International Journal of Ambient Energy

ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-8246 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

Power quality improvement of grid-connected

wind energy system using facts devices

L. Ashok Kumar & V. Indragandhi

To cite this article: L. Ashok Kumar & V. Indragandhi (2018): Power quality improvement of grid-
connected wind energy system using facts devices, International Journal of Ambient Energy, DOI:
10.1080/01430750.2018.1484801

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1484801

Accepted author version posted online: 06

Jun 2018.

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Publisher: Taylor & Francis & Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Journal: International Journal of Ambient Energy

DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2018.1484801

Power quality improvement of grid-connected wind energy system using facts devices

Dr L Ashok Kumar

Email: ashokkumarlpsg@gmail.com

Affiliation 1:

PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641004 India

Dr V Indragandhi (Corresponding Author)

Email: arunindra08@gmail.com

Affiliation 1:

VIT University, SELECT, VIT University, rajeshwari towers, vellore, Vellore, 632014 India

Abstract

This work presents a novel controller for an integrated STATCOM-BESS for grid connected wind energy
system. The simulation of the proposed system is done in Simulink without the hysteresis current
controlled PWM technique and with the controller, which is in the IEC 61400-21 standard. It is observed
that the STATCOM with BESS, operated with the specified controller, provides reactive power support,
good harmonic mitigation as well as maintaining the source current the voltage without any phase angle
difference. The experimental setup composed of Matlab-dSPACE DS1104 interface for generating the
gate pulse, isolation and gate driver circuit, and the three-phase inverter is created and the system is tested
for various combinations of R load and R-L load, and the measurements are recorded using FLUKE 434
energy analyzer.

Keywords

Energy Storage

Harmonics

STATCOM

Wind Energy
 POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF GRID-CONNECTED WIND ENERGY
SYSTEM USING FACTS DEVICES

Abstract:

The increased penetration of wind power into the grid will save the fossil fuels and
reduces the impact on the environment; however it also presents many challenges to power
system operation and control, system stability and power quality. In this paper, use of Static
Compensator (STATCOM) with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is to enable smooth and
proper integration of wind energy system to the grid is taken as the main objective. This work
presents a novel controller for an integrated STATCOM-BESS for grid connected wind energy
system. The simulation of the proposed system is done in Simulink with hysteresis current
controlled Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based controller, which is in the IEC 61400-21
standard. It is observed that the STATCOM with BESS, operated with the specified controller,
provides reactive power support, good harmonic mitigation as well as maintaining the source
current the voltage without any phase angle difference. The experimental setup composed of
Matlab-dSPACE DS1104 interface for generating the gate pulse, isolation and gate driver circuit,
and the three-phase inverter is created and the system is tested for various combinations of R
load and R-L load, and the measurements are recorded using FLUKE 434 energy analyzer.

Keywords: Energy Storage, Harmonics, Power Quality, STATCOM, Wind Energy.

1. Introduction

Endeavours are equipped towards grid integration of sustainable power sources into a
utility because of ecological concerns and the mission for energy security. Since the previous
decade, there has been a huge enthusiasm for some nations on the sustainable power source for
control era. The market advancement and government's impetuses have additionally quickened
the sustainable power source segment development. Wind, sun based, tidal, biogas/biomass,
geothermal, and so forth are considered as the sustainable energy sources and among those,
wind emerges due to its innovative development, great structure and relative cost intensity. Be
that as it may, grid incorporation of the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) can
conceivably influence the power system contrarily because of the variance in power from wind.
The WECS shows changeability in its yield power as a result of the stochastic idea of wind
assets because of unending changes in climate conditions[1-2]. This irregular and diffuse nature
of the wind power presents another factor of instability on the network and may negatively affect
the grid integrity i.e. the power quality, the system security and the steadiness. The progression
and the control of traditional generators in a power system and its utility integration are surely
known and fall under the control ability of the utility administrators. Wind energy is controlled
by nature and this can repressively affect the power system. For wind generators to successfully
supplant the ordinary customary generators, at that point, it must have the capacity to give the
same subordinate administrations gave by the regular power plant by controlling the nodal
voltages, guaranteeing load following, keeping up the frequency, and adding to fault current. At
the point when the penetration level is expanded, the specialized effect on the grid integrity may
emerge which should surely know. This, hence, suggests the requirement for specific advances to
empower smooth and appropriate combination of WECSs to the grid[3-4].

