Chapter 8

Quadrilaterals

Chapter 8 consists of six sections. The first section describes the concepts of
rectangle and its properties followed by discovering the formula of the perimeter
and the area of a rectangle.
In the next five sections, 8.2 – 8.6 we discuss other examples of quadrilateral
such as square, parallelogram, rhombus, kite, and trapezoid. The discussions
include what they are and how to find the formula of their perimeters and areas.
This chapter is closed by presenting how to solve a problem solving. There
are some strategies to solve problems. For two examples in this chapter, we use the
strategies of writing an equation and drawing a figure.

Quadrilaterals

Types Atributes
of Quadrilaterals

Parallellogram Trapezoid Parimeter

Rectangle Rhombus

Square

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 245

 Section 8.1
Rectangles

Learning Objectives:
• To define a rectangle.
• To discover the formula
of the perimeter and
area of a rectangle.

Key Terms:
• area
• perimeter You learned a rectangle and its properties when
• rectangle
you were at the elementary school. To recall them,
discuss the following tasks with your classmate(s).

Problem 1 a. Find something around you in which the surface has

a shape of a book page.
b. Suppose one of your book
pages has a rectangular D C
in shape as shown in the
figure on the right. What
are the elements of the A B
rectangle ABCD?

WORK IN GROUPS

Materials: paper, scissors, a ruler, and a protractor.

D
D C
C
Mini - Lab O
O
BB
AA

1. Get a piece of paper which has forms of a rectangle

as in the figure on the right.
2. Cut the paper into 2 of the same measure and share
them with your classmate(s).
3. Name each rectangle ABCD.
4. Connect point A with point C, point B with point D,
and mark the point of the intersection from those 2
lines and name it as point O.

246 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

B
B A
A
D C
O
A B
5. Use a ruler to measure the lengths of the sides and
diagonals of the rectangle ABCD!
AB =....... cm AD =....... cm
AC =....... cm DC =....... cm
BC =....... cm BD =....... cm
OA =....... cm OB =....... cm
OC =....... cm OD =....... cm
6. What is the relation between the lengths of AB and
DC, AD and BC , AC and BD and ?
7. What is the relation among the lengths of OA, OB,
OC, and OD?
8. Use the protractor to measure the following angles.
∠DAB =.......0 ∠ABC =.......0
∠BCD =.......0 ∠CDA =.......0
9. What is the relation among ∠DAB, ∠ABC, ∠BCD, and
∠CDA?
B A
10.Cut all corners of rectangle ABCD and then fit together
side by side. Do the four angles form a whole turned
C D angle or 3600?
11.Based on the activity, what can you conclude? Explain.

The elements of rectangle ABCD are:

1. sides AB, BC, CD, and AD
2. diagonals AC and BD
3. angles ∠A, ∠B, ∠C, and ∠D.

The properties of a rectangle are that:

1. it has equal opposite sides.
2. it has parallel opposite sides
3. it has four right angles.
4. it has two diagonals that are equal and bisect each
other.
Based on the properties above, we can conclude that:
A rectangle is a quadrilateral that has 4 right angles and its
opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.

Think about the following

1. “A rectangle is a quadrilateral which has 4 right
angles.” Is the statement clear enough to describe
a rectangle?

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 247

 2. Are the opposite sides of a rectangle parallel?
Explain your answer.
3. “A rectangle is a quadrilateral with parallel
opposite sides.” Is the statement clear enough to
describe a rectangle? Explain your answer.

Problem 2
The figure given is rectangle PQRS.
a. Name two pairs of equal sides.
S R
4 cm b. What are the lengths of PS and PQ?
2 cm c. Name two diagonal lines.
d. Name two parallel sides.
P Q e. Name all right angles.

Problem 3 Banana Garden Problem

Daddy has a rectangular banana garden which is 20
metres long and 10 metres wide. He wants to make a
fence around the garden. What is the length of the fence?
Athlete Problem
An athlete is running around a rectangular field. This field
is 160 metres long and 80 metres wide. If the athlete runs
once around the field, how far will he or she run?
Cloth Problem
Ani has a piece of rectangular cloth. The cloth will be
decorated with lace around it. If the cloth is p cm long and
l cm wide, what is the length of the lace that Ani should
buy to decorate it?
Garden Fence Problem
Anto’s mother has a rectangular garden. The garden
will be fenced with 3 piles of wire. The length of the wire
which is needed is 600 m. What is the measure of the
garden of Anto’s mother?
To answer those questions, what should you do? Answer
the questions in each problem above.

248 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

Problem 4 If the sum of all sides of D
p
C
two-dimensional shapes
is called perimeter, then l
what is the perimeter of
rectangle ABCD? Explain.
A B

Problem 5 Suppose you have a room. The floor is a rectangular in

shape. It will be covered with square tiles.
1. Suppose there are 120 units of tiles which are used.
In your own words, express the relation between 120
units of tiles and the floor of your room.
2. Suppose 15 units of tiles can be placed along the
length and 8 units of tiles can be placed along the
width. What is the relation between 15, 8, and 120?
3. Suppose there is a rectangular floor with 5 units of
tiles in length and 3 units of tiles in width. How many
tiles exactly are needed to cover the floor?

