STEP 1

 Sub febris fever : situation when the temperature of body is 38 celcius and it
was approaching fever
 Malaise : a feeling of general discomfort,illness or lack of
wellbeing
 Infectious disease : disease caused by phatogenic microorganism and can be
spread directly or indirectly from one person to another,
 Coughing : reflects that keeps your throat and airways clear
 Symptoms : any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient’s
condition
 Follow up : continue action to control from know the development of
treatment
 Preventive : a process for the prevention of a disease
 Promotive effort : the way to increase health for individual,family,communities
and society

STEP 2

1. What are the characteristic of infectious disease?

2. What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
3. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
4. Why health promotive important?
5. How the phase of cough reflect?
6. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
7. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?
8. What are the symptoms of infectious disease?
9. What bactery that cause infectious in this scenario?
10. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
11. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
12. What is the function of natural history of disease?
13. What is the relationship between natural history someone’s disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?
14. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
15. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?

STEP 3

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

1. What are the characteristic or symptom of infectious disease?

  Reduction in activity
 Fever
 Invisible from naked eye
 spread
2. What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
 Air
 Direct contact with patient
 Bactery or virus
 Decreases of someone’s immun
 Vector
 Environment
3. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
 Increasing cost
 Increasing mortality
 Decresing quality of an hospital
4. How the phase of cough reflect?

5. What are the kind of infectious disease?
 Infection by virus
 Infection by bactery
 Infeection by spore
 Infection by parasit

6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?

PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE

7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
 Primordial prevention
 Primary prevention
 Secondary prevention
 Tertiary prevention
8. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?
 Background of education,economic,social,environment,cultural
9. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
 Keep environment health
 Keep health ourself
 Consume nutrition food
 Immunization for the baby
10. Why health promotive is important?
11. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?
 Prognosis
 NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
12. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
 The progression of a disease process in an individual overtime,in the abscence of
treatment
13. What is the function of natural history of disease?
 To know progression of a disease
 To make a diagnosis
 To give the right treatment
14. What is the relationship between natural history someone’s disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?
 LEARNING ISSUE
1. What are the characteristic or symptom of infectious disease?
2. What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?
3. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?
4. How the phase of cough reflect?
5. What are the kind of infectious disease?
6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
8. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?
9. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
10. Why health promotive is important?
11. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?
12. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
13. What is the function of natural history of disease?
14. What is the relationship between natural history someone’s disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?
STEP 7

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

1. What are the characteristic or symptom of infectious disease?

Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and
symptoms common to many infectious diseases include:

 Fever
 Loss of appetite
 Fatigue
 Muscle aches

When to see a doctor

You should seek medical attention if you:

 Have been bitten by an animal

 Are having trouble breathing
 Have been coughing for more than a week
 Have severe headache with fever or seizures with fever
 Experience a rash or swelling
 Have unexplained fever that lasts more than a week or two

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infectious-diseases/DS01145/DSECTION=symptoms

Disease Symptoms Time School Action and Source of

from Comments on Infection and
Exposure Communicability How it
to Illness spreads
Chickenpox Fever, general feeling 2-3 weeks 1. Exclude from Virus spread
of illness, rash school until by direct
resembling water blisters are dry contact.
blister appearing after and crusted.
3 to 4 days. Scabs 2. It is also
appear later. contagious 5 days
before blisters
appear.
3. DO NOT give
Aspirin.

Cold Sores Watery blisters usually 2 to 14 1. May attend school Virus spread
(Herpes on lips but may occur days 2. Will usually heal by direct
Simplex) anywhere on skin or within 2 weeks. contact with
mouth. May be infected
 confused with persons.
Impetigo.
Common Symptoms include 12 hrs to 3 1. Recommend that Virus spread
Cold watery eyes, sneezing, days child remain at directly
running nose, general home for first 1 to through
feeling of illness. 2 days of cold or droplets from
longer if coughing.
symptoms are sneezing or
severe. speaking;
2. Communicable indirectly
for 24 hours through
before and for 5 articles freshly
days after nasal soiled by
discharge. discharges of
3. DO NOT give infected
aspirin. person.