STATCOM-based control technique for power quality change in grid associated wind
creating system and with the non-linear load. The power quality issues on the consumer and
electric utility are introduced in [5]. Thus the proposed conspire in the grid associated system
satisfies the power quality standards according to the IEC standard 61400-2l. The FACTS device
based control method for power quality change in system associated wind producing system and
with non-linear load [6].

The compensator is intended to infuse reactive power to beat control quality issues and
furthermore for better grid operation. There is a persistent variety in terminal voltage due to the
changing wind speed. The expansion of STATCOM into the system backings to keep up the
dynamic power, responsive power and terminal voltage as constant [7]. STATCOM gave VSC-
PWM strategy to balance out system associated squirrel cage wind generator unit. The easiest
control technique of STATCOM is embraced where just estimation of RMS voltage at the
generator terminal is required, and there is no need of reactive power estimation. A fuzzy
controller has utilized as the control an approach of STATCOM, instead of ordinary PI controller
[8-9].

The presentation of the Modulated Power Filter Compensator (MPFC) to the system sets
up a huge change to the power quality. The proposed MPFC is a shoddy and strong FACTS
based device. It is controlled using a tri-circle dynamic error driven PI controller[10]. A
STATCOM based control innovation has been proposed for enhancing the power quality which
can deals with the power level partners with the business wind turbines[11]. A superior
comprehension of the dynamic voltage soundness of a framework with FSIG demonstrate amid
LVRT, utilizing different limits of STATCOM and SVC are pointed out[12].

The methodology proposed in [13] decides the ideal rating and area of the STATCOM
given sorts of load, generator innovation and VAR prerequisites of test organize under different
conditions [14-16]. The effects of symmetrical fault at various areas and collector cables are
examined, and the adequacy of the proposed STATCOM controller is outlined. Point of
Common Coupling (PCC) voltage, electromagnetic torque, and shaft torque of the wind turbine
generator is demonstrated in [17-18]. The shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is exhibited,
for the STATCOM system with the reason for enhancing the transient strength of a grid
associated wind farm is introduced in[19-21]. The distribution systems are challenging severe
power quality problems because of numerous nonlinear loads and unprepared development. The
routine power device widely utilized to advance these power quality problems is the distributed
static compensator (DSTATCOM)[22-24].

This paper organized as follows: Section2 deals with the structure of the proposed system.
Simulation results are presented in section3 and section4 design details are given. Hardware
implementation results are given in section 5 and section6 concludes this research work.

2. Proposed System

The FACTS devices are proficient of swapping both the active and reactive power with
AC system. When the exchange includes reactive power only, they are delivered with negligible
storage on DC side. However, if produced AC voltage or current is essential to depart from 90°
with respect to line current or voltage, respectively converter DC storage can be increased
outside the least essential for the converter operation as a source of reactive power only.
Integration of energy storage system to FACTS devices kills the problem of active power supply.

The proposed new control technique for the power quality change of gird associated wind
energy system appears in Fig.1. This controller keeps up the DC voltage steady under any load
variations. The STATCOM with BESS is utilized to relieve the power quality issues and
upgrading the power exchange capacity of the power system.

The aim of the research work is to implement wind turbine connected to a grid consisting
of distribution generation and STATCOM with Backup energy storage system in the Simulink
and to verify the results through applying both linear as well as Non-linear loads. The proposed
Hysteresis current controlled PWM based controller has following objectives
 Implement unity power factor at the PCC
 Reactive power to the load side.
 Make the source current sinusoidal

The methodology includes implementation of the system in Matlab simulation, and then
the operation of the controller is to be verified. The hardware model of the system then has to be
implemented and the performance of controller for STATCOM-BESS is tested in real time
situations. For generating a pulse in real time the dSPACE DS1104 controller is used. Then pulse
has to be isolated and amplified and then it should be given to inverter. After testing the inverter
operation for the various combination of R and RL load system can be synchronised with the
grid for evaluating the performance of the controller.

