PreCalculus Summer Assignment (2019)

We are thrilled to have you join the Pre-Calculus family next year, and we want you to get a jump-start over
the summer! You have learned so much valuable information in Math 1-3, that we do not want you to lose
over the next three months! Pre-Calculus is more rigorous in nature, and it is vital that you understand the
content in this summer assignment prior to the school year.
This assignment is meant to take up a maximum of 30-60 minutes of your time each week. If you are
struggling with a topic, try watching some videos on Khan Academy as a refresher or take advantage of
lots of other great resources on the Internet. We encourage you to work with other classmates and to form
study groups, but remember you are ultimately responsible for understanding the material. Try not to
procrastinate your work until the last week of summer. This assignment will be due the first week of class.
If you turn it in complete on the first day of school you will get bonus points. To receive full credit, please
make sure you show ALL work! Please see the suggested pacing guide below to help you stay on track!

Week # Dates Assignment Done

1 5/26-6/1 Fraction Basics & Exponent Laws

2 6/2-6/8 Function Notation & Definition
3 6/9-6/15 Graphing Linear Functions
4 6/16-6/22 Expanding & Factoring Quadratics
5 6/23-6/29 Solving Quadratic Equations
6 6/30-7/6 Graphing Quadratic Equations
7 7/7-7/13 Classifying Functions & Degree of Polynomials
8 7/14-7/20 Adding/Subtracting/Multiplying Polynomials
9 7/21-7/27 Dividing Polynomials
10 7/28-8/3 Logarithms
11 8/4-8/10 Trigonometry
13 8/11-8/17 Transformations
14 8/18-8/24 Conclusion Page
Fraction Basics & Exponent Laws

Fraction Rules
Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Dividing

Laws of Exponents
Type Law Example
Product 𝑥 𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑥 4 = (𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥)(𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥) = 𝑥 7
Quotient 𝑥𝑚 𝑥7 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ x ∙ x ∙ x
= 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 = = 𝑥4
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑥∙𝑥∙𝑥

Power (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚∙𝑛 (𝑥 2 )3 = (𝑥 ∙ 𝑥)(𝑥 ∙ 𝑥)(𝑥 ∙ 𝑥) = 𝑥 6

Inverse 1 1
𝑥 −𝑚 = 𝑥 −4 =
𝑥𝑚 𝑥4
Zero Power 𝑥0 = 1 3240 = 1
𝑚 2
Rational Exponent 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = √𝑥 𝑚
3
𝑥 3 = √𝑥 2
3 3
82/3 = √82 = √64 = 4
Fraction Basics & Exponent Laws

Solve each of the following. All answers should be completely reduced. Do not use a calculator, and show all work.

2 3 4 2 9 1 1 4
1. 7 + 5 2. 9 + 3 3. 11 − 2 4. 6 − 3

5 4 4 9 1 1 4
5. 7 ∙ 5 6. 9 ∙ 5 7. 10 ÷ 5 8. 6 ÷ 3

Simplify each of the following expressions completely using the law of exponents. Try to rewrite all of your answers
without negative exponents.

9. 25 ∙ 23 = 10. (𝑥)2 (𝑥) = 11. 4−1 ∙ 4−6 =

4−7 4 3
12. (5−2 )2 = 13. = 14. (5) =
4−3

𝑥8 𝑦4
15. 𝑥4
= 16. 𝑦 −7
= 17. (32 𝑠 3 )6 =

24𝑎−3 𝑏 9
18. (40 𝑤 2 )−5 = 19. (2𝑚3 𝑛−1 )(8𝑚4 𝑛−2 ) = 20. =
12𝑎2 𝑏−5
Function Notation & Definition

Functions
Definition Vertical Line Test
For every x-value there is only one y-value. If you can draw a vertical line anywhere on
(For every input there is only one output) a graph so that it hits the graph in more
than one spot, then the graph is NOT a
function.

Example Non-Example
X Y X Y
0 5 1 4
1 3 5 1
2 1 5 7
3 -1 6 1/2

Function Notation
NAME OF THE
FUNCTION THE FUNCTION

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
INPUT OUTPUT

Example:
Evaluate 𝑓(−2) = −2(−2)2 − 3(−2) + 2
= −2(4) + 6 + 2
= −8 + 6 + 2
=0
Function Notation & Definition

Determine whether or not the following represent functions. Explain why or why not.
1. 2. 3. 4. If you are at the Rapid City Airport, is the
temperature recorded a function of time?

5. 6. Is your grade level in school a function 7.

of your GPA?

