Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)

Compiled by:
Dr P R Venkatesh
Associate Professor
Room No 2, Ground Floor
Mechanical Department
RVCE, Bangalore-59
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)
UNIT 3
Deflection of determinate Beams: Introduction, Definitions
of slope, Deflection, Elastic curve, Derivation of differential
equation of flexure, Sign convention, Double integration
method, Slope and deflection using Macaulay’s method for
prismatic beams and overhanging beams subjected to point
loads, UDL and couple. Numerical problems.
Thick and thin cylinders: Stresses in thin cylinders, Changes
in dimensions of cylinder(diameter, length and volume),
Thick cylinders subjected to internal and external pressures
(Lame’s equation), (Compound cylinders not included).
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Introduction to Pressure Vessels
• Closed containers known as pressure vessels are used to
store liquids, gases, compressed air, etc.
• Typical examples of pressure vessels are Steam engine
cylinders, water tanks, compressed air storage tanks, Steam
boilers, which store fluid or gas at high pressure &
temperature.
• The shape of pressure vessels generally used are cylinder &
sphere.
• In this chapter, classification of pressure vessels & stresses
induced in them & stress distribution across the thickness of
the walls will be discussed.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Thin & Thick Vessels
• Pressure vessels are classified into two groups namely
thin vessels & thick vessels based on the ratio of wall
thickness (t) to wall radius (R).

• Thin walled pressure vessel is generally defined as the

one with wall thickness is less than one-tenth of the
wall radius & thick walled vessel is defined as the one
with wall thickness is greater than one-tenth of the
wall radius.

t 1 t 1
For thin vessel  , for thick vessel 
R 10 R 10
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Stresses in a thin cylindrical shell
when a thin cylindrical vessel is subjected to internal fluid pressure, its walls
are subjected to;
(i) Circumferential or hoop stress : which tends to split the shell into two troughs
due to circumferential stress  c
(ii) Longitudinal stress : which tends to split the shell into two cylinders due to
longtudinal stress  L

Split into two cylinders

Split into two troughs Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(i) Circumferential or hoop stress : It tends to split the cylinder into two troughs.
Let L = the length of the cylinder, t  thickness of the shell, d  internal diameter
p  Intensity of internal pressure,  c  circumferential (or hoop) stress induced
Equating the bursting force to resisting force;
pd
p  d  L   c  (2  t  L)  ζ c =
2t

c L

c
L

 
Dr P Rc Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
c
Bangalore
(i) Longitudinal stress : It tends to split the shell into two cylinders
Let L = the length of the cylinder, t  thickness of the shell, d  internal diameter
p  Intensity of internal pressure,  L  Longitudinal stress induced
 pd
Equating the bursting force to resisting force; p   d 2   L  (  d  t )  ζ L =
4 4t
Note : (i) Longitudinal stress is at right angles to & half the circumferential stress
ζ -ζ
(ii) Max shear stress η max = c L
2

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 CHANGE IN DIMENSIONS OF A THIN CYLINDER:
Based on Hooke's law, we can find the circumferential & longitudinal strains induced.
Diameter, length & hence the volume of cylinder will increase due to fluid pressure p.
If  is the Poisson's ratio and E is the elastic modulus of the material of the cylinder,
c L
by Hooke' law & principle of superposition, Circumferential strain  c = 
E E
pd pd pd    pd
c =   1   =  2     Change in diameter δd = εc × d
2tE 4tE 2tE  2  4tE
L c
Also, Longitudinal strain  L = 
E E
pd pd pd
L =   1  2   Change in length δL = εL × L
4tE 2tE 4tE

Volumetric strain V : For a cylinder, V  d 2  L Taking log both sides
4
  V d L
log e V  log e    2 log e d  log e L Differentiating, 2 
4 V d L
 pd
 2     1  2 
pd
 V  2 c   L  2 
 4tE  4tE
pd pd
V   4  2    1  2    Dr P R Venkatesh,
 5 Bangalore
 Dept,
- 4μMech Change
RVCE, in volume δV = ε ×V
V
4tE 4tE
Prob 1: A steel penstock of diameter 1.5 m and thickness 15
mm is subjected to 100 m head of water. Calculate the hoop
stress, longitudinal stress & the maximum shear stress at the
bottom of the penstock.

