Guru Nanak

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Guru Nanak ([gʊɾuː naːnəkᵊ],

pronunciation, IAST: Gurū Nānak) (29
November 1469 – 22 September 1539)
was the founder of Sikhism and the first of
the ten Sikh Gurus. His birth is celebrated
worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on
Kartik Pooranmashi, the full-moon day in
the month of Katak, October–November.[1]
 Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana and

Sikh Gurus
Personal

Born Nanak
29 November 1469
Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī,
(Present day Nankana
Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died 22 September 1539
(aged 69)

Kartarpur Mughal
 Kartarpur, Mughal
Empire (Present day
Pakistan)
Resting place Gurdwara Darbar Sahib
Kartar Pur, Kartarpur,
Pakistan

Religion Sikhism

Spouse Mata Sulakkhani

Parents Mehta Kalu and Mata

Tripta

Known for Founder of Sikhism

Religious career

Successor Guru Angad

Guru Nanak travelled far and wide

teaching people the message of one God
who dwells in every one of His creations
and constitutes the eternal Truth.[2] He set
up a unique spiritual, social, and political
platform based on equality, fraternal love,
goodness, and virtue.[3][4][5]

Guru Nanak's words are registered in the

form of 974 poetic hymns in the holy text
of Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, with
some of the major prayers being the Japji
Sahib, the Asa di Var and the Sidh-Ghost. It
is part of Sikh religious belief that the spirit
of Guru Nanak's sanctity, divinity and
religious authority descended upon each
of the nine subsequent Gurus when the
Guruship was devolved on to them.[6]
Family and early life

The Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib,

Pakistan, commemorates the site where Guru Nanak is
believed to have been born.

Guru Nanak was born on 29 November

1469 at Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī (present day
Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan) near
Lahore.[7][8] His parents were Kalyan
Chand Das Bedi, popularly shortened to
Mehta Kalu, and Mata Tripta.[9] His father
was the local patwari (accountant) for
crop revenue in the village of Talwandi.[10]
His parents were both Hindu Khatris and
employed as merchants.[11][12]

He had one sister, Bebe Nanaki, who was

five years older than he was. In 1475 she
married and moved to Sultanpur. Guru
Nanak was attached to his sister and
followed her to Sultanpur to live with her
and her husband, Jai Ram. At the age of
around 16 years, Nanak started working
under Daulat Khan Lodi,[1] employer of
Nanaki's husband. This was a formative
time for Nanak, as the Puratan (traditional)
Janam Sakhi suggests, and in his
numerous allusions to governmental
structure in his hymns, most likely gained
at this time.[13]

According to Sikh traditions, the birth and

early years of Guru Nanak's life were
marked with many events that
demonstrated that Nanak had been
marked by divine grace.[14] Commentaries
on his life give details of his blossoming
awareness from a young age. At the age of
five, Nanak is said to have voiced interest
in divine subjects. At age seven, his father
enrolled him at the village school as was
the custom.[7] Notable lore recounts that
as a child Nanak astonished his teacher by
describing the implicit symbolism of the
first letter of the alphabet, resembling the
mathematical version of one, as denoting
the unity or oneness of God.[15] Other
childhood accounts refer to strange and
miraculous events about Nanak, such as
one witnessed by Rai Bular, in which the
sleeping child's head was shaded from the
harsh sunlight, in one account, by the
stationary shadow of a tree[16] or, in
another, by a venomous cobra.[17] Guru
Nanak palace in modern day Punjab near
Lahore was partially demolished by
vandals.[18] It has invited sharp reactions
from Indian politicians as it is a pilgrimage
site for Sikhs across the world.[19]
On 24 September 1487 Nanak married
Mata Sulakkhani, daughter of Mūl Chand
and Chando Rāṇī, in the town of Batala.
The couple had two sons, Sri Chand (8
September 1494 – 13 January 1629)[20]
and Lakhmi Chand (12 February 1497 – 9
April 1555). Sri Chand received
enlightenment from Guru Nanak's
teachings and went on to become the
founder of the Udasi sect.[21][22]

Biographies
This section needs additional citations for
verification.
Bhai Mani Singh's Janamsakhi

The earliest biographical sources on

Nanak's life recognised today are the
Janamsākhīs (life accounts). Bhai Gurdas,
a scribe of the Gurū Granth Sahib, also
wrote about Nanak's life in his vārs.
Although these too were compiled some
time after Nanak's time, they are less
detailed than the Janamsākhīs. The
Janamsākhīs recount in minute detail the
circumstances of the birth of the guru.

