operation is known
accurately to within ± 2%.

d) The cranes are compatible in lifting characteristics, with sufficient margins within the
rated capacity of each crane to allow for any additional dynamic loading that could be
transferred from one crane to another during movement of the load. [Load transfer
can be minimised by accurate monitoring of the load magnitude, position and
verticality of the hoist rope. If the appointed person is satisfied that all factors that can
induce loads into each crane are accurately known, and that they are monitored by
instruments (including side loads on the jibs etc), the cranes may be used up to their
rated capacity. If all factors cannot be accurately evaluated, an appropriate down
rating of at least 20% should be applied to each of the cranes involved (e.g. rated
capacity of 125t to lift a load of 100t).]
e) The lifting operation is planned so that there is no possibility of contact between the
jibs of the cranes or jibs and load.
f) The method statement includes access, ground conditions, erection, etc., as well as
the sequence of operations when lifting the load.
g) The suitability of the ground is investigated to withstand the forces applied during the
lifting operation, and taking into account the effect of cranes standing in close
proximity to each other.
h) During the load lifting phase of the operation, the hoist rope loads and inclinations
are monitored, and that the information is displayed suitably and clearly to the crane
supervisor directing the crane drivers. (It may also be appropriate to monitor the
inclination of the load during the lifting operation.)
Crane supervisor
The crane supervisor should direct and supervise the lifting operation, ensuring that these
are carried out in accordance with the method statement. The crane supervisor should be
competent and suitably trained and should have sufficient experience to carry out all relevant
duties. The crane supervisor should have sufficient authority to stop the lifting operation if
the supervisor considers it dangerous to proceed.
NOTE: The appointed person may decide to undertake the duties of the crane
supervisor or to delegate these to another person with appropriate expertise for the lifting
operation.
MANAGEMENT OF THE LIFTING OPERATION

SUMMARY SHEET:
The safe system of work is paramount in lifting operations and the Instructor will emphasis
the necessity of planning the lifting operation and risk assessment with method statements.
The Appointed Persons role is fully explained together with the definitions of Basic lift
— Standard lift — Complex lift.
The main points of this module are:
• Safe system of work
• Control of the lifting operation
• Planning of the lifting operation
• Method statement/Risk assessment
• Duties of Appointed Persons for mobile crane operations
• Crane Supervisor
NOTE: The Crane Supervisor and the Appointed Person can be the same person.
The Appointed Person may not be present when the lift is carried out.
The Appointed Person can delegate the duties of the Crane Supervisor to
another person providing he has sufficient knowledge of lifting operations and
has been trained to carry out the lifting plan and method statement safely.
The Crane Supervisor has the authority to stop the lift if he considers it
dangerous to continue.

WEIGHT ESTIMATION — CENTRE OF GRAVITY
WEIGHT: LOOK TO SEE IF THE WEIGHT IS MARKED ON THE LOAD.

IS THIS THE WEIGHT OF ALL THE PARTS OF THE LOAD?
CHECK AGAINST ANY DOCUMENTATION
LOOK AT A DRAWING OF THE LOAD AND COMPARE

WITH THE WEIGHT ON THE LOAD
IF THE LOAD IS ON A TRAILER, HAVE IT WEIGHED

ESTIMATE USING TABLES OF WEIGHTS
CALCULATIONS: π = 3.142 or 22/7
IF 3 IS USED ADD 5% TO CORRECT FOR ERROR
1 TON = 22401bs
1 TONNE = 1000Kg = 2204.61b
FOR ESTIMATION PURPOSES I TON = 1 TONNE
CENTRE OF GRAVITY: POINT AT WHICH THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE BODY IS

CONCENTRATED
POINT ABOUT WHICH PARTS OF A BODY EXACTLY
BALANCE EACH OTHER
ONCE THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY HAS BEEN
ESTIMATED MARK THIS POINT WITH TAPE OR
CHALK
Weights of Materials

All steel weighs approximately the same:
Example one square foot of 1” thick Steel Plate = 4Olbs approximately.
Therefore if we reduce any steel plate to its square footage (L x B) and multiply by 40 for
each 1” thickness we get its weight in lbs. Compare this to the English Ton of 2240 lbs or the
Metric Tonne of 2205lbs and we know what tackle to select for the lift.
Formulae = Length x Breadth = Square Feet

Multiply this by 4Olbs for each 1” thickness
Remember, if less than 1” thick, to reduce the plate accordingly ie, (20Kg)
¾” Thick = 30lbs (15Kg)

½” Thick = 20lbs (10Kg)
¼” Thick = l0Ibs (5Kg)
This can usually be done quite quickly, often by mental arithmetic.
Example:
A plate l0ft x 6ft x 1” = 60 x 40 = 2400lbs.