Data : d  1.5 m  1500 mm, t  15 mm, Pressure head H  100 m of water

Pressure p   gH  1000  9.81 100  9.81 105 N / m 2  0.981 N / mm 2
pd 0.9811500
(i) Circumferential stress :  c    49.05 N / mm 2
2t 2 15
pd 0.9811500
(ii) Longitudinal stress :  L    24.525 N / mm 2
4t 4 15
 - 49.05 - 24.525
(iii) Max shear stress η max = c L   12.2625 N / mm 2
2 2
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 2: A cylindrical pressure vessel of 1 m inner diameter and
1.5 m long is subjected to internal pressure p. Thickness of the
cylinder wall is 15 mm. Taking the allowable stress for the
cylinder material as 90 MPa, determine (i) Magnitude of
pressure p (ii) Change in dimensions & volume. Take E= 200

Gpa & 0.3

Data : d  1 m  1000 mm, t  15 mm, L  1.5 m  1500 mm
Allowable stress  circumferential stress = 90 MPa ( Always ζc > ζ L )

E= 200 GPa,   0.3,

To determine : p  ?,  d  ?,  L  ?  V  ?

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 pd p 1000
(i) Internal fluid pressure :  c   90   p = 2.7 N / mm 2
2t 2 15
pd 2.7 1000
(ii) Longitudinal stress :  L    45 N / mm 2
4t 4 15
 pd
(iii) Change in diameter :  d   c  d    2      d
 4tE 
 2.7 1000 
3   1000  0.3825 mm
d   2  0.3
 4 15  200 10 
 pd 
(iv) Change in length :  L   L  L   1  2    L
 4tE 
 2.7 1000 
L   1  2  0.3    1500  0.135 mm
 4 15  200 10 
3

 pd  d2
(v) Change in volume :  V   V  V    5  4   V where V  L
 4tE  4
 2.7 1000    1000 
2

3 
V   5  4  0.3    1500 
 4 15  200 10   4 
 V   8.55 104   1.1781
Dr
P 10
9
  100.73
R Venkatesh,  RVCE,
Mech Dept, 10 4 mm 3
Bangalore
Prob 3: A 1.2 m long cylindrical pressure vessel of 500 mm
inner diameter and 14 mm wall thickness undergoes a volume
change of 50,000 mm3, when it is subjected to an internal

pressure p. Taking E= 210 Gpa & 0.3 determine;

(i) Magnitude of pressure p (ii) Hoop stress

Data : d  500 mm, t  14 mm, L  1.2 m  1200 mm,  V  50000 mm3

E= 200 GPa,   0.3, To determine : p  ?,  c  ?

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(i) Internal fluid pressure : The change in volume is given as 50000 mm3

 pd  d2
But  V  V  V    5  4   V where V  L
 4tE  4

 p  500     500 
2

3 
50000   5  4  0.3     1200 
 4 14  210 10   4 

50000  1.6156 104 p    235.62 106   p = 1.3135 N / mm 2

pd 1.3135  500
(ii) Hoop stress :  c    23.455 N / mm 2
2t 2 14

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Prob 4: A thin cylinder 2 m long and 200 mm diameter with 10
mm wall thickness is filled completely with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. If an additional 25000 mm3 is pumped
in, find the longitudinal & hoop stress developed. Also
determine the change in diameter & length if E=2x105 N/mm2
and Poisson’s ratio =0.3.
Data : d  200 mm, t  10 mm, L  2 m  2000 mm,  V  25000 mm3

E= 2 105 N/mm2 ,   0.3, To determine :  L  ?  c  ?  d  ?  L  ?

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(i) Internal fluid pressure : Given change in volume  V  25000 mm3
 pd  d2
 V  V  V    5  4   V where V  L
 4tE  4
 p  200     200 
2

5 
25000   5  4  0.3     2000 
 4  10  2  10   4 
25000   9.5  105 p    62.83  106   p = 4.2 N / mm 2
pd 4.2  200
(ii) Hoop stress :  c    p = 42 N / mm 2
2t 2 10
pd 4.2  200
(iii) Longitudinal stress :  L    21 N / mm 2
4t 4 10
 pd
(iv) Change in diameter :  d   c  d    2     d
 4tE 
 4.2  200 
d    2  0.3    200  0.0357 mm
 4 10  2 10 
5

 pd
(v) Change in length :  L   L  L   1  2    L
 4tE 
 4.2  200 
L   1  2  0.3    2000  0.084 mm
 4  10  2  10 
5 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 5: A boiler shell is to be made of 20 mm thick plates
having a limiting tensile stress of 125 N/mm2. If the efficiencies
of the longitudinal & circumferential joints are 80% & 30%
respectively, determine;
(i) Maximum permissible diameter of the shell for an internal
pressure of 2.5 N/mm2 (ii) permissible intensity of internal
pressure when the shell diameter is 1.6 m