The number of tiles which are exactly used to cover the

floor is called the area of the floor in units of tiles

Problem 6 D C
l
w

A B

What is the area of rectangle ABCD on the above?

Explain.

Suppose a rectangle with a length of l units and a width

of w units and the perimeter is P units and the area is A
units, then the formula of the perimeter and the area of
the rectangle are
P = 2l + 2 w
P = 2(l + w) and A= lx w

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 249

 Task 8.1 1. KLMN is a rectangle.
a. What are the lengths of KL, LM, KM, NM and KN.
N M
b. What are the measures of ∠K, ∠L, ∠M and ∠N.
3 cm
c. Write down two pairs of parallel lines.

U
6 cm
K L
2. RSTU is a rectangle.
What are the lengths
5 cm
of RU, UT and RT. R T

3 cm 4 cm

H G 3. EFGH is a rectangle.
S
Find:
a. pairs of parallel
O lines to EF and EH
60° b. The measures of ∠FOG and ∠HOG
c. The lengths of OE and OF
E F d. The pairs of equals ∠EOF and ∠EOH
X
4. UVWX is a rectangle.
5
a. Find the value of x and y.
U 10
b. What are the length of OX,
O
OU,OV and OW.
c. What are the length of VX 3x+7 W
and WU.
2y−5
V

N M 5. On rectangle KLMN on the left, OK = 7 cm.

a. What are the lengths of OL, OM, and ON?
b. What are the lengths of KM and LN?
O

6. ABCD is a rectangle. D C
K L 5 cm
a. Name two pairs of equal and
parallel lines.
8 cm
b. What are the lengths of BC
and AB?
A B
7. Name at least 5 objects around you that
have a rectangular surface.

250 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 8. Copy each rectangle below and draw its diagonals.
Y X S
H G

P
E F
U V Q

a. Find the pairs of the lines of the same length on

each rectangle.
b. Name pairs of parallel sides on each rectangle.
c. Name all right angles on each rectangle.
9. Sketch rectangle RSTU with its diagonal of 6 cm and
then measure the length of the 4 sides. How many
rectangles can be drawn?
10.What can you conclude about the sum of the four
angles of a rectangle?
11.Look at rectangle ABCD below.
a. What are the measures of ∠DAO and ∠ABO?
b. List another angle that has the same measure as
∠DAO.
c. List another angle that D C
has the same measure
as ∠ABO.
O
d. What is the measure of
100°
∠AOD?
e. List another angle that 40°
A B
has the same measure
as ∠AOD.
f. List another angle that has the same measure as
∠AOB.
12.How many triangles are there in rectangle ABCD in
no. 11?

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 251

 13.Copy and complete the following table.
No. Length Width Perimeter of Rectangle Area of Rectangle
a. 6 mm 4 mm mm mm2
b. 8 mm 5 cm cm cm2
c. dm 5 dm 34 dm dm2
d. dm 8 dm 46 dm dm2
e. 10 m m m 60 m2
f. 20 m m m 140 m2
g. m m m 160 m2

14.Calculate the perimeter and the area of rectangles with

the following measures:
a. The length is 17 dm and width is 7 dm.
b. The length is 20 mm and width is 5 mm.
c. The length is 25 m and width is 8 cm.
15. The area of a rectangle is 24 m2 and the length of
one of its sides is 8 m. Determine the perimeter of the
rectangle.
16. Determine the dimension of a rectangle with the area
of 36 m2.
17. A rectangle is 4 cm wide and its perimeter is 28 cm.
Calculate the length and area of the rectangle.
18. Pak Anwar will buy a piece of land which forms a
rectangle of 30 m long and 20 m wide. The price of
the land is Rp 50,000.00 per m2. How much will Pak
Anwar pay for the land?
19. The perimeter of a rectangle is 100 cm. The ratio
of the length and the width of the rectangle is 3 : 2.
Calculate the length and the width of the rectangle.
20. Can you calculate the perimeter of a rectangle of a
given area? Explain your answer.
21. A farmer is building a rectangular sheep-pen on the
side of his barn, which is 10 m long. He has 30 m of
fence and is using the side of the barn as the fourth
side of the fence. What will the area of the pen be?
a. 300 m² b. 150 m²
c. 100 m² d. 50 m²

252 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Section 8.2
Squares

Learning Objectives: Do this with your partner

• To define a square
• To discover the formula Materials: paper, scissors, a ruler and a protractor
of the perimeter and
area of a square 1. Draw rectangle ABCD with D C
AB=BC=CD=AD=5 cm as shown
in the figure on the right.
Key Term: O
• square 2. Draw the diagonals of the
A B
rectangle ABCD and mark the
intersection of the diagonals, then
name it point O.
3. Use a protractor to measure the angles below.
∠AOB =.......0 ∠BOC =.......0 ∠COD =.......0
∠DOA =.......0 ∠OAD =.......0 ∠OBA =.......0
∠OCB =.......0 ∠ODC =.......0 ∠OAB =.......0
Mini - Lab ∠OBC =.......0 ∠OCD =.......0 ∠ODA =.......0
4. What are the measures of ∠AOB, ∠BOC, ∠COD,
and ∠DOA?
5. What are the measures of ∠OAD, ∠OBA, ∠OCB,
and ∠ODC?