The Flu Chills, body ache, 24 to 72 1. Exclude from Virus spread

(Influenza) headache, fever, sore hrs school until child directly
throat, followed by feels well, usual 2through
cough, runny nose and to 7 days. coughing,
possibly stomachache. 2. DO NOT give sneezing and
aspirin. contact with
nose or throat
discharges.
May be spread
through the air.
Impetigo Blisters or fluid filled 1 to 6 days 1. Exclude from Bacteria spread
sacs covered with occasionall school until by direct
honey colored crusts. y longer lesions are dry or contact with
May be confused with written persons or with
cold sores. permission from articles freshly
physician. soiled with
2. Contagious until discharges
sores are healed. from nose or
throat of
patient; may
also be spread
through the air.
usually caused
by Group A
Beta
Streptococcus.
Pinworms Itching of anal area. 3 to 6 1. May attend Worms are
weeks school. Contact transferred
doctor for directly from
diagnosis and other infected
treatment. persons,
2. Communicable as especially
 long as worms are children by
present in the hand from
intestine. anus to mouth.
3. Exclude from Good hand
school until 24 washing after
hours after using
treatment begins. bathroom is
IMPORTANT.
Indirectly
transferred
through
clothing,
bedding, food
or other
articles
contaminated
with eggs of
parasite.
Pinworms of
animals are
NOT transmitt
ed to humans.
Lice Infestation of the head eggs hatch 1. Exclude until lice Head to head
(Pediculosis) hair or other hairy in 1 week and nits are contact. Use
parts of the body or of treated with of others
clothing with lice or approved combs, hates,
nits. Nits or eggs are shampoo. School blankets,
tiny white or brownish to re- examine pillows, etc.
rice-shaped particles student prior to
stuck to hair, close to returning to class.
scalp. If not clear of nits
parent will be
called to pick
child up from
school. Retreat
with approved
shampoo in 7 to
10 days.
2. Considered
communicable
until treated.
3. Advise exam of
household
contacts for nits
and lice.
4. House must be
thoroughly
cleaned.
5. Notify school.
Pink Eye Redness of 24 to 72 1. Refer for medical Most are
(Conjunctiviti conjunctiva (white of hrs diagnosis and caused by
s) eye). May or may not treatment. virus; some
have drainage. Eye 2. Communicability bacterial. May
irritation. depends on cause. be spread
3. Exclude from through hand-
school if pus eye contact.
present exclude
until after
treatment begins.
4. If no pus present -
no exclusion.

Ringworm Ring-shaped or 1 to 3 1. Exclude from Contact with

Body (Tinea irregular skin patch weeks school 24 hours human or
Corporis) with raised pimple-like after treatment animal infected
or scaly borders. May begins. with fungus or
show central clearing. 2. Communicable its spores, and
May become inflamed until clear. by contact with
and crusted. contaminated
articles.
Scabies Raised red skin 1 to 2 1. Exclude from Mite
possibly blisters or months school 24 hours transferred by
pustules or scabs. after treatment direct contact
Intense itching - most begins. with an
severe at night. 2. Communicable infected
Common sites are until treated. person, and to
hands, arms, at or 3. Family should be a limited
above wristline, examined. extent,
thighs. 4. House should be undergarments
thoroughly or soiled sheets
cleaned. freshly
contaminated
by an infected
person.
Strep Throat Fever, sore throat, 1 to 3 days 1. If diagnosed by Bacteria spread
headache, nausea, doctor as strep, directly from
vomiting. (If exclude from nose and throat
associated with rash it school until 24 discharges of
is called Scarlet hours after infected
Fever.) antibiotic persons.
treatment is
started and until
clinically well.
2. Communicable
until 24 hours
after treatment is
started.
Reye Child has recently 1 to 7 days 1. If one or more Usually
Syndrome been ill with viral following symptoms follows viral
infection (cold, flu, viral appears, call infection. It is
chickenpox). infection physician not contagious.
(cold, flu, immediately. Cause
This is a STAGE 1 chickenpo 2. Go to emergency unknown. No
reportable x) room of hospital. prevention.
disease.  Persistent or 3. DO NOT give Requires
Please continuous aspirin or aspirin immediate
inform Health vomiting substitutes. attention at
Office  Signs of brain 4. Exclude from onset of
personnel. dysfunction: school until symptoms.
Listlessness clinically well. Most common
Loss of pep in children.
and energy
 Drowsiness