3. Simulation Results

The proposed STATCOM with BESS is modelled and the transient performance is
studied by simulating in Simulink. The Simulink model consists of VSI inverter based
STATCOM, BESS, rectifier, wind energy system, source, and critical load. The hysteresis
current control and BESS control are embedded into the simulation. Simulation parameters are
presented in Table.1.
The experimental setup consists of Voltage Source Inverter controlled by PWM technique.
The pulses are generated by the integration of Matlab-dSPACE.

The three-phase full bridge inverter is built using 6 IGBT switches with antiparallel diodes in
Simulink. The gate pulses for IGBT are generated using SPWM technique. In the model, three
sinusoidal waves at 50 Hz and having a phase difference of 1200 between each other is compared
with the high frequency triangular carrier wave at 10 kHz for generating PWM signals. The three
pulses generated are given to NOT logic for getting the inverted pulses for the lower side
switches. The dead band of 5 s is provided at the both turn on and turn off time for avoiding the
shoot through problem.

The gate pulses for 6 IGBT switches of the inverter as a result of SPWM technique is
shown in Fig.2. The pulses are then given to the inverter switches for providing the conduction
of IGBT in a specified manner. The SPWM technique allows the output voltage to be closer to
sine wave. The output of VSI when connected to R load is obtained as shown in Fig.3. The phase
waveform obtained is stepped waveform and line to line waveform is a quasi-square wave.

3.1 Simulation Results of Proposed STATCOM-BESS Model

A nonlinear load consisting of diode bridge is used for simulating the system. The
operation of the system without and with controller is carried out. The inverter is Switched ON at
0.1 s. The current supplied from the source is displayed in Fig.4. (a). The injected current
delivered from the inverter is displayed in Fig.4. (b) and the load current is given in Fig.4. (c).

The source current wave form is non-sinusoidal without controller. As the controller is
switched on during 0.1s the source current waveform now become sinusoidal, indicating that the
source current is harmonic free and STATCOM is able to compensate the reactive power
requirement of the system. THD analysis of source current with and without controller is shown
in Fig.5. The simulation of proposed system is carried out using Simulink and the THD is found
to be 18.29 % without the Hysteresis current controlled PWM technique and is 2.72 % with the
controller, which is within the IEEE 519-1992, IEC 61400-21 standards. Step change in load is
applied to analyse the dynamic performance of the control system at t=0.3 s. The load connected
to the system is inductive in nature. The performance of controller is then monitored. The
performance of controller shows that the controller is able to maintain the source current in phase
with the voltage at the PCC as shown in Fig.6. Thus system operates in UPF mode.

The average active and reactive power flow of source, inverter and the load are
monitored with and without controller at the PCC. From Fig.7, it is clear that the STATCOM
with controller is able to supply reactive power requirement of the load, thus load seems to the
source as purely resistive and relives source from reactive power supply, thus improving the
power quality of source. It is observed that the STATCOM with BESS, operated with specified
controller, provides reactive power support, good harmonic mitigation.

4. Design Calculations

4.1. Selection of Vdc

The DC bus voltage should be greater than the peak value (110V) of line voltage for acceptable
PWM control, as
√
VDC √
(1)
Where ma is equal to 1. The DC bus voltage attained from Eqn.1 is
√
VDC √
(2)
= 179.2V 200V

4.2. Selection of Switching Device

The reactive power to be delivered by converter

Q = S* sinθ (3)

= 0.75 kVAr

Where S = apparent power and P=real power demand of load.

Thus the kVA rating of converter =√ (4)

=√ = 1.25 kVA

From this one can easily deduct the short circuit current of the device using Eqn.6.5

⁄√ (5)

⁄
√

= 6.56079 A

Considering the safety factor of 1.25, maximum current on the switching device

= 1.25* {Icr(p-p) +Is(peak)} (6)

Where Icr(p-p) is the peak-peak ripple current and is taken to be 5 % of the rated STATCOM
current.