Because all sides of a 6. What are the measures of ∠OAB, ∠OBC, ∠OCD,
rectangle are equal, then and ∠ODA?
it is called a square. 7. Based on the above activity, what can you conclude?
Explain it.

Problem 7
What are the relationships among D C
the lengths of the sides of rectangle
ABCD on the right?
O

A B

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 253

 1. What are the measures of ∠BAC and ∠BCA?
Critical Thinking
2. What are the measures of ∠DBA and ∠ADB?

Problem 8 Now try to find square objects around you.

The properties of a square:

1. The opposite sides are parallel.
2. All of the angles are right angles.
3. The diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
4. All the sides are equal.
5. The diagonals bisect the angles.
6. The diagonals cross perpendicularly.
Based on those properties, we can say that a square is a
rectangle with 4 equal sides.

Problem 9 Are all properties of a rectangle also owned by a square?

Explain. Can it be in the vice versa?

Problem 10 S R
The figure on the left is square PQRS.
a. List 3 segments equal to PQ .
b. List 3 segments equal to OP. O
c. List all right angles in square PQRS.
P Q

Problem 11 What are the perimeter and area of D C

the square ABCD? Explain. s

A B

Given a square that has the length of the side of s. If P

is the perimeter and A is the area, then the formula of
perimeter and area of the square is
P = 4s and A = s x s.

254 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Problem 12
S
t
23 Banana Field r House 23
e
e
t
30 23

Real World Context Calculate the perimeter and area of the land which is
used for
a. the house b. the banana field

Problem 13 A square has the perimeter of 32 cm. Calculate the area

of the square.

Try This
Calculate the area of a square having the perimeter of 8 m.

Task 8.2 1. Determine whether the following statements are T or

F (True or False). Give your reasons.
a. Each angle in a square is a right angle.
b. Each angle in a rectangle is a right angle.
c. The lengths of the four sides of a rectangle are
equal.
d. The lengths of the diagonals of a square are equal.
e. The lengths of the four sides of a square are equal.
f. The diagonals of a rectangle bisect the angles into
two equal parts.
g. The diagonals of a square bisect the angles into
two equal parts.
h. The diagonals of a square bisect each other and
form right angles.
i. The set of all squares is the subset of the set of all
rectangles.
N M
2. Suppose KLMN is a square and OK = 3 cm.
a. What are the lengths of OL, OM, ON
O
b. What are the measures of ∠KOL, ∠LOM, ∠MON
3 cm and ∠KON
c. What are the measures of ∠OKL and ∠OLK
K L
d. What are the measures of ∠OML and ∠OLK

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 255

 X
3. Let UVWX be a square, then
a. Find the value of x
U
O b. Calculate the length of VX
c. Calculate the length of the side of square UVWX
3x−7
W

2x+5
4. In square KLMN on the right, the K N
length of ON is 5 cm.
a. What are the lengths of OK,
OL, OM and ? O
b. What are the lengths of KM
and LN? L M

5. ABCD is a square.
D C
a. Name two pairs of parallel lines.
b. Name four lines which have exactly the same
8 cm
length.
c. Name two lines which have exactly the same
length.
A B
d. What is the length of all sides of square ABCD?
6. Name at least five objects around you with a square
shape.
7. Draw square PQRS diagonals are intersects at point
O. The length of diagonal QS is 7 cm and draw
diagonal PR horizontally.
Find the length of the sides of square PQRS. use a
ruler.
8. Draw the diagonals of the following squares.
S X
H G
Y

P R

V
E F
Q U

a. Find the pairs of the lines of the same length on

each square.
b. Name all pairs of parallel lines on each square.
c. Name all equal lines on each square.
d. Suppose point O is the intersection of the
diagonals, name all right angles on each square.

256 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 9. What can you conclude about the sum of the measure
of all angles
of a square?
D C
10. Look at square ABCD on the left.
a. If AC = 5x-19 and BD = 3x+7, find the lengths of
O the diagonals.
b. If AD = 4y-15 and AB = y+6, find the lengths of all
sides.

A B
11. Adi has a wire of 20 cm in length. He wants to make
some squares and rectangles. How many squares
and rectangles can he make?
12. Name some common properties of a rectangle and a
square.
13. Name the properties of a square which a rectangle
does not have.
14. Does a square have exactly the same properties as a
rectangle?
15. Complete the following table about squares.
No. Length of side Perimeter Area
a. 11 cm cm cm2
b. 15 cm cm cm2
c. m 36 m m2
d. m 84 m m2
e. km km 49 km2
f. km km 25 km2

16.Calculate the perimeter and area of the following

rectangles and squares.
a. b. 6 cm
5 cm
6 cm
9 cm

c. 10 cm d.
7 cm

3 cm
7 cm

17.Calculate the perimeter and area of a square which
has the following length of sides.
a. 2.5 m. b. 14 cm. c. 21 dm.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 257

 18.Calculate the perimeter and area of the figure below.
3 cm

3 cm
4 cm

4 cm 3 cm
2 cm
10 cm

19. In a square garden which has 10 m sides, there is a

rectangular swimming pool which is 8 m long and 6
m wide. What is the area of the land in the garden in
which flowers can be planted?
20.The area of a square is 64 cm2. Calculate the
perimeter.
21.Calculate the length of the sides and the perimeter of
a square which has the area of:
a. 144 cm2 b. 625 m2
22.The lengths of the sides of a new square are 3 times
longer than the original. What is the ratio between the
original area of the square and the new one?
23.Calculate the area of the shaded area in the following.
a. b.