STAGE 2

 Personality
changes:
Irritability
Aggressive
behavior
 Disorientation
Confusion
Irrational
behavior
 Delirium,
convulsions

http://www.minnetonka.k12.mn.us/services/health/Pages/InfectiousDiseaseSymptoms.a
spx

2. What is the causes of spreading of infectious disease?

Infectious diseases can be caused by:

 Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat,
urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.
 Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases — ranging
from the common cold to AIDS.
 Fungi. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm or athlete's foot, are caused by fungi.
Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.
 Parasites. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite.
Other parasites may be transmitted to humans from animal feces.
Direct contact
An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with a person or
animal who has one. Three ways infectious diseases can be spread through direct contact are:

 Person to person. The most common way for infectious diseases to spread is through
the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This
can occur when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, coughs on or kisses
someone who isn't infected. These germs can also spread through the exchange of
body fluids from sexual contact or a blood transfusion. The person who passes the
germ may have no symptoms of the disease, but may simply be a carrier.
 Animal to person. Pets can carry many germs. Being bitten or scratched by an
infected animal can make you sick and, in extreme circumstances, can be fatal.
Handling animal waste can be hazardous, too. For example, you can acquire a
toxoplasmosis infection by scooping your cat's litter box.
 Mother to unborn child. A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious
diseases to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta. Germs in the
vagina can be transmitted to the baby during birth.

Indirect contact
Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs can linger on
an inanimate object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle. When you touch a
doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for example, you can pick up the
germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing your
hands, you may become infected.

Insect bites
Some germs rely on insect carriers — such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks — to move from
host to host. These carriers are known as vectors. Mosquitoes can carry the malaria parasite
or West Nile virus, and deer ticks may carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.

Food contamination
Another way disease-causing germs can infect you is through contaminated food and water.
This mechanism of transmission allows germs to be spread to many people through a single
source. E. coli, for example, is a bacterium present in or on certain foods — such as
undercooked hamburger or unwashed fruits or vegetables.

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infectious-diseases/DS01145/DSECTION=causes

3. What are the disadvantage of infectious disease?

4. How the phase of cough reflect?
The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a
closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the
glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. Coughing can happen voluntarily
as well as involuntarily.

Chung KF, Pavord ID (April 2008). "Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic
cough". Lancet 371 (9621): 1364–74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4
5. What are the kind of infectious disease?
Infectious Disease Types
Hepatitis
Hepatitis, a viral infection refers to a condition in which the liver gets inflamed. Skin
discoloration (yellow) and dark urine are some of the most common symptoms of
hepatitis. Treating hepatitis at the earliest is necessary. This is because, if hepatitis B or
C left untreated can cause irreversible liver damage.

Pneumonia
Pneumonia is nothing but the infection of the lungs. The disease is typically marked by
inflammation of the lungs and is often the result of bacterial or viral infection. People
who have contracted this infection often complain about breathing problems and chest
pain. Blood tests and chest X-rays are the diagnostic tools used to confirm the presence
of pneumonia. In rare cases, seasonal flu or common cold aggravate and cause
pneumonia.

Tuberculosis (TB)
This is yet another infectious disease that is typically marked by frequent episodes of
coughing. Tuberculosis is basically a bacterial infection of the lungs and symptoms are
usually noticed when the disease reaches the advanced stage. Being an airborne
infection, it can affect anyone, irrespective of age. As the disease progresses, cough
worsens and produces blood. This bad cough usually persists for more than 3 weeks and
causes chest pain.