Thus Icr(p-p) = 2*0.05* √ A (7)

The rated current through the STATCOM is 6.56A. The peak value of the STATCOM
current is √ A. The peak instantaneous line current is found to be 12.75A. Voltage rating
of the switching device is calculated based on the DC link voltage, by considering safety margin
of about 25 %.

VRating= 1.25* VDC (8)

= 1.25*200 = 250V

The commercially available rating of the switches (IGBT) is decided to be 600V and
30A, respectively.

4.3.Selection of AC Inductance for STATCOM

If current ripple in inductor is permitted to be 5%, the inductance is designed as

√ ⁄
Lf = (9)

Switching frequency (fs) is equal to 10 kHz, in this case. During transients, the current
rating is to differ from 120% to 180% of the steady value. For inductance design 120 % of
current is considered throughout transients. Thus the inductance value is

√ ⁄
Lf = = 1.369mH (10)
√

4.4. Selection of DC bus Capacitor

The assessment of the DC side bus capacitor of STATCOM is a significant factor as it

should deliver the instant power at unexpected load conditions. The response period of
STATCOM is about 200 to 350 s. Dip in the DC link voltage is equal to 8% at the time of
transients,

3 *V ph * I sc * t (11)
CDC  2 2
VDC  VDC1

A dip in DC bus voltage differs from 200V-160V

CDC = = 58F (12)

Thus the capacitor rating of 68F, 450V available in the market is selected. This section provides
the design details of the components and also describes about the selection of different
components for the experimental setup of SPWM fed VSI. The list of components used for the
experimental setup is given in the Table.2.

5. Experimental Setup and Results

STATCOM is essentially a VSI. The VSI inverter is developed and the gate pulse for the
IGBT’s are generated using Matlab-dSPACE interface. The basic block diagram of the dSPACE
controlled three-phase inverter is presented in Fig.8. The experimental setup contains three-phase
inverter and its control circuit consisting of isolation and gate drive circuit. The control circuit
section is composed of the MATLAB and dSPACE interface, optical isolation and the Gate
driver circuit. The real time generation of SPWM pulse is being made using the MATLAB and
dSPACE interface. We configured all input graphically by dragging RTI blocks and decrease the
execution period to a lowest. The Digital-to-Analogue Converter (DAC) output is limited for the
frequency less than 3kHz. For the higher frequency the PWM signal generation using slave DSP
need to be configured.

The Fig.9 shows the gate pulses for the three high side devices generated using the
Matlab-dSPACE interface. The gate pulse output from dSPACE is found to be having amplitude
of nearly 5V. The dead band of 5s provided between turn ON and turn OFF for avoiding the
shoot through a fault in the inverter is shown in Fig.10. It will protect the system by preventing
cross conduction of devices in the same leg by providing a small delay between turn OFF of the
outgoing device and the turn-on of the incoming device.

The gate pulse generated by dSPACE is having an amplitude of 5V is not capable to

drive the IGBT switches; hence TLP250 gate driver is used to amplify the voltage level of gate
pulse and to provide the optical isolation. The output of the TLP250 is of 15V which can drive
IGBT into conduction is shown in Fig.11. The produced gate pulses are given to the IGBT power
switches and obtained output waveform of three phase inverter when R load of 40 ῼ is
connected in star configuration as shown in Fig.12.

The inverter output is then fed to various combinations of both the R and RL load for
measuring the performance. The DC link voltage is fed to the inverter via Rectifier. The input to
rectifier is made constant at 230V, 50Hz AC. First the readings were taken for R load then for
RL load. The readings are recorded using FLUKE 434 Energy analyser meter. The Table.3. And
Table.4. Shows the obtained readings. From the result obtained it is seen that the SPWM
technique helps to reduce the low frequency harmonics. The harmonics present are mainly of
high frequency components which can easily be filtered out by proving a low pass filter.