Gyan-ratanavali is attributed to Bhai Mani

Singh who wrote it with the express
intention of correcting heretical accounts
of Guru Nanak. Bhai Mani Singh was a
disciple of Guru Gobind Singh who was
approached by some Sikhs with a request
that he should prepare an authentic
account of Guru Nanak's life.

One popular Janamsākhī was allegedly

written by a close companion of the Guru,
Bhai Bala. However, the writing style and
language employed have left scholars,
such as Max Arthur Macauliffe, certain
that they were composed after his death.[7]
According to the scholars, there are good
reasons to doubt the claim that the author
was a close companion of Guru Nanak
and accompanied him on many of his
travels.

Sikhism

Guru Nanak's handprint is believed to be preserved on

Guru Nanak s handprint is believed to be preserved on
a boulder at the Gurdwara Panja Sahib in Hasan Abdal,
Pakistan.

Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartar Pur in Narowal, Pakistan

marks the site where Guru Nanak is said to have
died.[23]

Nanak was a Guru (teacher), and founded

Sikhism during the 15th century.[24][25] The
fundamental beliefs of Sikhism,
articulated in the sacred scripture Guru
Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation
on the name of the one creator, unity of all
humankind, engaging in selfless service,
striving for social justice for the benefit
and prosperity of all, and honest conduct
and livelihood while living a householder's
life.[26][27][28]

The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as

the Supreme Authority of Sikhism and is
considered the eleventh and final guru of
Sikhism. As the first guru of Sikhism, Guru
Nanak contributed a total of 974 hymns to
the book.[29]

Teachings
Fresco of Guru Nanak

Nanak's teachings can be found in the Sikh

scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a
collection of verses recorded in Gurmukhi.

There are two competing theories on Guru

Nanak's teachings.[30] One, according to
Cole and Sambhi, is based on
hagiographical Janamsakhis,[31] and
states that Nanak's teachings and Sikhism
were a revelation from God, and not a
social protest movement nor any attempt
to reconcile Hinduism and Islam in the
15th century.[32] The other states, Nanak
was a Guru. According to Singha, "Sikhism
does not subscribe to the theory of
incarnation or the concept of
prophethood. But it has a pivotal concept
of Guru. He is not an incarnation of God,
not even a prophet. He is an illumined
soul."[33]

The hagiographical Janamsakhis were not

written by Nanak, but by later followers
without regard for historical accuracy, and
contain numerous legends and myths
created to show respect for Nanak.[34] The
term revelation, clarify Cole and Sambhi, in
Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of
Nanak, they include all Sikh Gurus, as well
as the words of past, present and future
men and women, who possess divine
knowledge intuitively through meditation.
The Sikh revelations include the words of
non-Sikh bhagats, some who lived and
died before the birth of Nanak, and whose
teachings are part of the Sikh
scriptures.[35] The Adi Granth and
successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly
emphasised, states Mandair, that Sikhism
is "not about hearing voices from God, but
it is about changing the nature of the
human mind, and anyone can achieve
direct experience and spiritual perfection
at any time".[30] Guru Nanak emphasised
that all human beings can have direct
access to God without rituals or priests.[14]

The concept of man as elaborated by Guru

Nanak, states Arvind-pal Singh Mandair,
refines and negates the "monotheistic
concept of self/God", and "monotheism
becomes almost redundant in the
movement and crossings of love".[36] The
goal of man, taught the Sikh Gurus, is to
end all dualities of "self and other, I and
not-I", attain the "attendant balance of
separation-fusion, self-other, action-
inaction, attachment-detachment, in the
course of daily life".[36]

Guru Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus

emphasised Bhakti, and taught that the
spiritual life and secular householder life
are intertwined.[37] In Sikh worldview, the
everyday world is part of the Infinite
Reality, increased spiritual awareness
leads to increased and vibrant
participation in the everyday world.[38]
Guru Nanak, states Sonali Marwaha,
described living an "active, creative, and
practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-
control and purity" as being higher than
the metaphysical truth.[39]
Through popular tradition, Nanak's
teaching is understood to be practised in
three ways:

Vaṇḍ Chakkō: Sharing with others,

helping those with less who are in need
Kirat Karō: Earning/making a living
honestly, without exploitation or fraud
Naam Japna: Meditating on God's name
to control the five weaknesses of the
human personality.

