THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN

ACHIEVING MILLENIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)

Engr Prof A. S. Sambo, OON, NPOM

Director-General,
Energy Commission of Nigeria
(Federal Ministry of Energy)
Plot 701C, Central Area, PMB 358, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Email: dg@energy.gov.ng or assambo@yahoo.com

Keynote Address at the National Engineering Technology Conference (NETec 2008), Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria held on 1st April 2008
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 CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS MDGs?

2. TARGETS FOR THE MDGs
3. ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN
NIGERIA
4. PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND FOR
NIGERIA
5. ENERGY AND THE MDGs
6. ECN: PILOT PROJECTS RELEVANT
TO MDGs
7. CHALLENGES
8. WAY FORWARD

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 1. INTRODUCTION
„ The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are
quantitative, time-bound objectives for poverty
reduction and human development.
„ They arose from a series of international conferences
and consultations during the 1990s and were approved
by the United Nations in the year 2000.
„ The goals are expression of a vision for a world with:
‘ less poverty, hunger and disease,
‘ greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants,
‘ better educated children, equal opportunities for women,
‘ a healthier environment; and
‘ a world in which developed and developing countries
worked in partnership for the betterment of all.
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 Introduction ………… Cont’d

• This vision took the shape of The World

eight millennium
development goals (MDGs)
• These goals are providing
countries around the world a
framework for development,
and time-bound targets by
which progress can be
measured.
• Energy is, however, known
to play a very significant role
in the advacement of the
standard of life of mankind.
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 2. TARGETS FOR THE MDGS

(a) Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

„ The target set for this goal are:

‘ Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

whose income is less than $1 a day

‘ Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

who suffer from hunger

(b) Achieve universal primary education
„ The corresponding target is
‘ Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and

girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of

primary schooling.
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 2. Targets for the MDGs …….. Cont’d

(c) Promote gender equality and empower women

ƒ Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all
levels of education no later than 2015
(d Reduce child mortality
ƒ Target:Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and
2015, the under-five mortality rate
(e) Improve maternal health
ƒ Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
the maternal mortality ratio

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 2. Targets for the MDGs ….. Cont’d

(f) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria & other Diseases

ƒ Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread
of HIV/AIDS
(g) Ensure Environmental Sustainability
ƒ Integrate the principles of sustainable development
into country policies and programmes and reverse the
loss of environmental resources
ƒ Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
(h) Develop a Global Partnership for Development
ƒ Address the special needs of the least developed
countries, landlocked countries and small island
developing States
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3. ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN
NIGERIA
(a) Energy Resources
(i) Fossil and Nuclear Type Resources

Reserves Domestic
S/No Resource Type Production Utilization
(Natural Units Energy Units (Btoe*) (Natural units)
1 Crude Oil 35 billion barrels 4.76 2.5 million 450,000
barrels/day barrels/day
2 Natural Gas 187 Trillion SCF 4.32 6 Billion SCF/day 3.4 billion
SCF/day
3 Coal and lignite 2.175 billion tonnes 1.92 (insignificant) (insignificant)

4 Tar Sands 31 billion barrels of equivalent 4.22 - -

5 Nuclear Element Not yet qualified - - -

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ……. Cont’d
(ii) Renewable Energy Resource
Reserves Domestic
S/No Resource Type Production Utilization
(Natural Units Energy Units (Btoe*) (Natural units)
1 H ydropower large 11, 250 M W 0. 8 ( over 38 yrs) 1938 M W -
( 167. 4 mi lli on
M W h?day)
2 Small H ydropower 3, 500 M W 0. 25 ( over 38 30 M W ( 2. 6 2. 6 mi lli on
years) mi lli on M W h/ day
M W h/ day
3 Solar Radi ati on 3. 5 - 7. 0 KW h/ m 2 / day 15. 0 ( 38 years Excess of 240 Excess of
( 485. 1 mi lli on M W h/ day and 0. 1% N i geri a KW p of solar 0. 01mi lli on
usi ng 0. 1% N i geri a land land area) PV or 0. 01 M W ph/ day of
area) mi lli on solar PV
M W h/ day
4 W i nd ( 2-4) m/ s at 10m hei ght 8. 14 ( 4m/ s@ - -
70m hei ght
ĭ20m wi ndmi ll,
0. 1% land area
of N i geri a over
38 years)