24. Is it possible to draw a square and a rectangle that
have the same area but different perimeter? Explain
your answer.
25. Is it possible to draw a square and a rectangle that
have the same perimeter but different area? Explain
your answer.
26. Can you calculate the perimeter of a square if the
area is given? Explain your answer.
27. Gina is making a blanket. She wants a blanket that
measure 2 m × 2.4 m. She has collected patch
squares that are 6 cm by 6 cm. How many patch
squares will she need?
a. 4800 b.1920
c. 920 d. 440

258 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Section 8.3
Parallelograms

Learning Objectives: Form of the window

• To describe the lattice
Formon of
thethe
left. window
properties of a lattice on the left.
parallelogram
• To define a
parallelogram
• To discover the formula
of the perimeter
source: writer
and area of a
parallelogram Figure 8.1

Key Term: Look at the above figure.

• parallelogram What do you think about the shape of the
windows trellis above? The quadrilaterals in the figure
above are called parallelograms. Those parallelograms
have equal forms and sizes.
Now, look at the following parallelogram and
discuss with your classmates how a parallelogram can
be formed by a rectangle.

(i) (ii) (iii)

Figure 8.2
Figure 8.2

Figure 8.2 shows that a parallelogram can be

formed by cutting the rectangle (Figure 8.2(ii)) and
slide the cut to the right to form a parallelogram
(Figure 8.2(iii)). Do activities (i), (ii), and (iii) in Figure
A B 8.2 above on a piece of paper.
Properties of parallelogram:
o

D C 1. The opposite sides are equal and parallel;

AB//DC, AD//BC , AB = DC, and AD = BC. Why?
Figure 8.3
Explain.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 259

 2. The opposite angles are equal, namely ∠A = ∠C
and ∠B = ∠D. Why? Explain.
3. Two adjacent angles are supplementary, namely
∠A+∠B = ∠B+∠C = ∠C+∠D = ∠D+∠A = 1800.
4. The diagonal bisects the area of the parallelogram,
that is the area of ∆ACB is equal to the area ∆CAD
and the area ∆ADB is equal to the area ∆CBD.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other,
that is AO = CO and BO = DO.
After you know the properties of a parallelogram,
what can you say about parallelogram?

Parallelogram A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.

Now find out the formula of the area and

perimeter of a parallelogram

WORK IN GROUPS

Materials: grid paper, a pencil, and a scissors.

• On a grid paper, draw and cut a parallelogram.

Mini - Lab
• Draw the height line of the parallelogram and then
cut it into two parts along the dotted line.
• Combine these two parts to form a rectangle.
Discuss with your classmates to answer the
following questions.
height • Compare the area of a rectangle and the area of the
tinggi original parallelogram. What do you get?
• Are the heights of a rectangle and parallelogram
∟ equal?
base • Are the bases of a rectangle and parallelogram
equal?
• In your own words, express the formula of the
perimeter and the area of a parallelogram.

260 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 • The area of parallelogram is the product of the base
Area and Perimeter and the height.
of Parallelogram
• The perimeter of a parallelogram is twice as long as
two adjacent sides of the parallelogram.
Heigh =t b If a parallelogram has area A, base a, adjacent side of
t a is b and height t, then
A=axt
Base = a
P = 2 (a + b)

Problem 14 Calculate the area of D 10m C

parallelogram ABCD on the right
figure. 8m

Solution: A B
Given : AB = 10 m and height = 8 m
Question : The area of parallelogram ABCD
Solution : Suppose the area of a parallelogram is A m2,
then
A = 10 x 8
A = 80
So, the area of parallelogram ABCD is 80 m2.

Task 8.3 1. EFGH is a parallelogram. Are the following statements

true or false? Give your reasons if the statements are
F G true.
a. FE // GH
b. Area of ∆FHE = area of ∆HFG
D c. ∠FEH = ∠HGF
d. FD = DG
E H 1
e. DE = 2
EG
R U 2. RSTU is a parallelogram and ∠RST = 800. Calculate
∠SRU and ∠TUR.
80°
S T
3. On quadrilateral ABCD, AB // DC , ∠ABC = 1250 and
∠BAD = 550. Is quadrilateral ABCD a parallelogram?
Give your reasons.
4. On quadrilateral ABCD, ∠ABC=600, ∠BCD = 1200,
∠CDA = 650, and ∠DAB = 1150. Is quadrilateral ABCD
a parallelogram? Give your reasons.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 261

 5. KLMN is a parallelogram with diagonals KM and NL
intersecting at point P. If KP = 4a+5, KM = 13a and PL
= a+8, what is the length of PN?

D 12 C 6. ABCD is a parallelogram as show on the right side

figure. Calculate the area of ABCD, the length CF and
6 10 the perimeter of ABCD.

