AIRCRAFT

STRUCTURES
LF Banal
COVERAGE (Part 1)

Key Terms
Typical Constructions

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Structural System

Any deformable body which is capable of

carrying loads and transmitting these loads to
other parts of the body. The constituents of such
a system are beams, plates, shells, or a
combination of the three.

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Bar Elements
One-dimensional structural members which are capable of carrying
or transmitting bending, shearing, torsional, and axial loads or a
combination of all four.

Bars which are capable of carrying only axial loads are referred to
as axial rods or two-force members.

Structural members composed entirely of out of axial rods are

called trusses.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015
Bar Elements
general bar

axial load

torsional load

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Key Terms

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Plate Elements
Two-dimensional extension of bar elements.

Plates made to carry only in-plane axial loads are called

membranes.

Those which are capable of carrying only in-plane shearing

loads are referred to as shear panels. Frequently these are
found in missile fins, aircraft wings, and tail surfaces.
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015
Plate Elements
general plate

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Plate Elements
membrane

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Plate Elements
shear panel

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Key Terms
SHELLS

Curved plate elements which occupy a space. Fuselage, building domes,

pressure vessels, etc. ate typical examples of shells.

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Key Terms
TYPES OF LOADS

Distributed vs Concentrated
Surface loads
Body loads
Internal vs External
Dynamic vs Static
Thermal loads

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Concentrated vs Distributed Loads

actual loads idealized loads

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Internal Reactions
bending moment

twisitng moment
(torque)

bending moment

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Support Reactions

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Key Terms
Monocoque vs Semi-Monocoque
Stringers, Longerons, Spars, Bulkheads, Frames, Formers, Ribs
Torque Box
Keel Beam
Fatigue
Fail-Safe
Factor of Safety
Limit Load vs Ultimate Load vs Applied Load vs Proof Load
Flutter
Buckling

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Statically Determinate vs Indeterminate
Statically Indeterminate Structures

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Airframe: the load-bearing members

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Semi-Monocoque

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Semi-Monocoque

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Rib Construction

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Rib Construction

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Wing Stringer Panels

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Integral Skin Panels

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Integrally Stiffened Panels

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Integral Stiffened Panels

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Cap Sections

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Configurations

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Configurations

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Configurations

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Configurations

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Configurations

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Spar Configurations

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Root Joint

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Root Joint

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Wing Root Joint

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Fuselage Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Fuselage Structure

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Transport Skin-Stringer Panels

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Typical Transport Fuselage Splices

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Two Basic Types of Frames

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Air Loads

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Load Distribution

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Critical Loading Conditions

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Load Distribution

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015

Unsymmetrical Loading

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES | LF Banal Aero Board Review 2015