Power Electronics

Lecture # 15&16

 Contents of Today`s Lecture:

 The phenomenon of induction – A quick and precise concept
 Buck Regulator/Converter in detail

1. THE PHENOMENON OF INDUCTION:

We know from our previous knowledge that inductor is an energy storage device. One of
a very striking feature of inductor is that:
Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.
Inductor always opposes the “change in current ∆i” (not current i).
According to Lenz’s law:

Inductor opposes change in current which is “cause”, as a result emf is induced which is
“effect”. The direction of induced emf is always such that it will oppose the change
which produced it.

To understand the working of inductor, let we take following example:

Resistive load

When switch is closed, Vs, the supply voltage appears across the load. Note, from the
waveform, that, current rises instantly across the resistor.
Inductor (Source)

When switch is closed, current will not change abruptly and initially the inductor will
behave as an open circuit.
So;
1) At t=0 sec
VL= 20V
Vo = 0V
2) At t= 5minute
Let,
VL= 15V

So,
Vo = 5V
I= 5/20
 I = 0.25A

3) At t= 10minute
Let,
VL= 10V

So,
Vo = 10V
I= 10/20
 I = 0.5A

4) At t= 15minute
Let,
VL= 5V

So,
Vo = 15V
I= 15/20
 I = 0.75A

5) At t= 20minute (inductor is fully charged, it will behaves as short circuit, so VL=

0V )
As
VL= 0V
 So,
Vo = 20V
I= 20/20
 I = 1A

Waveform
2. BUCK REGULATOR/ CONVERTER:

A BUCK regulator steps down the input voltage.

i.e
Vo<Vs
Mathematical Equation:

Vo= DVs where D= 01

Suppose;
Vs= 20V and D= 0.5
 Vo = 10V

Waveforms:
Simplified circuit:

VL= Vs- Vo VL= 0-Vo  VL= -Vo

TON TOFF

VL= -Vo
VL= Vs- Vo Ldi/dt = - Vo
Ldi/dt = Vs- Vo

L∆i/TON = Vs- Vo L∆i/TOFF = - Vo

L∆i/DTT = Vs- Vo where TON= DTT L∆i/(1-D)TT = Vs- Vo where TOFF= (1-D)TT

∆i = (Vs- Vo)DTT/L ---- (a) ∆i = (- Vo)(1-D)TT/L ------- (b)

From waveform;

∆i (during TON) = -∆i (during TOFF)

Using the above expression and equating R.H.S of (a) and (b);

(Vs- Vo)DTT/L = (Vo)(1-D)TT/L

VsD- VoD = Vo- VoD

Vo = DVs -------------- result 1

Let we assume ideal case;

η= 100%
 Ps = Pout
VsIs= VoIo
VsIs= DVsIo
Io= Is/D ------------------ result 2

Example:

Vs= 20V, D= 0.5,Is = 2A

From results 1 and2;

Vo = 10V
Is= 4A
Ripple Current (∆i)

From (a);

∆i = (Vs- Vo)DTT/L
∆i = (Vs- DVs)D/LFsw where TT= 1/Fsw , Vo= DVs

∆i = Vs*D(1-D)/LFsw ------- (c)

Critical Inductance (Lc)

From (c) ;

∆i = Vs*D(1-D)/LcFsw

From waveform;

∆i/2 = Iavg where Iavg can be alternatively represented as Io, because Io is the
current that is active during both modes.

So, eq (c) becomes;

2Io = Vs*D(1-D)/LcFsw
2Vo/RL = Vs*D(1-D)/LcFsw

 2DVs/RL = Vs*D(1-D)/LcFsw

 Lc = (1-D)RL/2Fsw --------------- result 3

So, the value of critical inductance can be calculated from above expression. The actual or practical value
of the inductance should be at least equal to or greater than the value of critical inductance.

Lactual ≥ Lc
Duty Cycle (D):

Duty cycle is defined as the time interval during which the switch is kept on. We control the amount of
output voltage with the help of duty cycle.

Vo= DVs where D= 0 1

Example 1:

Let, Vs= 20V, D= 0.75, RL = 20Ω

 Vo= DVs
 Vo= 0.75*20
 Vo= 15V

During TON:

Vs-Vo= VL
 VL = 20-15
 VL = 5V
I =Vo/RL
I= 15/20
 I= 0.75 A

Power during TON or Mode1 = VL*I

 P = 5*0.75
 P = 3.75 W (during charging of inductor) ----- (1)

During TOFF:

0-Vo= VL
 VL = -Vo
 VL = -15V

Power during TOFF or Mode2 = 0.75*(-15)

 P = -11.25W (during discharging of inductor) ----- (2)

We can see from (1) and (2) that power charging is 3 times power dis-charging, this is because of the
selected duty cycle that is 0.75 in this case. This is because, on time is 75% and off time is 25%, we can
say that the charging time is 3hrs and dis-charging time is 1hr. To balance out this factor, voltage during
dis-charging time will be 3 times the voltage during charging.
Charging is being done during 3 time intervals, so we multiply the power with the factor 3, as the duty
cycle is 0.75. Whereas, dis-charging is being done during 1 time period, so we just multiply it with factor
1.

i-e;

3.75Watt*3 = 11.25 Watt (charging)

-11.25Watt*1= -11.25 Watt (discharging)

Hence power during charging becomes equal to power during discharging.