Academic performance shows outcomes that determine on which an individual do the specific task to

finish a specific goal that is the main activity of a certain instructional environments such school, college
and/or university (steinmayr et. Al 2014). Academic performance is a result from the hardship and
struggle of an individual to accomplish the given task. For example, in school, the students do their
performance task, written works and examinations to achieve a specific goal which to have high grades.
According to Ali et.al (2009) that the students’ academic performance place a vital role in producing
higher level of qualified graduates that will be a catalyst and true leaders of our developing country
which is responsible for its economic and social development. Thus, the high performance in school truly
an indicator that the students will be a great success not only to the teacher but also to themselves
because this high performance indicate that the students will become a successful someday which will
benefit themselves and the country. There are ways on how to determine the academic performance of
the students such as GPA (Grade Point Average),tests, and others (Ali et.al,2009).there are other studies
that uses CGPA/GPA on how they can determine the academic performance of the students (Galiher
2006; Darling 2005; Broh, 2002; Stephens and Schaben 2002 and Amy 2000) and others use the particular subject
or the previous year result on knowing the students achievements result (Hijazi & Naqvi, 2006; Hake,
1988; & tho.1994). Thus the students’ performance is characterized by the performance on the different types of
examination which associated with cousework(kyoshaba,2009) one of the indicator to determine the academic
performance of the students is their examinations which shows if the said students pass or fail their academic
performance. Several factors had have been known and studied which affect the academic performance of the students
in their different settings known as: students’ effort , previous or prior educational performance, self-motivation, the
social-economic status of the parents of the students , students’ age, number of hours of study per day, admission points,
different entry qualifications, tuition trends and the students’ area of residence (rural or urban) ) (Farooq, Chaudry,
Shafiq & Berhanu, 2011; Ali, Haider, Munir, Khan & Ahmed, 2013).

Reference on academic performance:

https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume12/3-Factors-Affecting-Students-Academic.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/28672741/CHAPTER_2_Review_of_Related_Literature_and_Studies

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/edri/2017/1789084/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225730872_Factors_Related_to_the_Academic_Performanc
e_of_Students_in_the_Statistics_Course_in_Psychology

https://www.academia.edu/7729575/CHAPTER_2_Review_of_Related_Literature_and_Studies_Foreign
_Literature_Student_Performance_Galiher
https://www.academia.edu/5323781/FACTORS_AFFECTING_THE_ACADEMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_THE_
WORKING

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-
0108.xml

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756810/obo-9780199756810-
0108.xml#obo-9780199756810-0108-bibItem-0003
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/the-relationship-between-individual-student-attributes-and-
online-course-completion/42383

https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/the-relationship-between-individual-student-attributes-and-
online-course-completion/165779

https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/use-of-online-social-networking-and-academic-performance-of-
students/112682

https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/technology-integrated-curriculum-and-students-academic-
performance/211089

http://www.jotse.org/index.php/jotse/article/view/107/122

https://musero.org.ng/publications/inter-
relationship_among_academic_performance_academic_achievement_learning_outcomes.pdf

https://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/academic+performance+indicators

https://eric.ed.gov/?q=evaluative+AND+quantitative&id=EJ1163432

https://eric.ed.gov/?q=pi&pg=4&id=EJ1095871

https://eric.ed.gov/?q=KPI&id=ED556646

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6195391/

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/90a0/e3640e8056e05571d56cf99e1f9c06a824d8.pdf

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f1e/9ab70b8a434ece52c2d34a69267f819c9872.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_kind_of_indicators_do_you_use_to_measure_quality_in_hig
her_education_others_than_research_activities_and_publication_matters

https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.394

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43245445_The_Factors_Influencing_Students'_Performance
_at_Universiti_Teknologi_MARA_Kedah_Malaysia

here are two

types of factors that affect the students‘ academic performance. These are internal and externalclassroom factors and these factors strongly affect the students‘
performance.
In this regard, Kyoshaba (2009) observed that students’ educational outcome and academic success is
greatly influenced by the type of school which they attended. The school we attend is the institutional
environment that sets the parameters of a student’s learning experience. In agreement with this, Considine
and Zappala (2002) reported that the type of school a child attends influences the educational outcomes

Reference:
Ricarda Steinmayr, Anja Meißner, Anne F. Weidinger, Linda Wirthwein(academic performance
shows….)

LAST REVIEWED: 28 APRIL 2017

 LAST MODIFIED: 30 JULY 2014

DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199756810-0108

There are several ways to determine student academic performance which are cumulative
grade point average (CGPA), grade point average (GPA), tests and others(Ali et.al 2009.)
The academic performance is defined by students’ reporting of past semester CGPA/GPA and their expected GPA
for the current semester. The grade point average or GPA is now used by most of the tertiary institutions as a
convenient summary measure of the academic performance of their students. The GPA is a better measurement
because it provides a greater insight into the relative level of performance of individuals and different group of
students.

academic performance of a student can be regarded as the observable and measurable behaviour of a
student in a particular situation.
In addition, Ali et al. (2013) and Kwesiga (2002) also observed that the learning outcomes and educational
performance of students are strongly affected by the type of educational institution where they received
their education.