5 Fuelwood 11 mi lli on - 0. 120 mi lli on 0. 120 mi lli on

hectares of tonnes/ day tonnes/ day
forest and
woodland Excess of 1.2
A ni mal waste 211 mi lli on tonnes/day - 0. 781 mi lli on N ot avai lable
assorted tonnes of
Bi omass ani mals waste/ day
Energy D rops 72 hectares of - 0. 256 mi lli on N ot avai lable
and A gri c A gri c. Land tonnes of
Resi due assorted
crops/ day

*Tonnes of oil equivalent

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ……….
Cont’d

(b) Sustainable Energy Development

Triple Es

Environment Energy

Economy
Sustainable development

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ……. Cont’d
(c) Economic Outlook

Nigeria’s economy prior to 1999 was operated on the

basis of a mixed-economy. As from 1999, however, the
mode changed to a private sector led economy. Economic
and social reforms are now being implemented in the
country.

(i) GDP Growth

Item 1999 2001 2003 2005

GDP Growth (%) 2.8 4.6 10.2 6.2

Source: CBN Annual Reports, 1999 and 2005

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ……….
Cont’d

(ii) Percentage Sectoral Contributions to GDP in Nigeria

S/N Sector 1999 2001 2003 2005

1 Agriculture 40.6 42.3 41.01 41.21
2 Petroleum 11.14 26.04 26.53 24.33
3 Mining and Quarrying 0.32 0.26 0.25 0.27
4 Manufacturing 5.85 3.52 3.57 3.79
5 Building and Construction 2.07 1.41 1.4 1.52
6 Wholesale and Retail Trade 11.74 12.76 12.99 12.9
7 Services 28.18 13.7 14.7 15.23

Source: CBN Annual Reports, 1999 and 2005

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ……. Cont’d

(d) Primary Energy Consumption

(i) Per Capita Energy Consumption

Year Energy Consumed Population Per Capita

(million toe) (million) Energy Consumption
(toe/capita)
2002 38.04 122.4 0.311
2003 38.76 126.2 0.307
2004 32.99 129.9 0.254
2005 35.92 133.5 0.269
2006 24.73 140 0.177
Source: CBN Annual Reports, 2006

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ……….
Cont’d

(ii) Per Capita Electricity Consumption

Year Electrical Energy Population Electricity Consumption

Produced (million kWh) (million) Electricity
Consumption
(kWh/capita)
1999 16,291.95 118 138.1
2001 14,803.65 118.8 124.6
2003 21,010.75 126.2 166.5
2004 24,208.92 129.9 186.4

Source: NBS (2005) & CBN (2005)

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria …………. Cont’d

(iii) Primary Energy Consumption by Type (2000-2004)

Type Average % of Total (2000 - 2004)

Coal 0 (insignificant)
Hydro Power 5
Natural Gas 53
Petroleum 42
Products

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 3 Energy And Development In Nigeria ………
Cont’d

(e) Contribution of Energy to the Nigerian Economy

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Remark

% Contribution to
Federation Accts 73% 63% 69% 75% 79% Major Contributor

% Contribution to 32.50% 32.70% 29.80% 33.40% 32.60% 2nd to Agric

GDP @ 1990 Sector
Constant Basic Prices

% Contribution to 98% 99% 95% 97% 96% Major Contributor

Export Earnings
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 4. PROJECTED ENERGY DEMAND FOR
NIGERIA
(a) Total Energy Demand Based on 10% GDP Growth Rate (Mtoe)

