Running Head: PROPOSAL

Evaluation of the concepts of Diabetes in Paediatrics

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 Research Proposal
Topic:
Evaluation of the concepts of Diabetes in Paediatrics.

Abstract:
Background:
Diabetes had been declared as the fatal disease by many of the medical researchers that
can harm their lives. According to the report developed by the National Institute of Health
(NIH), the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with type-1 and type-2 diabetes
had observed an increase from the year 2002 (Hood et al., 2014. pp.498-504). This raises
an excellent question for medical researchers. The current research is also developed for
researching the increase of diabetes among children and adolescents.

Aim and objective:

Exploring and evaluating the concepts and implementation of both type-1 and type-2
diabetes among children and adolescents.

Methods and design:

The current research will be using the qualitative study with the help of SMR testing
technique for considering the impact of type-1 and type-2 diabetes on the health practices
of the children and adolescents. The selected participants for the research were thirty,
ranging from the age of five to nine years.

Findings and results:

The current research was developed for determining the impact of diabetes on the health
of the children and other adolescents and the duties that are meant to be performed by
the elders of the children. It was also analysed that obesity among children is the main
reason for increasing the level of diabetes. This is because the children of today are not
following any healthy practices for spending their leisure time.
Conclusion:
It was observed that children and adolescents are experiencing diabetes due to a change
in their social activities. This was explained in the developed literature review of the
research. Further, the study also discusses the techniques that can help the children in
overcoming the symptoms of diabetes.

Introduction:
Area & Topic:
Throughout the world, it had been discussed by medical researchers that diabetes is the
type of illness in the human body that results from the mal-function of metabolic
homeostasis in producing the desired level of insulin. This type of mal-function generally
results in the development of specific abnormalities in the lipid metabolism and retention
of carbohydrates in the human body. Medical researchers had determined two different
types of diabetes that are irrespective of the age duration. Therefore the current research
will be looking into the effects of diabetes in the children (Simpson et al., 2011. p.2779).

Background and context:

It had been discussed earlier that there are two types of Type-1 diabetes is caused by an
absolute deficiency of insulin due to a reduction in the insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas of the body. Type-2 diabetes results in the individuals at the time when the cells
of the human body prevent the other cavities in producing the required level of insulin to
the body that directly leads towards the deficiency of insulin in the body which leads
towards sugar deprivation of body. The children and other adolescents who are
experiencing diabetes can be the victim of type-1 or type-2 diabetes. Therefore, the
concept of been diabetic and such early age of life can be alarming for the parents and
other people of the country (Dabelea et al., 2014. pp.1778-1786).

Statement of purpose:
The essential purpose of the current research is directed towards the determination of
reasons or factors that directly become the cause of diabetes for children and
adolescents. After identifying different prospects of factors that are involved in bringing
diabetes among the children; the current research will be developing and explaining
possible ways for reducing the chances for children becoming diabetes. Such type of
study will help the readers in identifying the paediatricians and their role in performing
particular activities so the ordinary people can easily be safe from evaluating the main
concern that had been raised for dealing with diabetes.

Literature review
Around the globe, there are different illness with a critical impact on individuals over their
lifetime. From such diseases with crucial influence on the health of the individuals,
diabetes has been the disease that had wide-spread over the population irrespective of
the age of the singular person. When individuals are experienced with diabetes, then they
are generally affected by the deficiency of insulin in the body. Diabetes is now described
such a common disease that every third person out of five people we met is infected with
diabetes (Kawasaki, et al., 2011. pp.860-865).
With the increase in the technology and development of technology, medical science had
come about another challenge where the children and adolescents are experiencing
diabetes. This diabetes infects the children from early stages of age like from five-year
age till nine-year age. The significant circumstances under which the children are affected
with diabetes are still unknown to the medical researchers at large. Therefore, it had been
considered very necessary by researchers that they should research in understanding
the processes through which diabetes can affect the health of the patients (Greenwood,
Gee, Fatkin, and Peeples, 2017. pp.1015-1027).
It had been discussed by Berndt, et al., (2014, pp.200-217) that, irrespective of age of
human, glucose homeostasis can be maintained through the process of discharge of
insulin from the β-cells in the pancreas of the body; and, a level of sensitivity of those
cells with the help of liver and adipose tissues for controlling the flow of insulin in the body.
But, when such balance is crossed through different processes; then the individuals come
across with diabetes.
At the point when β-cells can't emit adequate insulin to make up for insulin obstruction,
anomalies in glucose homeostasis result, possibly advancing to prediabetes and type 2
diabetes as b-cell capacity weakens further. The connection between β-cell ability and
insulin affectability in children and adolescent has been exhibited to be a hyperbolic
capacity and can be depicted numerically as the result of insulin affectability and b-cell
work called the disposition index (DI). The DI communicates the measure of insulin being
discharged concerning the level of insulin opposition and is consistent for a given level of
glucose resistance in any one person (Ferrannini, and Mari, 2014. pp.1217-1227).
Obesity can be described as the major supporters of the advancement of insulin
opposition, especially even with the physiologic insulin obstruction typical for
adolescence. Stable pancreatic β-cell compensatory insulin discharge keeps up ordinary
glucose homeostasis. In adolescents with different level of obesity that creates the
chances of diabetes-type-2, there are extreme bordering and hepatic insulin limitation,
with; half lower fringe insulin affectability than companions with heftiness without
diabetes, alongside expanded fasting hepatic glucose generation and lacking first and
second-stage insulin emission, bringing about; 85% lower DI (Nesca, et al., 2013.
pp.2203-2212).
Cross-sectional and longitudinal examinations in youth with weight along with the range
of glycaemia from normoglycemia to prediabetes to type 2 diabetes show, as in grown-
ups, that b-cell disappointment with declining insulin discharge in respect to insulin
affectability results in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in high-hazard youth. Significantly,
be that as it may, preceding achieving the American Diabetes Association (ADA) -
characterised fasting and oral glucose resilience test (OGTT) - invigorated glycaemic cut
focuses for the determination of prediabetes, youth, similar to grown-ups, as of now
exhibit declining b-cell work concerning insulin affectability. Additionally, youth with A1C
in the in danger/ prediabetes classification ($5.7 to, 6.5%) show disabled b-cell work
contrasted and those with A1C, 5.7% (Nowicka et al., 2011. pp.1306-1311).