Guru Nanak emphasised Nam Japna (or

Naam Simran), that is repetition of God's
name and attributes, as a means to feel
God's presence.[40]
Influences
Nanak was raised in a Hindu family and
belonged to the Bhakti Sant
tradition.[41][42][43] Scholars state that in its
origins, Guru Nanak and Sikhism were
influenced by the nirguni (formless God)
tradition of Bhakti movement in medieval
India.[41] However, Sikhism was not simply
an extension of the Bhakti
movement.[44][45] Sikhism, for instance,
disagreed with some views of Bhakti
saints Kabir and Ravidas.[45][46]

The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states

Louis Fenech, perhaps in the Sant-tradition
of India whose ideology grew to become
the Bhakti tradition.[42] Furthermore, adds
Fenech, "Indic mythology permeates the
Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib
and the secondary canon, the Dasam
Granth and adds delicate nuance and
substance to the sacred symbolic universe
of the Sikhs of today and of their past
ancestors".[47]

Journeys (Udasis)

The 4 Udasis and other locations visited by Guru

Nanak
The abandoned Gurudwara Chowa Sahib, located near
the Rohtas Fort in Pakistan, commemorates the site
where Guru Nanak is popularly believed to have
created a water-spring during one of his udasis[48]

Guru Nanak traveled extensively during his

lifetime. Some modern accounts state that
he visited Tibet, most of South Asia and
Arabia starting in 1496, at age 27, when he
left his family for a thirty-year
period.[14][49][50] These claims include Guru
Nanak visiting the Mount Sumeru of Indian
mythology, as well as Mecca, Baghdad,
Achal Batala and Multan, in these places
he debated religious ideas with competing
groups.[51] These stories became widely
popular in the 19th and 20th century, and
exist in many versions.[51][52]

The hagiographic details is a subject of

dispute, with modern scholarship
questioning the details and authenticity of
many claims. For example, Callewaert and
Snell state that early Sikh texts do not
contain these stories, and after these
travel stories first appear in hagiographic
accounts of Guru Nanak centuries after
his death, they continue to become more
sophisticated over time, with the late
phase Puratan version describing four
missionary journeys (udasis), which
however differs from the Miharban
version.[51][52] Some of the stories about
Guru Nanak's extensive travels first appear
in the 19th-century versions of janam-sakhi
in the Puratan version. Further, stories
about Guru Nanak's travel to Baghdad is
absent from even the early 19th-century
Puratan version.[51] These embellishments
and insertion of new stories, according to
Callewaert and Snell, closely parallel
claims of miracles by Islamic pirs found in
Sufi tazkiras of the same era, and these
legends may have been written in a
competition.[51][53]

In 1508, Nanak visited the Sylhet region in

Bengal.[54]

Another source of dispute has been the

Baghdad stone inscription in a Turkish
script, which some interpret saying Baba
Nanak Fakir was there in 1511–1512, other
interpret it stating 1521–1522 (and that he
lived in the Middle East for 11 years away
from his family), while others particularly
Western scholars stating that the stone
inscription is from the 19th century and
the stone is not a reliable evidence that
Guru Nanak visited Baghdad in early 16th
century.[55] Further, beyond the stone, no
evidence or mention of Guru Nanak's
journey in the Middle East has been found
in any other Middle Eastern textual or
epigraphical records. Claims have been
asserted of additional inscriptions, but no
one has been able to locate and verify
them.[56] The Baghdad inscription remains
the basis of writing by Indian scholars that
Guru Nanak journeyed in the Middle East,
with some claiming he visited Jerusalem,
Mecca, Vatican, Azerbaijan and Sudan.[57]

Novel claims about his travels, as well as

claims such as Guru Nanak's body
vanishing after his death, are also found in
later versions and these are similar to the
miracle stories in Sufi literature about their
pirs. Other direct and indirect borrowings
in the Sikh janam-sakhis relating to
legends around Guru Nanak's journeys are
from Hindu epics and Puranas and
Buddhist Jataka stories.[52][58][59]

Succession
Guru Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna as the
successor Guru, renaming him as Guru
Angad, meaning "one's very own" or "part
of you". Shortly after proclaiming Bhai
Lehna as his successor, Guru Nanak died
on 22 September 1539 in Kartarpur, at the
age of 70.[60]

See also
Asa di Var
Japji Sahib
Nanakpanthi
Sikhism
Fatehabad, Punjab
Bhakti movement
List of places named after Guru Nanak
Dev
Guru Gobind Singh

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Further reading
 Macauliffe, Max (1909) The Sikh Religion
Vol I
Singh, Sahib (Prof) Guru Nanak Dev and
His Teachings

External links

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Guru Nanak

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Gurudwara Nagiana Sahib
nagiana-sahib.org/
 Sikh Guru
20 August
Preceded by Succeeded by
1507 – 7
— Guru Angad
September
1539

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