Item 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Average

Growth rate
Industry 8.08 12.59 26.03 39.47 92.34 145.21 %
16.2

Transport 11.70 13.48 16.59 19.70 26.53 33.36 4.7

Household 18.82 22.42 28.01 33.60 33.94 34.27 2.6

Services 6.43 8.38 12.14 15.89 26.95 38.00 8.7

Total 45.01 56.87 82.77 108.66 179.75 250.84 8.3

Source: Energy Commission of Nigeria (2006)

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 4. Projected Energy Demand for Nigeria …. Cont’d

(b) Total Electricity Demand

Demand (MW)
Scenerio
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Reference (7%) 15,730 28,360 50,820 77,450 119,200

High Reference 15,920 30,210 58,180 107,220 192,000

(10%)
Optimistic 16,000 31,240 70,760 137,370 250,000
(11.5%)
Source: Energy Commission of Nigeria (2006)

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 4. Projected Energy Demand for Nigeria …. Cont’d

(c) Projected Country Demand for Fuel Petroleum Products (million litres)
PMS DPK AGO
Year
7%* 10%* 7%* 10%* 7%* 10%*

2005 9,826 9,826 2,167 2,167 2,329 2,329

2010 12,060 13,877 2,737 2,990 5,224 6,012

2015 16,973 22,424 3,421 4,194 7,365 9,753

2020 23,865 36,194 4,397 6,132 10,370 15,765

2025 33,529 58,376 5,765 9,274 14,600 25,459

2030 47,070 94,099 7,678 14,317 20,518 41,071

Source: Energy Commission of Nigeria (2006)

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 5. ENERGY AND THE MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
IMP OR TANCE OF ENER GY TO ACHIEVING THE
GOALS
Goal
Directly Contributes Indirectly Contributes

1.a Extreme poverty Access to reliable Modern energy supplies are

and hunger energy serv ices necessary for economic
enables enterprise growth. Supply must be
dev elopment pro-poor in design and
inclusiv e of the rights of
people in the design of
their basic serv ices

To halv e. Between Lighting permits Efficient energy systems

1990 and 2015 the income generation reduce costs., help create
proportion of the beyond daylight hours sustainable business/jobs
worlds people and economics and
whose income is underpin the social fabric
less than one dollar of a region
a day
Increased productiv ity Priv atization of energy
from being able to use serv ices can help free up
machinery gov ernment funds for
social welfare inv estment

Local energy supplies Clean efficient fuels reduce

can often be prov ided the large share of
by small scale local household income spent
owned businesses on cooking lighting and
creating employment keeping warm (equity
in local energy serv ice issue. Poor people pay
prov ision and proportionately more for
maintenance, fuel basic serv ices)
crops etc.
1.b To halv e between The majority (95% ) of Energy for irrigation helps
1990 and 2015 the staple foods need increase food production
proportion of people cooking before they and access to nutrition.
who suffer from can be eaten and need
hunger water for cooking

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 5. ENERGY AND THE MDGs) ……………
2 U nive rsal primary Energy can help create a more child
e ducatio n friendly environment (access to clean
water, sanitation, lighting and space
healing/cooling) thus improving
attendance at school and reducing
drop out rates.
Cont’d
Access to energy provides the
opportunity to use equipment for
teaching (overhead projector,
computer, printer,
photocopierscience equipment)

Availability of modern energy Modern energy systems and

services frees children’s and
especially girls’ time from helping
with survival activities (gathering
firewood., fetching water). Lighting
permits home study
efficient building design reduces
healing/cooling costs and thus
school fees enabling poorer
families greater access to education

T o ensure that by 2015 Lighting in schools allows evening

children everywhere will be classes and helps retain teachers,
able to complete a full course especially if their accommodation has
of primary schooling electricity

Electricity enables access to

3 Ge nde r e quality and
wo me n’s e mpo we rme nt
educational media and
communications in schools and at
home that increase education
opportunities and allow distance
learning
Availability of modern energy Lighting in schools allows evening
services frees girl’s and young classes and helps retain teachers
women’s time from survival activities especially if their accommodation
(gathering firewood fetching water, has electricity
cooking inefficiently, crop processing
by hand, manual farming work)