Research questions
As the current research is based on evaluating the concepts of diabetics among the
children and adolescents; the researcher of the current study had developed specific
research questions. These developed research questions are shared below.
Q#1: What are the primary symptoms that help practitioners in identifying diabetes among
children and adolescents?

Q#2: Why there is an increased need to understand the situation of increasing diabetes
among children and adolescents?

Q#3: How can the SMR be implemented for resolving the current situation of diabetes in
children and other adolescents?

Conceptual framework, theory, hypothesis

Conceptual framework
The current research also develops a theoretical framework model for understanding the
increasing issue of diabetes among children and other adolescents who are also known
paediatrics. The developed theoretical framework for the current research is shared on
the next page.
 Population
screening

Registration

Home care

Clinical
assessment Hospital care
Self-care

Clinical care

Follow-up

Theory
The current research uses the explorative research theory for exploring factors that can
be used for resolving diabetes among children and adolescents.

Hypotheses
H1: Basic symptoms of identifying diabetes can positively impact the reduction of diabetes
among children and adolescents.

H2: Both types of diabetes have a negative impact on the health of children and
adolescents.

Methods
Design
The current research is based on the research design of focus group study with the keen
observation of the participants. This will help the current research in completing their
research on the topic of evaluating the concepts of diabetes in paediatrics or children and
adolescents.

Sample:
The current research is conducted after selecting thirty members who had experienced
people with diabetes in the early ages.

Data collection
From the selected sample, the data will be collected in the form of information gathered
before and after the subjects had gone through the SMR technique for reducing the
impact of diabetes.

Data analysis
For the current qualitative research based on evaluating the concepts of diabetes among
paediatrics, the data analysis technique that will be used can be described as content
analysis.

Significance
The significance of the current research can be identified as the derived benefits that can
be provided to the parents of the family whose children are experiencing both types of
diabetes. The present research findings may help the parents of the family in determining
the practices that can help them and their children in reducing the impact of diabetes in
their bodies.

Ethical issues
Several ethical issues took place when the researchers perform any medically related
research. These ethical issues are in terms of seeking consent from the participants
before collecting any responses to their desire. The consideration of informed consent
can be described as those methods by which a patient's entitlement to self-sufficiency is
ensured. It likewise looks to anticipate ambushes on the trustworthiness of the patient
and ensure individual freedom and integrity. People can settle on educated choices to
take an interest in research deliberately just on the off chance that they have data on the
potential dangers and advantages of the examination (Peyrot, et al., 2013. pp.174-184).
It is essential to depict any physical mischief or inconvenience, any attack of security and
any risk to respect just as how the subjects will be rewarded all things considered.
Likewise, the topics need to realise any standard advantages either to the subject or to
science by increasing new information. Another ethical issue that can be described in
medical research is respecting the privacy of the patients. That is when the clients’ report
like their opinions, their details, and their social beliefs are shared with the third party
without their legal consent, then the privacy of the respondents is breached (Howard et
al., 2010. pp.797-804).
 References
Berndt, R.D., Takenga, C., Preik, P., Kuehn, S., Berndt, L., Mayer, H., Kaps, A. and Schiel,
R., 2014. Impact of information technology on the therapy of type-1 diabetes: a
case study of children and adolescents in Germany. Journal of personalised
medicine, 4(2), pp.200-217.
Dabelea, D., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Saydah, S., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Divers, J., Bell, R.,
Badaru, A., Talton, J.W., Crume, T. and Liese, A.D., 2014. Prevalence of type 1
and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to
2009. Jama, 311(17), pp.1778-1786.
Ferrannini, E. and Mari, A., 2014. β-Cell function in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 63(10),
pp.1217-1227.
Greenwood, D.A., Gee, P.M., Fatkin, K.J. and Peeples, M., 2017. A systematic review of
reviews evaluating technology-enabled diabetes self-management education and
support. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 11(5), pp.1015-1027.
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