A
B F
7. ABCD is a parallelogram with the base of AB = 12 cm
and the height of AB is 4 cm, then show that the area
of parallelogram ABCD is 48 cm2.
8. What happens with a parallelogram if:
a. its height is twice the height of the original
parallelogram?
A 20 cm B b. its base and height are twice the base and height
of the original parallelogram?

8 cm 6 cm 9. In the figure on the left, find the length of AF, in cm.

F a. 9 b. 10
c. 12 d. 15
D E C

262 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Section 8.4
Rhombuses

Look at the quadrilateral in

Learning Objectives: Figure 8.4 on the right. It is called
• To describe the
properties of a rhombus
rhombus. Do you know why we call it
• To define of a rhombus belah ketupat in Indonesian?
• To find out the formula
of the perimeter and To know the properties of a
area of a rhombus
rhombus, do the following mini-lab
Key Term: activity.
• rhombus

Figure 8.4

Do this with your partner

Materials: paper, scissors, and a ruler

Mini - Lab

(i) (ii) (iii)

B O D

(iv) (v) (vi)

Figure 8.5
1. Draw a square and its diagonals.
2. Cut the square along the sides. Figure 8.5 (i)
3. Fold the square along one of its diagonals.
Figure 8.5 (ii)
4. Draw in dotted lines as in Figure 8.5 (iii) above.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 263

 5. Cut the fold along the dotted lines to obtain the shape
in Figure 8.5 (iv).
6. Open the fold to have a new quadrilateral as in Figure
8.5 (v). The new quadrilateral is named RHOMBUS.
7. Name it rhombus ABCD and the intersection of the
diagonals as point O. Figure 8.5 (vi)
8. Based on the above activity, observe the sides, angles
and diagonals.
9. Find some properties of the rhombus. Explain.

Properties of rhombus are:

A
1. All sides are equal. Which sides?

B ≡ 2. Opposite sides are parallel. Which sides?

D
3. Vertical angles are equal. Which angles?
O
4. The diagonals bisect the angles. which angles?
≡
5. Both diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each
other. Mention them.
C
Rhombus ABCD 6. Diagonals bisect the rhombus or they are the axis
Figure 8.6 lines. Mention them.
7. The sum of the two adjacent angles is 1800.
8. Mention the angles.

Rhombus A quadrilateral with four equal sides.

We can also say:

If both diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular and

bisect each other, then it is called a rhombus.

Now think of how to construct the formula of the

area of a rhombus which is as follows.

264 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 WORK IN GROUPS

Materials: Grid paper, a pencil, and scissors.

• Draw a rhombus on the grid paper.
Mini - Lab • Cut the rhombus along the sides.
• Draw one of the diagonals of the rhombus and cut
a piece of paper along the diagonal. What do you
obtain?

Discuss with your classmates to answer the

following questions.
1. What is the area of each isosceles triangle?
2. Do the two isosceles triangles have the same area?
3. What are the base and height of the two isosceles
triangles?
4. In your own words, express the formula to find out the
area and perimeter of a rhombus.

Area and • The area of a rhombus is equal to a half of the product

Perimeter of of the diagonals.
a Rhombus
• The perimeter of a rhombus is four times the length of
the sides.

d1 Suppose A is the area of a rhombus with diagonals d1

1
and d2, then A = 2 x d1 x d2
Suppose P is the perimeter of a rhombus with the
d2 length of side s, then P = 4 x s

PQRS is a rhombus with diagonals PR = 6 cm,

S QS = 8 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Calculate the area and
perimeter of rhombus PQRS.
Solution:
P R
Given : PR = 8 cm, QS = 10 cm and PQ = 5 cm.
Question : The area and perimeter of rhombus
PQRS
Q
Solution : Suppose the area of rhombus PQRS is
A cm2, then
1
A = 2
x PR x QS
1
A = 2
x 8 x 10 A = 40

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 265

 So, the area of rhombus PQRS
is 40 cm2.
Suppose the perimeter PQRS is P cm,
then:
P = 4 x PQ
P = 4 x 5
P = 20
So, the perimeter of rhombus PQRS
is 20 cm.

Task 8.4 The figure on the left is for problems 1- 4.

1. If ∠ABC = 1320, determine the measure of ∠ABD.
A
2. If ∠BDC = 250, determine the measure of ∠ADC.
3. If ∠EBC = (2x+10)0 and ∠ADE = (5x-20)0, determine
the value of x.
4. If ∠CBD = (2x+13)0 and ∠EDA=(5x-20)0, determine
B D
E the value of x.
Given the following rhombuses, determine the value
of x and y.
C 5.
135° 6.
135° 135° (4x-10)°
(4x-10)°
(4x-10)°

y° x°
y° x° (2y)° (2x+70)°
y° x° (2y)° (2x+70)°

(2y)° (2x+70)
F
7. 8. F
E
E
G E F
G H

Find the area of ABCD. Find the perimeter

H of EFGH,
if GH = 5 cm
G
9. The area of rhombus ABCD is 24 cm2 and the length
of diagonal AC is 8 cm. What is the length of BD? H