Use the functions given below to evaluate the following. Show all work.

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑(𝟐𝒙 ) 𝒉(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕

1
8. 𝑓 (2) = 9. 𝑔(3) = 10. ℎ(−1) =

11. 𝑓(−10) = 12. 𝑔(−3) = 13. ℎ(5) =

14. Suppose that at All Sport Shoes, the manager estimates the monthly operating cost for the store (in dollars) as a
function of the number of pairs of shoes that the store purchases from its suppliers. The rule for that function is
𝑪(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟕, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟓𝒙.

a. Calculate 𝐶(100) and explain the meaning.

b. What value of 𝑥 satisfies 𝐶(𝑥) = 24,500? What does that value tell about the store’s monthly business costs?
Graphing Linear Functions

Linear Equations
Standard Form Slope-Intercept Form
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
(Rewrite into slope-intercept form)
Example:
−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 Move the x-term over
+4𝑥 + 4𝑥
2𝑦 4𝑥 + 6 Divide by 2 to get y alone
=
2 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 Simplify

Slope of a Line
Definition: Example: Find the slope of the that crosses
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 through the points (−8,3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−4,6).
𝑚= = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 ∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
−4 − (−8) 4
𝑚= =
6−3 3

Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines

Must have the SAME slope! Must have OPPOSITE RECIPROCAL slopes!
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝒚= 𝒙+𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚= 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚=− 𝒙+𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
Graphing Linear Functions

1. Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points given below. Then decide how the line
3
relates to 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 1. (Parallel, Perpendicular, or Neither)

a. (7, −5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (10, −1) b. (−12,8) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−15,12) c. (−6,8) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2,5)

𝑚 = _______ 𝑚 = _______ 𝑚 = _______

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑? ____________________ 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑? ____________________ 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑? ____________________

2. Identify the slope and y-intercept for each of the linear functions, then use them to sketch a graphs.
5 1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑥 − 1 b. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 4 c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥

𝑚 = ________ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ________ 𝑚 = ________ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ________ 𝑚 = ________ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ________

Rewrite each of the following linear equations to express y as a function of x (slope-intercept form). Then
determine the slope and y-intercept for each equation.
a. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 b. 8𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 20 c. −4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 15

𝑦 = __________________ 𝑦 = __________________ 𝑦 = __________________

𝑚 = ________ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ________ 𝑚 = ________ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ________ 𝑚 = ________ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ________

Expanding & Factoring Quadratic Expressions

Expanding Quadratic Equations

Algebra Tiles Box Method

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3

Distributive Property (FOIL)
Standard Form: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Factored Form: (𝑥 ± 𝑚)(𝑥 ± 𝑛)

Factoring Quadratic Equations

Diamond Box Method
(You do not have to use this method if you can use the FOIL method backwards)

Greatest Common Factor(GCF)

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥(𝑥 + 1) −15𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = −3𝑥(5𝑥 + 2)

Expanding & Factoring Quadratic Expressions

Rewrite each of the quadratic expressions in expanded standard form.

1. (𝑥 – 10)(𝑥 + 10) 2. (3𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2) 3. (𝑥 − 7)2

4. (𝑥 – 6)(𝑥 + 8) 5. −2𝑥(3𝑥 − 8) 6. (2𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 + 7)

7. 5𝑥(𝑥 + 8) 8. (3𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 1) 9. (4𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 − 1)

Rewrite each of these quadratic expressions in an equivalent factored form. Some may not be factorable.

10. 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 – 24 11. 4𝑥 2 – 9 12. 15𝑥 2 − 5𝑥

13. 𝑥 2 – 12𝑥 + 36 14. 3𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 24 15. 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1

16. 𝑥 2 + 16 17. 24𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 18. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12

Solving Quadratic Equations

Solving Methods
Factoring Factoring(GCF)
(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) (𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 −𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙 = 𝟎
(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 −5𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
3𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥+2=0 −5𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥−3 =0
𝟐 𝒙=𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙=𝟑
𝒙= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟐
𝟑
Taking Square Roots Quadratic Formula −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
(𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0) 2𝑎
𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎
+64 + 64
−(3) ± √(3)2 − 4(2)(−20)
4𝑥 2 64 𝑥=
= 2(2)
4 4
2
−3 ± √9 − (−160)
𝑥 = 16 𝑥=
4
√𝑥 2 = √16 −3 ± √169 −3 ± 13
𝒙 = ±𝟒 𝑥= =
4 4
−3 + 13 −3 − 13
𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
4 4
𝟏𝟎
𝒙= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟒
𝟒