= 1 ton l60Ibs.
A plate 6ft x 5ft x ½” = 30 x 20 = 600lbs.
WEIGHT ESTIMATION — CENTRE OF BALANCE

SUMMARY SHEET:
This module deals with the calculation of weight and the centre of balance of the load.
When any load has to be lifted and moved the main criteria is knowing what the weight is
before you can select the equipment or choose the method of slinging.
The Instructor when discussing this item MUST take notice of the age of the delegates. If it is
a mature class then it will probably have been some time since the delegates have had to do
any calculations and then it will almost certainly be in imperial units.
The Instructor must make this part of the course as simple as possible to enable to enable
the delegates to grasp the fundamentals of calculating the volume of a load and then
determine the weight.
The centre of balance can sometimes be outside the physical shape of the load, to give a
straight and level lift it is necessary to know where the centre of balance of the load is so that
it can be slung correctly so that when lifted it is in a stable condition.

METHOD OF RATING LIFTING SLINGS
UNIFORM METHOD - SIMPLEST METHOD

- YOU MAY USE ONLY ONE WLL UP TO AN
INCLUDED ANGLE OF 90°
- YOU MAY ALSO USE A REDUCED WLL AT
INCLUDED ANGLES BETWEEN 90° AND
120°
THIS IS THE METHOD THAT SHOULD BE USED FOR ALL MULTIPURPOSE

SLINGS
SINGLE LEG SLING = 1.0 x WLL OF A SINGLE LEG
TWO LEG SLING = 1.4 x WLL OF A SINGLE LEG

(INCLUDED ANGLE 0-90°)
TWO LEG SLING = 1.0 x WLL OF A SINGLE LEG

(INCLUDED ANGLE 90°-120°)
THREE AND FOUR LEG SLING = 2.1 x WLL OF A SINGLE LEG*

(INCLUDED ANGLE 0-90°)
FOUR LEG SLING = 1.5 x WLL OF A SINGLE LEG

(INCLUDED ANGLE 90°- 120°)
* IN BRITISH STANDARDS COVERING TEXTILE SLINGS, THIS FACTOR IS GIVEN AS

2.0
IN CURRENT BRITISH STANDARDS, THE UNIFORM LOAD MEYHOD RATES

MULTIPURPOSE FOUR AND THREE LEG SLINGS OF THE SAME SIZE AND GRADE AT
THE SAME WLL THIS IS ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE LOAD MIGHT BE TAKEN BY
THREE OF THE FOUR LEGS.
RATING SLINGS
METHOD OF USE - FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED:
1. THE WAY THE SLING IS ATTACHED TO THE LOAD
2. THE GEOMETRY OF THE SLING ie INCLUDED ANGLES

ETC.
3. NUMBER OF LEGS IN USE
- APPLY REDUCED RATING FOR USE OF

CHOKE HITCH ETC.

ASSUMPTIONS - THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ARE

BASED ON SLINGS RATED TO THE
UNIFORM LOAD METHOD

RATING SLINGS

Sling angle
When a multi-leg sling is used with the sling legs at an angle, the load in the individual sling
legs will increase as the angle between the legs becomes greater.
It should be noted that when the included angle is 90° or less the increase in the load in the
sling legs is minimal.
Slings can be used with the included angle at 120° but this type of sling will be specifically
tagged and rated at the appropriate safe working load. For everyday purposes the slinger
should adhere to the included angle of no more than 90°.

Sling angle (cont’d)
Recent changes to the marking of slings have seen the angle indicated being shown as the
angle between the sling leg and the vertical, instead of the traditional angle between the
legs.

WORKING LOAD LIMIT
The working load limits (WLL) listed in the table below are the maximum weights which
slings are designed to carry in general lifting service according to the standard uniform load
method of rating.
In exceptional hazardous conditions or in any other circumstances which might indicate a
need for a WLL lower than the designed figure, the degree of hazard should be assessed by
a competent person and the working load limit adjusted accordingly. The WLL, which should
be marked on the sling itself, or on a securely fixed metal tag, must not be exceeded in any
circumstances.