Ensuring that girl’s and boys Good quality lighting permits home Street lighting improves women’s
have equal access to primary study safety
and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and to all
levels of education not later
than 2015

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 5. ENERGY AND THE MDGs) ……………
4 Child mortality Indoor air pollution
contributes to respiratory
infections that account for up
to 20% of the 11 million
deaths in children each year
(WHO 2000 based on 1999
date)
To reduce by two-thirds Gathering and preparing
between 1990 and 2015, traditional fuels exposes
the death rate for young children to health risks
children under the age of and reduces time spent on
five years child care
Modern energy can be safer
(fewer burns, accidents and
house fires)
5 Maternal health Energy services are needed to
provide access to better
medical facilities for maternal
care, including medicine
refrigeration, equipment
sterilization and operating
theatres
To reduce by three-
quarters between 1990
and 2015 the rate of
maternal mortality
Prof. A. S. Sambo
Cont’d
Provision of nutritious
cooked food space heating
and boiled water contribute
towards better health
Electricity enables pumped
clean water and purification
Cold chain provision allows
access to vaccinations
Excessive workload and
heavy manual labour
(carrying heavy loads of
fuelwood and water) may
affect a pregnant woman’s
general health and well-
being
Energy can help produce
and distribute sea education
literature and contraceptives
For long distance learning
and distance medicine
requires a power supply
Provision of nutritious
cooked food space healing
and boiled water contribute
towards better health and all
need energy
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 5. ENERGY AND THE MDGs) ……………
6 HIV/AIDS, malaria and Electricity in health centers
other major diseases enables night availability
helps retain qualified staff and
allows equipment use (for
example, sterilization,
medicine refrigeration)
Cont’d
Energy a needed to develop,
manufacture and distribute
drugs, medicines and
vaccinations

By 2015 to have halted Energy for refrigeration allows Electricity enables access to
and begun to reverse vaccination and medicine health education media
storage for the prevention and through
treatment of diseases and
infections
The spread of HIV/AIDS Safe disposal of used
hypodermic syringes by
incineration prevents re-use
and the potential further
spread of HIV/AIDS

The scourge of malaria

The scourge of other

major diseases that
afflict humanity

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 5. ENERGY AND THE MDGs) ……………
7 Environmental Increased agricultural
sustainability productivity is enabled
through the use of machinery
and irrigation which in turn
reduces the need to expand
quantity of land under
cultivation reducing pressure
on ecosystem conversion
To stop the Energy can be used to purify
unsustainable water or pump clean ground
exploitation of natural water locally, reducing time
resources and spent collecting it and
reducing drudgery
To halve between 1990 Traditional fuel used
and 2015 the proportion contributes to erosion,
of people who are unable reduced soil fertility and
to reach or to afford safe desertification, this can
drinking water become more sustainable
through substitution,
improved efficiency and energy
crops
Using cleaner, more efficient
fuels will reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, which are a
major contributor to climate
Prof. A. S. Sambo change
Cont’d
Clean energy production can
encourage better natural
resources management,
including improved water
quality
National sustainability aided
by greater use of indigenous
renewable energy sources
instead of imported fossil
fuels as economy grows
Rural energy services enable
non-farm-based enterprise
and processing of non-
timber forest products
Efficient use of energy helps
to reduce local pollution and
improve conditions for poor
people
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 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT
TO MEETING THE MDGs

Dome Type Biogas Pilot Plant at Danjawa Village, Wamakko

LG, Sokoto State

Biogas Digester at Mayflower Biomass Projects: Biogas

Secondary School, Ikenne, Projects, NCERD, Nsukka
Ogun State

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT TO MEETING
THE MDGs …………….. Cont’d

5.5 kWp Solar PV Plant at Laje in Ondo State, 2.85 kWp Solar PV Plant at Itu-Mbauzo, Abia State