Oral Thrush
Oral thrush is classified as a fungal infection. This condition is the result of overgrowth
of fungus in the lining of the mouth. Oral thrush triggers an uncomfortable feeling
inside the mouth. This happens because white lesions develop on the tongue and in
severe cases these open wounds are also seen on the gums and the tonsils. Oral thrush is
frequently diagnosed in infants but in most cases, it is a minor issue. However, to reduce
the pain around the mouth the doctor may prescribe some anti fungal infections.

Malaria
Malaria is classified as a parasitic infection. The parasite enters our body through
mosquito bites. In other words, the mode of transmission is contact with the mosquito.
A person affected with malaria typically experiences high fever and excessive sweating.

Dengue Fever
This is a viral infection caused by mosquito bites. The mosquito Aedes aegypti acts as
the virus carrier and when it bites, the virus gets transmitted into the body. The viral
infection causes a sudden increase in body temperature that usually ranges between 104-
105 degree Fahrenheit. Other than high fever, the patient may also show red rash on
many areas of the skin.
 Cholera
Cholera is categorized as a bacterial infectious disease that affects intestines. In this
condition, the bacterium resides in the small intestine and secretes a toxin. This
eventually causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. Drinking contaminated water or eating
unhygienic food is the main culprit behind cholera. Watery diarrhea caused due to
cholera can make the person dehydrated. So taking fluids from time to time is necessary
to prevent dehydration.

Identifying the infection is necessary before giving any medications. A bacterial

infection is usually treated with antibiotics whereas people suffering from fungal
infections are given anti fungal medicines. In case of parasitic infections like malaria,
antimalarial medications are commonly prescribed to reduce the severity of symptoms.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-infectious-diseases.html

6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
non-infectious cannot be spread from person to person.
Infectious can be spread from person to person. This would include Viruses, Fungi, and STD's

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens , which are disease causing organisms. The major
groups of pathogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and multi-cellular parasites.

Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens but can be caused by physiological
malfunction, environmental (or chemical) factors, heredity (e.g. faulty gene/chromosome
combinations), unknown causes or a combination of factors.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_difference_between_infectious_diseases_and_
non-infectious_diseases
PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE
7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
Primary prevention seeks to prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction: by
altering behaviours or exposures that can lead to disease, or by enhancing resistance to the
effects of exposure to a disease agent. Examples include smoking cessation and vaccination.
Primary prevention reduces the incidence of disease by addressing disease risk factors or by
enhancing resistance. Some approaches involve active participation, as with regular tooth
brushing and flossing to prevent dental caries. Other approaches are passive: adding fluoride
to the municipal drinking water to harden tooth enamel and prevent caries. Primary
prevention generally targets specific causes and risk factors for specific diseases, but may
also aim to promote healthy behaviours, improve host resistance, and foster safe
environments that reduce the risk of disease, for instance, thorough cleaning of operating
rooms to prevent post-operative infection..

Secondary prevention includes procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological
changes and thereby control disease progression. Screening procedures (such as
mammography to detect early stage breast cancer) are often the first step, leading to early
interventions that are more cost effective than intervening once symptoms appear. Routine
blood sugar testing for people over 40 would be an example relevant to detecting Catherine’s
diabetes early. Screening is usually undertaken by health professionals, either at the level of
individual doctor-patient encounters (e.g., routine blood pressure checks) or via public health
screening programs (e.g., mammography screening).

http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-
TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter4BasicConceptsInPreventionSurveillanceAndHeal
thPromotion/Thestagesofprevention

