Definition

• A shaft is the component of a mechanical

Design of Shafts device that transmits rotational motion and
p
power.

E. Evans
MET 210W

Shaft from Last Time Resultant Bending Moments in Shaft

B 69# B 255.75#
B 69# B 255.75# A C E A C
A C E A C
D D E
D D E
197# 341#
197# 341# 187# 315# 85.25#
187# 315# 85.25# Vertical Plane
Vertical Plane Horizontal Plane
Horizontal Plane
255.75# 561 ft-lb
187#
69# M M
V V
-207 ft-lb -255.75 ft-lb
-128# -85.25# -767.25 ft-lb

561 ft-lb
M MB = (561 ft ⋅ lbs)2 + (255.75 ft ⋅ lbs)2 = 617 ft ⋅ lbs
M
-207 ft-lb -255.75 ft-lb
-767.25 ft-lb MC = (207 ft ⋅ lbs)2 + (767.25 ft ⋅ lbs)2 = 795 ft ⋅ lbs

Torque Reaction Diagram

Stress Concentrations in Shafts
• Shafts typically contain:
Torque

A B C D E
– Several diameters
-1050 ft-lb – Keyseats
-1575 ft-lb – Ring grooves
y y – Other geometric discontinuities
• Stress concentration factors typically based
y
z x x z x on diameter which is the objective of the
z
design
Direction for POSITIVE Torque Reactions

1
 Shoulders & Fillets
Keyseats
Sharp Fillet Profile Keyseat
Preliminary Kt = 2.5 Preliminary Kt = 2.0

Well-Rounded Fillet Sled runner Keyseat

Preliminary Kt = 1.5 Preliminary Kt = 1.6

Retaining Ring Grooves Stresses in Shafts

Estimated Kt = 3.0 • Torsional shear stress
• Bending stress
• Axial tension/compression
• Vertical shear stress

Diameter computed
by design equation, d Nominal size is
actually 1.06*d

Reversed Vertical Shear

Design Shear Stress
• Use where there is no torque and the
• Steady Torque: bending moment is very small or zero.
.577 ⋅ S y τ
τd = time
N τmax

Distortion Energy Theorem

2.94 K t ( V ) N
• Use with steady torque, vertical shear stress D=
or direct shear stress in shafts. Sn '

2
 Shafts in Bending & Torsion Only
Design Equation – M & T
1 Failure
Zone 1/ 3
2 ⎡ 2 ⎤
3⎛ T ⎞
2
⎛ σ ⎞ ⎛⎜ τ ⎞⎟ ⎛ K tM ⎞
2
σ
D = ⎢⎢ ⎥
32 N
Safe ⎜ ⎟ +
S ' ⎠ ⎜⎝ S ys ⎟⎠
=1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
Sn' ⎝ Sn π 4 ⎜⎝ S y ⎟ ⎥
Zone
⎢⎣ ⎝ Sn ' ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦

τ 1

S ys
Interaction Diagram

Design Procedure
Shaft Design Example
• Find rotational speed and design power
• Find forces on shafts
– components and reactions
• Draw torque, shear and moment diagrams
• Pick
Pi k a material d il w// %E ≥ 12%
i l – ductile
– Get Sy and compute Sn’
• Determine initial design configuration
• Analyze each critical point
– Change in diameter, large T, large M, Kt
– Specify appropriate diameters
• Should check deflections at the end of the design

Loads Torque Diagram

• Torque
63000 P 63000 (50 hp)
T= = = 5727 in ⋅ lbs
n 550 rpm
• Forces
5727 in-lbs
T 5727 in ⋅ lbs
Wt = = = 1875 lbs
Torque

D / 2 .5 (6.109" )
Wr = Wt tan φ = 1875 lbs(tan 20°) = 682 lbs A B C Output
Coupling

3
 Reactions and V & M Diagrams
y PTO Shaft Design Continued
RAZ=227.8# RBZ=409.2# RAY=750# RBY=1125#
B B • Trial Material:
x x
A C A C
682# 1875# – Try AISI 1040 OQT 400
1125#
z 409.2# – Su = 113 ksi, Sy = 87 ksi
V V
-227.8# • Estimated Endurance Strength:
-750#
Horizontal Plane Vertical Plane
Sn’ = Sn Cm Cst CR CS
M M
1636”# Sn’ = 43 ksi(1.0)(1.0)(.81)(.795)
4500”#
Sn’ = 27.5 ksi
M B = (1636.8 in ⋅ lbs ) + (4500 in ⋅ lbs ) 2 = 4788 in ⋅ lbs
2

Initial Shaft Geometry