266 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

Say whether the following statements are true
or false.
10.a. The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel.
b. All angles of a rhombus are equal.
c. The sides of a rhombus are equal.
d. The opposite sides of a rhombus are equal.
11. Suppose BEAC is a rhombus with BA = 6 cm and its
diagonals intersect at point H.
a. HA = 3 cm.
b. ∠BEH = ∠EBH.
c. Side BA is perpendicular to side EC.
d. The area of ∠BHE and the area of ∆AHC are equal.
e. ∠CBE and ∠BCA are supplementary.
12. IJKL is a rhombus and its diagonals intersect at
point O.
a. If ∠ILO = 630, then find the measures of ∠OIL,
∠IJO and ∠JOK
b. If ∠ILO = (2x+15)0 and ∠IJO = (3x-1)0, find the
value of x.
13. PQMN is a parallelogram. If PN = 7x-10 and
PQ = 5x+6, what is the value of x so that PQMN is
a rhombus?
14. If ABCD is a rhombus, how many symmetrical lines
does rhombus ABCD have? State your answer.
15. Is a rhombus also a parallelogram? Explain.
16. Is a parallelogram also a rhombus? Explain.
17. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm
and 12 cm. Calculate the area of the rhombus.
18. A rhombus has a perimeter of 52 m. Find the length
of the sides of the rhombus.
19. The area of a rhombus is 36 cm2. If the proportion
of the diagonals is 1:2, what are the lengths of the
diagonals?

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 267

 20. A 20 cm B

8 cm 6 cm
F

D E C

PQRS above is a trapezoid. If its area is 684 cm², find the

length of SR in cm.
a. 25
b. 37
c. 50
d. 57

268 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Section 8.5
Kites

A
Learning Objectives:
• To describe the
properties of a kite B D
• To define a kite
• To find the formula of
the area and perimeter
of a kite
C
Figure 8.6
Key Term: Figure 8.7
• kite
Some of you may have played a kite or seen some
people flying kites.
Now, look at the form of a flying kite and also look
at the angles, sides and the length of its diagonals.
Quadrilateral ABCD in Figure 8.7 is a kite with
sides AB, BC, CD, AD, diagonals AC and BD.
Now, you will learn how to find the formula of
the area of a kite.

WORK IN GROUPS

Materials: grid paper, scissors, and a ruler.

(i) (ii) (iii)

A

B O D

C
(iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
Figure 8.8

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 269

 1. Get a piece of paper which has forms a rectangle as
in the figure on the right.
2. Cut the paper into 2 of the same measure and share
them with your classmate(s).
3. Name each rectangle ABCD.
4. Connect point A with point C, point B with point D, and
mark the point of the intersection from those 2 lines
and name it as point O.

The properties of a kite are as follows.

A
1. Two pairs of the adjacent sides are equal, namely
B D AB = AD and BC = DC.
E
2. One pair of opposite angles is equal, that is
∠ABC = ∠ADC.
3. One of the diagonals bisects the kite, that is
C ∠ABC = ∠ADC or AC is the axis of symmetry.
Figure 8.7
Figure 8.9 4. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other and one
of the diagonals bisects the other, that is, AC ┴ BD
and BE = ED.
On the basis of the properties of a kite above, you
can describe a kite.

A quadrilateral with diagonals perpendicular to each other

Kite
and one of the diagonals bisects the other.

Kite In words:
The area of a kite equals a half of the product of its
diagonals.
d2 In symbol:
Suppose A is an area of a kite with its diagonals d1 and
d1
d2; then

1
A= 2
x d1 x d2

270 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Problem 15 Andi made a kite with its diagonals of 30 cm and 50 cm
long. What is the area of the kite made by Andi?
Solution:
Given : d1 = 30 and d2 = 50
Question : The area of the kite
Solution : For example, the area of Andi’s kite is A
cm2, then
1
A= 2
x d1 xd2
1
A= 2
x 30 x 15
A = 225
So, the area of Andi’s kite is 225 cm2.

Task 8.5 1. ABCD is a kite with BE = 15 units, A

B
and the measure of ∠BCA = 300
and ∠DAC = 500. E
a. Find the lengths of ED and BD
D
b. Find the measures of ∠BAD,
∠DCA, ∠BEA and ∠AE
c. Calculate the area of ∠ABC C
and the area of ∠ADE?
2. What are the values of x and y?

130
° y°
40° y
A °
D (5x)°
3m
3m 70°
E 3. What are the values of x and y?
40°
B 8m
x

°
4. What is the area of kite ABCD?

13 m 5. What is the area of kite PQRS if ∠PQR is a right

angle?
Q S

18
m

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 271

 Say whether the following statements are true or
false.
6. A kite can be formed by an obtuse-angled triangle and
its mirror on one side of the triangle.
x
7. A kite has two equal parallel sides.
y
8. A kite has an axis of symmetri.
9. The sum of four angles in a kite is 3600.
v
10. The sum of opposite angles is 1800.
z 11.Kite XYZW below has diagonals XZ and YW which
intersects at point V. If XZ = 20 cm,
YW = 30 cm, and VY = 7 cm, then
a. Find the lengths of XV, VZ and WV
b. Find the measure of ∠YVZ
w
12.Determine the area of kite XYZW above.
13.Can two angles which are close to each other be
supplementary?
14.A kite has its side by side lines of 9 cm and 12 cm in
length.Calculate the perimeter.
15.Can two opposite angles of a kite be supplementary?
16.Show that the area of kite KLMN is 63 cm2, if LN = 12
cm, and KM = 10,5 cm.
17.There is a statement that the longest diagonal of a
kite is called the symmetric line of that kite. Is it true?
Explain.
18.In figure on the right,
shows a kite. Find the
value of x
a. 13 b. 14 280
c. 20 d.