SLINGS AND SLINGING:
SUMMARY SHEET:
This module describes the science of slinging. Emphasis must be placed on the correct
methods of slinging ie, the recommended included angle between the sling legs should be
90°.
IT IS IMPORTANT AT THIS STAGE TO EXPLAIN THAT SLINGS ARE RATED AT

0 - 90° (MANUFACTURER’S NOW DEPICT THEIR CHARTS 0 - 45° and 45° - 60° FROM
THE VERTICAL).
The lifting equipment markings are also under change WLL is replacing SWL and the
Instructor needs to explain this.
The safe methods of slinging must also include any de-rating of the safe working load of the
sling when used in various configurations.
The Appointed Person should be familiar with all the points mentioned in this module.

SHACKLES
TYPES OF SHACKLE
There are two basic shapes, the bow and the dee.
BOW SHACKLE DEE SHACKLE
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING SHACKLES
1. Free working of the pin

2. Threads. The threads, both male and female, should be fully formed with no flats or
worn portions and they must be full size. The form can be checked with a thread
gauge. There should be no excessive play when the pin is screwed in by hand from
either the correct or reverse side.
3. The holes must align. The plain hole should not be too large so as to allow a gap
when the pin is in place.
4. The maximum permissible wear is 8% on either the pin or the body.
5. There should be no signs of nicks, cracks, corrosion or chemical attack.
6. There should be no distortion. The body should have a good shape and the pin must
show no sign of bending.
7. The length of pin and thread length should be correct for the shackle body. In the
case of bolt and nut pins, the nut should close on the last thread before gripping the
body, thus allowing the bolt to be turned freely when fully tightened, but side
movement of the pin must be restricted. At this position the cotter pin hole must align
in the nut and bolt.

SHACKLES
SUMMARY SHEET:
This module discusses the different types of shackle available.
The importance of the markings of the shackle and its correct pin.
Correct usage.

EYEBOLTS
TYPES OF EYEBOLT
1. Eyebolt with link

2. Collar eyebolt
3. Dynamo eyebolt
COLLAR EYEBOLT
Before the introduction of the eyebolt with link, the collar eyebolt was considered the general
purpose type. It is however more limited in its use and alignment of the eye to the load is
important. Although the Safe Working Load in axial loading is higher than that of the eyebolt
with link it is markedly reduced in angular loading.
The eye blends with the collar in the plane of the eye but this is reduced at 900 to the plane
of the eye. The collar has a large seat giving a good contact surface with the load. The
internal proportions of the eye are small and a shackle is needed to enable other
components to be fitted to the eyebolt. These features enable them to take loads at an angle
to the axis of the shank provided that the loading is aligned to within 5° of the plane of the
eye. This calls for careful fitting and to ensure this condition is met shims may be used
providing that in total they do not exceed half the pitch of the thread. They can only be used
for their full rating if the load is taken axially. As soon as the load is at an angle to the axis of
the shank reduction in rating is necessary and these reductions are considerably greater
than are necessary with eyebolts with links.

EYE BOLTS
SUMMARY SHEET:
This module covers the use of eyebolts which are a common item of lifting accessory.
It is VITAL that the Instructor differentiates between the Dynamo Eyebolt and the Collar
eyebolt and the thread forms.

RECOMMENDED CRANE SIGNALS
The following illustrates the recommended hand signals for directing cranes as shown in
BS 7121: PL 1:2006 Safe Use of Cranes.
NB. The signaller should stand in a secure position where he can see the load and can be clearly
seen by the crane driver. Face the driver if possible and always indicate a clear stop signal
between direction signals.
CRANE SIGNALLING

SUMMARY SHEET:
It is absolutely VITAL when working with mobile cranes that there is a common
understanding between the Banksman — slinger — signaller and the crane operator.
The British Standard 7121 Pt 1: General 1989 depicts the recommended signals, however
some crane operators prefer and are used to a slight variation from the BS code.
CHECK WITH THE CRANE OPERATOR PRIOR TO COMMENCING ANY LIFTING

OPERATION THE SIGNALS THAT YOU ARE BOTH GOING TO USE AND
REMEMBER ONLY ONE SIGNALLER INSTRUCTING THE CRANE OPERATOR
AT ONE TIME.