6.Conclusion
In this research article the STATCOM integrated with BESS used for smooth integration of wind
energy systems to the grid is presented. The simulation of proposed methodology has been
carried out using Simulink and the THD is found to be 18.29 % without the hysteresis current
controlled PWM technique and is 2.72% with the controller, which is within the IEEE 519-1992
standard. It is observed that the STATCOM with BESS operated with hysteresis current
controlled PWM technique provides reactive power support, good harmonic mitigation as well as
maintaining the source current and voltage without phase angle difference, by injecting required
harmonic current to the power system which cancels out the harmonic components presented in
the power system.

The system is tested for various combinations of R load and R-L loads and the measurements
recorded using FLUKE 434 energy analyser meter is also presented. The real time generation of
SPWM pulse is being made using the MATLAB and dSPACE interface. From the result
obtained it is seen that the SPWM technique helps to reduce the low frequency harmonics. As a
future work the model can be synchronized to the grid with the help of isolation transformer and
the performance of controller can be verified for unity power factor mode of operation.

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Fig. 1 Proposed System Model of STATCOM - BESS Integrated with WECS
Fig.2 SPWM pulses for the High side devices

Fig.3 Output voltage waveform of Inverter

 (b)

(c)
Fig.4 Operation of System with and without Controller a) Injected Current b) Load side
Current

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d)
Fig.5 THD Analysis a) Current without Controller b) FFT without Controller c) Current
with Controller d) FFT with Controller

Fig.6. Voltage and Current at the PCC

(a)

(b)
 (c)

Fig.7 Real and Reactive Power a) at Source b) at Inverter c) at Load

Fig.8. Experimental Setup of SPWM Based VSI

Fig.9. High Side Pulses for IGBT’s in Three Phases

Fig.10. Dead Band Provided Between Non-Inverting and Inverting Pulses

Fig.11. Input and Output Pulses of TLP250 Gate Driver

Fig.12. Output Wave Form of Three Phase Inverter

 Table. 1 Parameters for Simulation of Grid Connected WECS

Source, line Inductance 0.5mH

Induction Generator 150kW, 415V, 50Hz, P = 4
Average wind velocity 5m/s
DC Link Voltage 800V
Capacitor 5μF
Rectifier Snubber circuit R = 100Ω, RON = 0.01Ω,
C = 100μF
Inverter IGBT, 1200V, Current- 50 A, Gate Voltage- +/- 20V,
TON - 70ns, TOFF - 400ns, Power dissipation- 300W
Battery DC-800 V
Transformer 415V / 800V
Load 3-phase,415V, Non-linear Load of 10Ω,
C = 1f

Table.2 Design Parameters for Experimental Setup

Source Voltage 3-phase, 110V, 50Hz

DC link Voltage 200V
DC Link Capacitor 68F, 450V
Inductance for STATCOM 1.369mH, 15A
Switching Device 600V, 30A IRG4BC30U IGBT
Gate Driver TLP 250
Load Parameter 3-phase, 415V, R-L load

Table.3. THD Analysis of SPWM-Based VSI Supplying R Load

Connected Voltage Current THD Voltage THD Current

Load (V) (A) (% in terms of (% in terms of
(kW) fundamental) fundamental)
3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9
0.375 110 0.4 0.8 1.7 0.9 2.1 40.3 113.4 28.5 85.9
1.5 108 1.2 0.6 1.7 0.8 2.2 34.8 115.2 29.8 85.8
3.75 104.2 2.6 1.2 1.8 0.9 2.2 30.7 106.0 27.9 79.4
8.25 100 5.4 2.4 1.9 0.9 2.2 29.6 98 20.4 76.8
 Table.4. THD Analysis of SPWM-Based VSI Supplying RL Load

Connected Load THD Voltage THD Current

Voltage Current (% in terms of (% in terms of
(V) (A) fundamental) fundamental)
R load L load 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 9
(kW) (mH)
8.25 0.6 92 4.7 0.8 0.7 1.4 0.6 8.6 21.3 4.9 15.8
8.25 5.3 88 4.4 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.1 1.9 3.3 1.8 2.2
8.25 33.3 51.4 2.5 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 1.6 1.5 0.6
8.25 58.8 33.0 1.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.7 2.1 2.2 0.7