5kW Solar PV Plant in Damau, KadunaState

Prof. A. S. Sambo
Solar PV Plant at Shanono LGA, Kano
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 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT TO MEETING
THE MDGs …………….. Cont’d

Higher Temperatures (400 OC)

faster cooking rates are possible

SERC Concentrator Cooker

Parabolic Solar Cooker -II

Box-Type Solar Cooker

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT TO MEETING
THE MDGs …………….. Cont’d

0.3 kWp Solar PV Street Lighting at NCERD, 2 kW Solar PV Internet Back-up at Nunet, UDU,
Sokoto
UNN, Nsukka’s

Prof. A. S. Sambo Solar PV for Telecommunication 20km

Kaduna-Abuja Road 28
 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT TO MEETING
THE MDGs …………….. Cont’d

„ Title: Solar PV Water

Pumping
„ Location: Students
Hostels, UDU, Sokoto
„ Capacity: 2 kW
„ Cost:: N2.5 Million
„ Year: 2002
„ Objective: Provision of
Portable Water
„ Sponsor: ETF
„ Beneficiary: Students

„ Title: Solar PV water pumping

„ Location: Birjingo Village,
Goronyo LG, Sokoto State
„ Title: Solar Water Pumping
„ Capacity: 2 kW
„ Location: Kilgori, Yabo LG, Sokoto State
„ Year: 1996
„ Capacity: 2 kW
„ Objective: Provision Portable
„ Cost:: N2.5 million
Water
„ Objective: Provision of Portable Water
„ Sponsor: FMWR
„ Sponsor: SERC(Capital)
„ Beneficiary: Village
community „ Beneficiary: Kilgori Community

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT TO MEETING
THE MDGs …………….. Cont’d
„ Title: Pilot Double hole improved
„ Title: Single Hole Improved Wood wood stove
burning stove „ Location: GGCSS Argungu
„ Location: GGSS, Argungu, Kebbi „ Capacity: Average of 40-40
State person
„ Cost: N5,000
„ Capacity: Average family of 15-
„ Year: 2006
20 persons
„ Objective: Cooking
„ Year: 2006 „ Sponsor: SERC
„ Objective: Cooking „ Beneficiary: School Community
„ Sponsor: SERC
„ Beneficiary: School Community

Improved Wood Burning Stove

„ Title: Improved Wood stoves just constructed
before firing
„ Location: Danjawa Village, Wamakko LG,
Sokoto State

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 6. PILOT PROJECTS BY ECN RELEVANT TO MEETING
THE MDGs …………….. Cont’d

150 kW Capacity Waya Dam Hydro- Power

Station under Construction
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 7. CHALLENGES
„ Uncertainty in continuity of energy policies due to
absence of an energy policy law.
„ Unfriendly community relations, which often
disrupt gas and oil supplies to power plants and
refinery projects
„ Weak indigenous private sector, which is slowing
down the effect of privatization of the sector.
„ Unfriendly labour relations matters towards
privatization of the energy sector.
„ Poverty and weak ability to pay for economic
energy tariffs and prices
„ Corruption as an impediment to development.
Prof. A. S. Sambo
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 8. THE WAY FORWARD
„ Institutionalization of the National Energy Policy (NEP) and its masterplans
through Act(s) of the national Assembly so as to facilitate reasonable
continuity in energy policy.
„ Intensification of transparent privatization of the energy sector.
„ Appropriately arresting the unfriendly community relations so as to enable
uninterrupted supply of energy services.
„ Strengthening of the private sector through provision of adequate incentives
and development funds.
„ Adequate funding of the energy sector reforms to arrest unfriendly labour
relations matters.
„ Strengthening of bilateral and regional cooperation to facilitate hydropower
and other energy resources development.
„ Intensification of R&D into problems of exploitation, generation, transmission
and distribution of energy.
„ Diversification of the use of energy resources to include solar, wind, small
hydropower and biomass especially in the rural and peri-urban areas.

Prof. A. S. Sambo
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Prof. A. S. Sambo
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