Case Study No. 1
The unit is 1.5m x 2m x 2m high, with four lifting lugs, one at each corner, on the top
From the duty chart, what capacity of mobile crane would you order to carry out this lift?


Case Study No. 2
Key
A. Single storey building — Flat Roof— 5 metres high

B. Two storey building — Flat Roof — Each with a drop ladder fire escape
C. Car Park — 100mm Tarmac finish — 28m x 10m — designated spaces
D. Security lodge
E. Electricity sub-station
F. Paved footpath all services under right hand side — 1m wide
4 x Rainwater gullies as marked
G. Sewer manhole
H. Lighting/camera tower — 6m high
Main works road is finished concrete — 1 2m wide from kerb to kerb
Task
Place 2 x portable cabins in car park in corner ‘L’ shaped, as shown.
One, nearer building A, is fitted with toilets and kitchen and weighs 4 tonnes unbalanced.
The other is empty and weighs 3 tonnes, balanced.
Both cabins are 6m x 4m x 2m high.
You are required to produce a detailed risk assessment and job method statement to cover
all aspects of this job.


CASE STUDIES
SUMMARY SHEET:
The Instructor will explain how to use the duty charts of the mobile crane when selecting the
appropriate crane for the lifting operation.
This is an important session as the selection of the wrong crane can be a costly error to the
company and a delay in getting the lift completed.
The mobile crane hire companies will be asking specific questions regarding the provision of
Appointed Persons, Crane Supervisor, Slinger, Risk Assessments, and Method Statements.
All of the above will need to be in place when the crane operator arrives onsite.

Planning the lifting operation ref. BS 7121PL 1:2006 -General and the Lifting Operations and Lifting
Equipment Regulations 1998:
PLANNING SHEET
NAME: COMPANY:
DATE: VENUE:
WEIGHT ESTIMATION: PLEASE SHOW WEIGHT CALCULATION:
EQUIPMENT: METHOD:
SKETCH:
Assessor’s comments: Signed

PLANNING SHEETS
SUMMARY SHEET:
The planning sheet is to be completed prior to the lift taking place, this fulfils the
requirement of Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998.
Lifting operations are to be:

Properly planned
Appropriately supervised
Carried out safely


Appointed Person Notes

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LLOYDS BRITISH TRAINING SERVICES

THE APPOINTED PERSON

Page 1 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

THE APPOINTED PERSON

Selection of Appointed Person

THE CRANE SUPERVISOR

1. Have you an Appointed Person? Who is he (name)?

Page 2 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998

Set out in part as follows:

(1) Regulations 1 to 3 deal with the date of commencement of the regulations,

Regulation 7 - Specific risks

Regulation 8 - Information and Instructions

Page 3 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

Page 4 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS (LOLER 98)

LOLER in particular requires:

(1) Lifting operations are properly planned by a competent person, appropriately

(1) The strength and stability of lifting equipment (Reg. 4);

(3) The positioning and installation of lifting equipment (Reg. 6);

(5) The organisation of lifting operations (Reg. 8);

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(7) The making of reports of thorough examinations and records of inspections

Page 6 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

THE MOBILE CRANE

THE MOBILE CRANE

Types of Mobile Crane

All Terrain Crane

Page 7 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

Selection of the crane

Page 8 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

Jacks and Jack Floats

Wheels off the Ground

Page 9 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

The ability to raise or lower the jib/boom to achieve varying radii.

Hoisting and Lowering

The ability to raise or lower the hook or load.

The ability to extend or retract the jib/boom by telescoping.

Capacity of the Crane

Page 10 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

Page 11 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

Automatic Safe Load Indicator

Rigging the Crane

Reeving the Hook Block

SAFE LOAD INDICATORS

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Automatic Safe Load Indicators

Effects of High Wind

Strength and Stability

Page 13 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

Minimum Attributes of Personnel

2. Check that the crane has the correct documentation: -

a) All ropes and rigging components

Page 14 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

h) Brake air pressure

Siting of the Crane

Consideration should be given to the presence of proximity hazards such as overhead

Overhead Electric Lines and Cables

MANY FATAL ACCIDENTS HAVE OCCURRED DUE TO SOME PART OF THE

Page 15 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

a) Remain inside the cab.

Page 16 of 58 REVISION MARCH 2010

GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS

REFUELLING THE CRANE