TLE Reviewer 9

Personal Entrepreneurial Market And Environment

Competencies (PECs)
Product
 Process of innovation and new
 Tangible in nature
venture creation
 Separable
 Converting ideas into marketable
goods and service  Non-perishable
 Involves systematic organization and  Can be owned
utilization Service
Entrepreneurs  Intangible in nature
 People who have the ability to see  Inseparability of production and
and evaluate business opportunities consumption
 People who innovate, allocate and  Perishable nature
manage factors  Lack of ownership
 Catalysts for economic change who Factors That Affect The Sales of Product
use purposeful searching and careful And Services
planning
 People’s lifestyle/business
Characteristics of a Good Entrepreneur
 Market
 Creative  Types of business
 Good Human Relations  Capital
 Initiative
Steps In Formulating Business Ideas
 Hardworking
 Confident 1. Recognize the needs and wants of
 Disciplined the community
 Committed 2. List down the possible business
 Ability to accept change ideas
 Profit-oriented 3. Evaluate one’s self
4. Conduct a research
Important Skills of a Good Entrepreneur 5. Perform a SWOT Analysis
6. Finalize the business ideas
 Excellent planner
 Possess people skills SWOT Analysis – Strengths, Weaknesses,
 Sound-decision maker Opportunities, Threats. A managerial tool
used to assess the environment.
Steps In Conducting SWOT Analysis
1. Identify the strengths and
weaknesses in your business.
2. Identify the opportunities and threats
3. Do something about it
 Build on your strength
 Address your weakness
 Consider the opportunities
 Guard against the threats
Abstract Reasoning
 Refers to an individual’s ability to
recognize patterns and relationships
of theoretical or intangible ideas
 Ability to analyze information and
solve problems on a complex-thought
based level. It involves skills such
as:
- Forming theories about the nature
of the subject.
- Understanding subjects on a
complex level though analysis
- Ability to apply knowledge in
problem solving using theory,
metaphor, and complex analogy
3 Steps In Abstract Reasoning
 Recognition – Identifying instances
of abstract deducting reasoning about
abstract concepts and distinguish
premises from the conclusion
 Construction – Constructing an
instance of valid deductive reasoning
about abstract concepts
 Evaluation – Distinguishing valid
forms of deductive reasoning about
abstract objects or concepts from
invalid and/or fallacious forms
Freehand Drawing
 Artist’s Sketches – Uses charcoal
pencil, black ink, pastel, oil paint,
watercolor.
 Technical Man’s Sketches – Shown
in a special type of drawing called
orthographic projection/
Pencil Techniques
 Perpendicular Lines - 90° angled
lines.
 Parallel Lines – Lines that will
never meet even if prolonged.
 Horizontal Lines – Lines going
from left to right; vice-versa
 Vertical Lines – Lines going top
downward; vice-versa
 Inclined Lines – Bottom left to top
right; vice-versa
 Short Lines – Finger movement
 Long Lines – Arm movement
Curved Lines
 Regular – Circle, Arc, Eclipse
 Irregular – Lines with no definite
shape
Regular Curved Lines
 Radii Method
 One or two strokes method
Irregular Curved Lines
 Parallelogram method
 One or two strokes method
Drafting Tools
 45-45-90 Triangle – Draw vertical
lines with T-Square as base. Draw
angles.
 T-Square – Paper set up. Horizontal
lines. Base for triangle to draw
vertical lines.
 Drafting Paper – Used to draw on.
9” x 12”
 30-60-90 Triangle – Draw angles.
Draw vertical lines. Most important
triangle in drafting.
  Eraser Shield/Guide – Used to
erase small deficits of line segments.
 Drafting Pencil – 6H, hard lead,
sketching. H, soft lead, finishing.
 Compass – Draws circle or arcs.
 Scale – Measuring ratios/
 Vinyl Eraser – Used to erase
unwanted lines.
 Drafting Tape – Holds paper in
place.
 Dust Brush – Wipes eraser shavings
Grades of Pencil
 Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B
 Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
 Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
HB – Lettering
2H – Line Work
4h – General
Alphabet of Lines
- Each line has a definite form and line
weight.
5 Main Line Types
 Visible Lines – Dark, heavy lines.
Shows the outline and shape of an
object. Defines features.
 Hidden Lines – Light, narrow,
short, dashed lines. Used to help
clarify a feature but can be omitted.
 Center Lines – Thin lines consisting
of long and short dashes. Shows the
center of holes, slots, paths of
rotation and symmetrical objects.
 Dimension Lines – Shows the
length, width, height of the features.
Terminated with arrowheads.
 Extension Lines – Used to show
starting and ending points of a
dimension. Must have at least 1/16th
space between the object and
extension line.
Drawing
- It is the art of representing objects or forms
on a surface chiefly by means of lines.
Pictorial Drawing – A drawing that shows
an object as how they would appear in a
photo. A drawing that shows more than one
side.
Axonometric – Characterized by how
angles of axes (axon) are measured with
respect to each other.
 Isometric – All equal angles
 Dimetric – Two equal angles
 Trimetric – Unequal angles
Box Method – Starting point for all
isometric figure.
Oblique Drawing – Designed to show a 3-
dimension view of an object. There are three
types of oblique—cavalier, normal and
cabinet obliques.
 Cavalier – You keep the depth at
full measurement.
 Cabinet – You cut the depth in half.
 Normal – You cut the depth in ¾.
- In oblique drawing, the front view of an
object is rendered as if it were a 3-view. The
side and top view are then projected by
drawing the lines to make up the side and
top at an upward angle, usually 45° and
sometimes at 30° .
Isometric Drawing – A way of 3D
representation of an object on a 2D surface.
Consists of a 2D drawing. It is a way of
presenting designs in 3D. Consists of 2D
drawings that are tilted at some angle to
expose other views and give the viewer the
illusion of what they are viewing.
Orthographic Drawing – The term 1. Set up Isometric Axis using 1
orthographic came from the Greek words vertical line and 2 lines at 30 degrees
orthos and grapos which means straight line from horizontal
drawing
2. Estimate the overall width height and
Six Principal View depth of the object, and sketch the
edges of a block that would
 Top View completely enclose the object
 Front View
3. Sketch the outline of the front face
 Right Side View
using lines parallel and equal in
 Left Side View
 Rear View length to the two previous height and
 Bottom View width edges
4. Sketch the outlines of the top and
Principal Dimension side faces using the same basic
 Width procedure as used for the front face
 Height Begin sketching start/end points of
 Depth major features
5. Begin darkening major features as
Isometric to Orthographic- Orthographic they are developed. Locate start/end
Views are used extensively in engineering.
points of additional and smaller
Often, they must be produced from a 3D
object or possibly an existing Isometric features
drawing or sketch. 6. Locate and sketch start/end points
for non-isometric lines such as the
1. Block in the 3 views using overall angled surface. Sketch and darken
width, height and depth. Front View
the non-isometric features
first, then project height and width
using construction lines. Make sure
depth is the same on Top and Right
Views Isometric
2. Lightly block in major features in Drawing
each view. Place circles in views
where they look round. Begin
darkening major features
3. Construction lines can be used to Oblique
project location or size of one feature Drawing Orthographic
to another view. A miter line can be Drawing
used to project Depth dimensions
4. Finish adding all final lines. Be sure
to add all hidden and center lines
Darken all final lines
Orthographic to Isometric - Orthographic
drawings are common in engineering.
Visualizing or creating the Isometric View is
a critical engineering skill