4x+100

272 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Section 8.6
Trapezoids

Learning Objectives:
• To describe the
properties of a
trapezoid
• To define a trapezoid
• To find the formula of
the area and perimeter
of a trapezoid

Key Term: Figure 8.10

• Trapezoid
Look at the picture of a traditional house above.
The lower roof has the form of a trapezoid. Now
look at the sides of the roof. What can you say? You
may be saying that the upper and the lower sides are
parallel and others are not.
On the basis of your observation, you can define
a trapezoid as the following.

Trapezoid A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides

A B Quadrilateral ABCD on the left is a trapezoid.

Sides AB and DC are called the bases of the trapezoid,
sides AB and DC are parallel and sides AD and BC are
D C
called the legs of the trapezoid. Quadrilateral ABCD is
then called trapezoid.

Think and Discuss

A B 1. Trapezoid ABCD on the Figure 8.11 is called an
isosceles trapezoid, because the legs are equal, AD
= BC.
D C a. What is the relation between ∠A and ∠D; between
∠B and ∠C? Explain.
Figure
Figure 8.9
8.9
b. What is the relation between ∠A and ∠C and
between ∠B and ∠D? Explain.
c. Are ∠A = ∠D and ∠B = ∠C? Explain.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 273

 E F
H G
Figure 8.10
2. Trapezoid EFGH on the Figure 8.12 side is a right-
angled trapezoid, because one of its legs is
perpendicular to the base.
a. What are the measures of ∠E and ∠H?
b. What is the relation between ∠F and ∠G? Explain.

Based on the result of “Think and Discuss” above,

we have got the properties of a trapezoid. They are as
follows:
1. The sum of two adjacent angles between two parallel
lines is 1800. (In Figure 8.12, ∠E+∠H=∠F+∠G =
1800)
2. In an isosceles trapezoid, each pair of base angles
are equal. (In Figure 8.9, ∠A = ∠B and ∠C = ∠D)
3. In an isosceles trapezoid, the diagonals are equal.
(In Figure 8. 9, AC = BD)
4. A right trapezoid has two right angles. (In Figure
8.10, ∠E and ∠H)
Next you will learn how to find the formula of
the area of a trapezoid.

WORK IN GROUPS

Materials: Lined paper, a pencil, and scissors.

• Get a piece of lined paper p
a1 a2
and fold it into two along
Mini - Lab the line in the middle of t
the paper. a2  a1
• Draw a line segment
on the line in the paper of 3 cm in length.
• Draw again another line segment by 5 cm in length
on the second line below the first. (see the figure
below)
• Join the end of the first line to the second one so that
we get a trapezoid with the bases of 3 cm and 5 cm.
• Cut the trapezoid on the folded paper so that we
have two trapezoids of the same size.
• Mark the parallel sides as a1 and a2, and t for the
height.
• Coincide both trapezoids on one of the equal legs to
form a parallelogram.

274 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Discuss with your classmates to answer the
following questions.
If “p” and “t” express the base and height of the
parallelogram above, write down the formula of the area
of the parallelogram.
1. Write down the formula of the area of the
parallelogram above using ”a1, a2, and t”.
2. What is the proportion of the area of each of the
trapezoids and parallelograms formed?
3. In your own words, write down the formula of the area
and perimeter of a trapezoid.

The area of The area of a trapezoid is half of the product of its height
a Trapezoid and the sum of the parallel sides.
a1
Suppose A is the area of a trapezoid with the height t
and the lengths of parallel sides a1 and a2, then
1
t A = 2 t x (a1 +a2)

a2

Critical Thinking

t t

Figure 8.13

Can the area of a trapezoid be calculated from the area

of a triangle? Explain it.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 275

 Problem 16 Geography. 107 km

Estimate the area of

the trapezoid in the 51
figure on the right! km

Solution:
Real World Context Given : t = 51
85 km
source: writer
a1= 85
a2= 107
Question : the area of the trapezoid
1
Solution :A= 2
tx(a1+a2)
1
A = 2 x51x(85+107)
A = 4896
So, the area of the trapezoid is
approximately 4896 km2.

Task 8.6 1. ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid with parallel sides AB

and DC. Draw the symmetric line m of the trapezoid.
I
2. In isosceles triangle ISO on the right, IO = IS and line
TF //SO. What shape is SOFT? Why?
T F

S O
3. Estimate the
area of the
trapezoid in 120km
the figure on 80km
the right.

200km

4. If possible, draw a trapezoid with the following

properties. If you fail, state your reasons.
a. It has three equal sides.
b. It has equal parallel sides.
c. The legs are longer than the parallel sides.
d. It has two right angles.
e. It has a pair of equal opposite angles.
5. Quadrilateral PQRS is a trapezoid with the parallel
sides PS and QR, PQ = SR,
∠SPQ = 1200, and ∠SRP = 200. What is the size of
∠PSQ ?