Imaginary/Complex Numbers
𝑖 = √−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 2 = −1
Complex Number: 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖
Solving Quadratic Equations
Solve each of the following quadratic equations using an appropriate method.
1. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5 = 0 2. 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 0 3. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 20 = 0

4. 7𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 12 5. 9 = −7 + 4𝑥 2 6. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0

7. 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 8. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 12 9. 10 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0

10. 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 18 = 0 11. 2𝑥 2 + 72 = 0 12. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 25 = 0

Graphing Quadratic Equations

Points are mirrored

over this line

Occurs when
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎

Occurs at 𝒇(𝟎) Occurs halfway

between the
x-intercepts

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
Direction
𝑎 > 0 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑝 Parabola will open down since 𝑎 =
−2
𝑎 < 0 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
X-intercepts 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12
Occurs when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 = −2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8)
0
0 = −2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥=3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
Y-intercepts 𝑓(0) = −2(0)2 + 4(0) + 16
Occurs at 𝑓(0) 𝑓(0) = 16

Max/Min 𝑓(1) = −2(1)2 + 4(1) + 16

Point(vertex)
𝑓(1) = −2 + 4 + 16
Occurs at axis of
symmetry (hallway 𝑓(1) = 18
between x-
intercepts)
Graphing Quadratic Equations
Sketch graphs of the following functions. Label these key points with their coordinates on the graphs:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
x-intercepts: y-intercept:

Vertex:

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 12
x-intercepts: y-intercept:

Vertex:

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.5(𝑥 − 6)2

x-intercepts: y-intercept:

Vertex:
Classifying Polynomials & Degree of Polynomials

Examples of Different Functions

Exponential Function Inverse Function Linear Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑟
𝑥

Quadratic Function Cubic Function Quartic Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
Classifying Polynomials & Degree of Polynomials

Classify the following graphs and equations as a linear function(L), exponential function(E),
inverse function(I), quadratic function(Q), cubic function(3), quartic function(4), or quintic
function(5).
1. 2. 3. 4.
𝑥+5 1 2
ℎ(𝑥) = −2𝑥 − 6 + 𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = (3)𝑥
4 2

Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____

5. 6. 7. 8.
2 ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)2 + 4 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 20𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = − 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3
3 𝑥

Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____

9. 10. 11. 12.

ℎ(𝑥) = 5 + 2𝑥 5 1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥

Function: _____
Function: _____

Function: _____ Function: _____

13. 14. 15. 16.

Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____

17. 18. 19. 20.

Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____ Function: _____

Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials

Adding Polynomials

Subtracting Polynomials

Multiplying Polynomials
Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials

Given the polynomials below, perform the given operation for each problem. Make sure all answers are
simplified completely.

𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5

𝑤(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 𝑑(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

1. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑑(𝑥) 2. 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥)

3. 𝑑(𝑥) + 𝑤(𝑥) 4. ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑤(𝑥)

5. 𝑑(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 6. ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

7. ℎ(𝑥) ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 8. ℎ(𝑥) ∙ 𝑤(𝑥)

9. ℎ(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥) 10. 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑(𝑥)

Dividing Polynomials
Dividing Polynomials

Divide the polynomials below using long division.

1. (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 2) 2. (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 50) ÷ (𝑥 + 5)

Divide the polynomials below using synthetic division.

3. (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) ÷ (𝑥 + 2) 4. (𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 34𝑥 − 24) ÷ (𝑥 + 3)
Logarithms

Logarithm
What it does A logarithm finds an exponent for a base of 10
when it equals a specific value.

Definition 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝒚

Example 10𝑥 = 517

log 517 = 2.17
𝑥 = 2.17
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 102.7 = 517

Use logarithms to solve exponential equations

Example 2(10)2𝑥 − 4 = 96
Rewrite so the base of 10 is by itself 2(10)2𝑥 = 100
(10)2𝑥 = 50
Use the logarithm to rewrite both sides of the log 50 ≈ 1.699
equation with a base 10 102𝑥 = 101.699
Set the exponents equal and solve 2𝑥 = 1.699
𝑥 ≈ .8495
Logarithms

Solve the following equations using logarithms.

1. 10𝑥 = 1000 2. 10𝑥+2 = 1000 3. 103𝑥+2 = 1000

4. 2(10)𝑥 = 200 5. 3(10)𝑥+4 = 3000 6. (10)2𝑥 = 50

7. 103𝑥+2 = 43 8. 12(10)3𝑥+2 = 120 9. 3(10)𝑥+4 + 7 = 28

10. The population of the U.S. in 2010 was about 309 million and growing exponentially at a rate of about
0.8% per year. Use the equation below to predict about how long will it be until the population of the United
States reaches 400 million?