8. Why the promotive and preventive effort in community become ineffective?

9. What should be done to prevent infectious disease?
Wash your hands frequently. Did you know that microbes can live on inert surfaces anywhere
from a few minutes to several months? Imagine these disease-causing microbes living on your
computer keyboard, your light-switch, or even on the pedestrian-crossing button next to the
crosswalk!
Don't share personal items. Toothbrushes, towels, razors, handkerchiefs, and nail clippers can
all be sources of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and fungi). In kindergarten, you were
taught to share your toys, but keep your hands to yourself. Now try to remember to keep
personal items to yourself as well!
Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. In a similar vein, good personal hygiene
includes not only personal cleanliness, but also the age-old practice of covering your mouth
when you cough or sneeze. Why is this important if you aren’t sick? For most infections, the
disease-causing microbe has already started growing and dividing long before any symptoms
begin to show. Coughing or sneezing can spread these germs through microscopic droplets in
the air. The current recommendation is to cover your mouth with your arm, sleeve, or crook of
the elbow, rather than using your hands.
Get vaccinated. Your immune system is designed to have a “memory” of previous infections.
When your body encounters a microbe that has previously caused an infection, it enhances its
production of white blood cells and antibodies to prevent infection a second time. However, by
getting vaccinated, you “trick” your body into thinking that it has been infected by a particular
microbe, hence enhancing its own defenses against subsequent infection.
 Use safe cooking practices. Food-borne illnesses frequently arise from poor food preparation
and dining habits. Microbes thrive on virtually all food items, and more so on foods left at
room temperature. Refrigeration slows or stops the growth of most microbes. Promptly
refrigerate foods within 2 hours of preparation. Use separate cutting boards for raw meats and
vegetables, keep clean countertops, and wash all fruits and vegetables well prior to eating.
Be a smart traveler. Infectious diseases can easily be picked up while traveling, particularly
when traveling to underdeveloped countries. If your travel destination is one where water is
questionable, make sure to use a safe water source such as bottled water for drinking and
brushing your teeth. Eat foods that have been cooked, and avoid raw vegetables and fruits.
Finally, be sure to update all immunizations that are advised or required for your travel
destination.
Don’t pick your nose (or your mouth or eyes either). Not only is it a social taboo, but it also
leads to the spread of a number of infections. Look around, and you’ll notice how many people
have their hands next to their faces. Many microbes prefer the warm, moist environment
inside your nose, as well as other mucous-covered surfaces such as your eyes and mouth.
Infections can be easily prevented by avoiding touching of these areas.
Exercise caution with animals. Infections that can spread from animals to people are called
“zoonotic diseases” and are more common than most people realize. If you have pets, make
sure they get regular check-ups and that their vaccinations are up-to-date
Watch the news. A good understanding of current events can help you to make wise decisions
about traveling or other recreational activities
http://infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/prevention/a/prevention_tips.htm

10. Why health promotive is important?

 Health promotion improves the health status of individuals, families, communities,
states, and the nation.
 Health promotion enhances the quality of life for all people.
 Health promotion reduces premature deaths.
 By focusing on prevention, health promotion reduces the costs (both financial and
human) that individuals, employers, families, insurance companies, medical
facilities, communities, the state and the nation would spend on medical treatment.
http://www.publichealth.uga.edu/hpb/what-health-promotion-behavior

11. Why does the follow up is needed after treatment?

You'll need regular checkups (such as every two months for the first year) after
treatment for laryngeal cancer. Checkups help ensure that any changes in your health are
noted and treated if needed.
http://www.medicinenet.com/larynx_cancer/page2.htm

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

12. What is the definition of natural history of disease?
The natural history of disease refers to a description of the uninterrupted progression of
a disease in an individual from the moment of exposure to causal agents until recovery
or death. Knowledge of the natural history of disease ranks alongside causal
 understanding in importance for disease prevention and control. Natural history of
disease is one of the major elements of descriptive epidemiology

Bhopal, R. S. (2002). Concepts of Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

13. What is the function of natural history of disease?

To prevent disease we must understand the natural history of the condition, its
distribution in the population, and how to detect early cases. The metaphor of the
"iceberg of disease" has been used to suggest that for every case that comes to a
clinician, there are likely to be many more people with pre-clinical disease in the
community. Bear in mind that the cases of disease that you will see in your training in a
university hospital represent only a small fraction of the cases who are seen by a doctor
and these, in turn, represent a fraction of the people with the condition.
http://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Nat_hist_e.htm

14. What is the relationship between natural history someone’s disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?