276 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

6. Draw a trapezoid with the lengths of the parallel sides
6 cm and 12 cm and its height is 7 cm.
7. Calculate the area of the trapezoid in no. 6.
8. Calculate the area of a trapezoid in which its height is
10 and the lengths of the parallel sides are 12 and 18.
9. a. State the height and
parallel sides 160
E F
of trapezoid EFGH.
b. What is the area of 52 48
trapezoid EFGH?
c. State the type of 
H 120 G 60 I
trapezoid EFIH and
give your reasons.
d. What is the area of trapezoid EFIH?
e. What is the perimeter of trapezoid EFIH?
10.One of the parallel sides of a trapezoid is twice the
other. The height of the trapezoid is the average of the
parallel sides. If the area of the trapezoid is 324 cm2,
find the lengths of the height and parallel sides of the
trapezoid.
11.The area of a rhombus is 64 cm². If the proportion
of the diagonals is 3 : 4, find the perimeter of the
rhombus, in cm.
a. 40 b. 30
c. 20 d. 10

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 277

 Section 8.7
Problem Solving

Problem-solving
guidelines:
• Understanding the
problem
• Developing a plan and
selecting strategies
• Carrying out the plan
• Checking the answer
Problem-Solving
Strategies:
• Guessing and checking
• Drawing a table/
diagram
• Writing an equation
• Simplifying the problem
• Looking for patterns
• Using logical reasoning
230
230
Example 1
Drawing a figure and writing
A woven rectangular rug is 160 cm wide and 230 cm
long. Find the perimeter of the rug.
Solution:
1. Understanding the problem
a. What is the unknown factor?
Perimeter of the rug
b. What are the data?
The Dimension of the rug is 160 cm x 230 cm.
2. Developing a plan and strategy
The first step is to draw a rectangle. Let the length
of the rectangle be 160 and the width be 230. The
perimeter of the rectangle then will be found by adding
the lengths and the widths.
3. Carrying out the plan
P = 2 x 230 + 2 x 160
P = 780
Therefore, the perimeter of the rug is 780 cm.
4. Checking the answer
The answer is acceptable because it is the sum of all
sides of the rectangle.

160
160

Example 2
Drawing a figure and writing an equation.
A Science laboratory has four trapezoidal benches with
the height of 0.39 m, the longer base of 2.1 m, and
the shorter base of 0.84 m. What would be the cost of
covering all four benches with a protective coating, which
costs Rp 3.8500 per square meter?

278 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

 Solution:
1. Understanding the problem
a. What is the unknown factor?
What would be the cost of covering all four
benches?
b. What are the data?
There are 4 benches.
The height of 0.39 m, the longer base of 2.1 m,
and the shorter base of 0.84 m.
The cost is Rp 38.500 per square meter.
2. Developing a plan and strategy
The first thing to do is to draw the figure of trapezoid
with the dimension.
Next is to calculate the area of the figure. Finally,
multiply the area to the price of coating.
2.1
2.1 3. Carrying out the plan
The area is
1
(2.1 + 0.84) x 0.39
0.39 2
= 0.5733.
The cost is
0.84 0.5733 x Rp 38.500
0.84 = Rp 22.072.05.
4. Checking the answer
The area is less than 1 meter, If the price is less than
Rp 38.500.

Exercise 8
1. Tom measures 2 angles of a kite at 600 and 1100, but
forgets which angle is. Draw 3 different kites that Tom
may have measured, showing the size of all angles in
each diagram.
2. Karen and Tari know that the measure of one angle of
a parallelogram is 500. Karen thinks that she can find
the measures of the remaining three angles without
a protractor. Tari thinks that is not possible. Who is
correct? Explain your reasoning.
3. To change a flat tire, a driver needs to use a device
called a jack to raise the corner of the car. In the jack,
AB = BC = CD = DA. Each of these metal pieces is
attached by a hinge that allows it to pivot. Explain why
nonconsecutive sides of the jack remain parallel as
the tool is raised to point F.

Student’s Book Chapter 8 - Quadrilateral 279

 4. Basketball is played on a rectangle shape like
court. Name two other sports that are played on a
rectangular surface and two sports that are played on
a surface that is not rectangular.
5. The Venn diagram shows relationships among some
quadrilaterals. Use the Venn diagram to determine
whether each statement is true or false.
a. Every square is a rhombus.
b. Every rhombus is a square.
c. Every rectangle is a square.
d. Every square is a rectangle.
e. All rhombi are parallelograms.
f. Every parallelogram is a rectangle.

Reflection
1. What concepts do we need learn a quadrilateral?
Why?
2. Which parts in this chapter need further
explanation?
3. Do tasks in this chapter encourage you to participate
more in the classroom? Why?
4. What are the benefits of learning several kinds of
quadrilaterals in the following fields?
a. mathematics,
b. other disciplines,
c. daily life.

Summary
In this chapter, you have learned:
1. Types of quadrilaterals.
2. The relationship among various types of
quadrilaterals.
3. The relationship between the area of a rectangle
and the areas of other rectangular figures.

280 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7