𝑷(𝒕) = 𝟑𝟎𝟗(𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒕 )
Trigonometry
Trigonometry
1. Find the indicated measures in each triangle. Show all of your work below and place your answers in the correct
spaces.

a. b. c.

𝑚∠𝐴 = ____________ ̅̅̅̅ = __________

𝐷𝐸 𝑚∠𝐾 = ________
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = _________ ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐷 = __________ 𝑚∠𝑀 = ________

2. Demetri leans a ladder, 30 feet in length, against a wall. The base of the ladder is 10 feet from the wall.

a. How high up the wall does the ladder reach? Draw a picture and show your work.

b. What angle does the ladder make with the ground? Show your work.

3. Find x for the following triangles. You will need to use the Law of Sines or Law of Cosines.
a. b. c.
Function Transformations
Vertical Translations
A shift may be referred to as a translation. If c is added to the function, where the function becomes 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐,
then the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) will vertically shift upward by c units. If c is subtracted from the function, where the function
becomes 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑐 then the
graph of 𝑓(𝑥) will vertically shift
downward by c units. In general,
a vertical translation means that
every point (x, y) on the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to (x, y + c)
or (x, y – c) on the graphs of 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑐
respectively.

Horizontal Translations
If c is added to the variable of the function, where the function becomes 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) , then the graph of 𝑓(𝑥)will
horizontally shift to the left c units. If c is subtracted from the variable of the function, where the function becomes
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐) , then the graph of 𝑓(𝑥)
will horizontally shift to the right c
units. In general, a horizontal
translation means that every point (x,
y) on the graph of is transformed to (x
– c, y) or (x + c, y) on the graphs of
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) or 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐)
respectively.

Reflections
If the function or the variable of
the function is multiplied by -1,
the graph of the function will
undergo a reflection. When the
function is multiplied by -1 where
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) becomes 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) ,
the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is reflected
across the xaxis.

On the other hand, if the variable

is multiplied by -1, where 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) becomes 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥), the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is reflected
across the y-axis.
Function Transformations
Vertical Stretching and Shrinking
If c is multiplied to the function then the graph of the function will
undergo a vertical stretching or compression. So when the function
becomes 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) and 0 < 𝑐 < 1, a vertical shrinking of the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) will occur. Graphically, a vertical shrinking pulls
the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) toward the x-axis. When 𝑐 > 1 in the
function𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥), a vertical stretching of the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) will occur. A vertical stretching pushes the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥)away from the x-axis. In general, a vertical stretching or
shrinking means that every point (x, y) on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is
transformed to (x, cy) on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥).

Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking

If c is multiplied to the variable of the function then the
graph of the function will undergo a horizontal stretching
or compression. So when the function becomes 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑐𝑥)and 0 < 𝑐 < 1 , a horizontal stretching of the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) will occur. Graphically, a vertical stretching
pulls the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) away from the y-axis. When
𝑐 > 1 in the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , a horizontal shrinking of
the graph of will occur. A horizontal shrinking pushes the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) toward the y-axis. In general, a
horizontal stretching or shrinking means that every point
(x, y) on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to (x/c, y) on
the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑐𝑥).
Function Transformations

Match each transformation of 𝑓(𝑥) listed below with its graph from the bottom of the page. The original
graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is shown at the right.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) − 2 ______________
2. 𝑓(2𝑥) ______________
3. −𝑓(𝑥 + 2) ______________
4. 2𝑓(−𝑥) ______________
𝑓(𝑥)
5. ______________
2

6. 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) ______________
𝑥
7. −𝑓 ( )
2
______________

8. 𝑓(−𝑥) + 2 ______________
9. 2𝑓(𝑥) − 2 ______________

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

G. H. I.

The graphs on this worksheet were produced with InquiCalc 2.0, available at www.inquisoft.com.
©2011 InquiSoft. Reproduction for educational use permitted provided that this footer text is retained.
Function Transformations

10. Write 𝑔(𝑥)(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟) in terms of 𝑓(𝑥)(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑟).

a. b.

𝑔(𝑥) = ___________________________________ 𝑔(𝑥) = ________________________________

c. d.

𝑔(𝑥) = ___________________________________ 𝑔(𝑥) = ________________________________

11. Use the given parent function,𝑓(𝑥), to sketch the transformed function 𝑔(𝑥).
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| 𝑔(𝑥) = −|𝑥 − 3| + 1 b. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 2√𝑥 + 3 + 1
Conclusion Name:______________________

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