Data : t  20 mm,  c  125 N / mm2 , L  0.8,c  0.3

To determine : d  ? when p  2.5 N / mm 2

p  ? when d  1.6 m
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Note : As due to hoop stress the cylinder splits into two troughs longitudinally,
pd
the efficiency of longitudinal joint is to be considered . i.e. ζ c =
2tηL

(i.e longitudinal joint is subjected to circumferential or hoop stress)

Also due to longitudinal stress the cylinder splits into two cylinders,the efficiency

pd
of circumferential joint is to be considered . i.e. ζ L =
4tηc

(i.e circumferential joint is subjected to longitudinal stress)

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Note : As the joint efficiencies are different, the permissible stress must be
equated to circumferential & longitudinal stress seperately for calculations.
(i) Permissible diameter if pressure = 2.5 MPa :
pd 2.5  d
For longitudinal joint,  c   125   d  1600 mm
2t L 2  20  0.8

pd 2.5  d
For circumferential joint,  L   125   d  1200 mm
4tc 4  20  0.3

Select the minimum value (d = 1200 mm) as the permissible diameter.

(ii) Permissible internal pressure if d = 1600 mm :

pd p  1600
For longitudinal joint,  c   125   p  2.5 N / mm 2
2t L 2  20  0.8

pd p 1600
For circumferential joint,  L   125   p  1.875 N / mm 2
4tc 4  20  0.3
2
Select the minimum value (pDr=P R1.875
Venkatesh,N /
Mech
Bangalore
mm ) as the permissible pressure.
Dept, RVCE,
 STRESSES IN THICK CYLINDERS
1
If the ratio of thickness to internal radius of cylinder is more than , it is
10
considered as a thick cylinder. In thick cylinders, the hoop stress is maximum at
the inner circumference & minimum at the outer circumference. Thick cylinders
are used to withstand higher pressures.
Lame's Theory : The analysis of thick cylinder is complex and hence it is solved
by making the following assumptions.
(i) The material is homogeneous and isotropic
(ii) Longitudinal strain is constant and is independent of radius.

c
L
c
L
Ri

Ro

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 Lame’s equation for thick cylinders
• A thick cylinder of length L, inner radius Ri outer radius Ro subjected to
internal pressure Pi is shown in fig.
• Consider a semicircular element of inner radius ‘x’ and thickness ‘dx’ as
shown subjected to internal pressure Px & external pressure (Px+dPx)
and circumferential stress x
( Px + dPx )
Po

dx

x
Px
Pi
x x
x dx
2x
2(x+dx)

Ri t
Ro Mech Dept, RVCE,
Dr P R Venkatesh,
Bangalore
For the elemental ring, equating the bursting force to resisting force;
Px  (2  x  L)  ( Px  dPx )  2( x  dx) L   x  (2  dx  L)
Px  2 xL  Px  2 xL  dPx  2 xL  2( Px  dx) L  2(dPx  dx  L)   x  (2  dx  L)
Neglecting product of small quantities, i.e. taking 2(dPx × dx× L)= 0 & simplifying,
 dPx 
dPx  x  ( Px  dx)   x  dx or ζ x + x   + Px = 0 (i)
 dx 
( Px + dPx )
Po

dx

x
Px
Pi
x x
x dx
2x
2(x+dx)

Ri t

Dr P R
RoVenkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
An element in the wall of the cylinder is subjected to;
(i) Radial pressure Px (compressive)
(ii) Circumferential stress  x (tensile)
(iii) Longitudinal stress  L (tensile)
By assumption of Lame's theory, for a thick cylinder, the strain in the longitudinal
direction is a constant.
L x 
P   
i.e.  L      x   L   x  Px   constant

E E  E E E
As  L is independent of radius,  & E are material constants, for  L to be a constant,
the term  x  Px  must be a constant. Let  x  Px   2a.   x  ( Px  2a )
 dP   dPx 
Substituting in (i), ( Px  2a)  x  x 
 x P or x    2( Px  a)
 dx   dx 
 dPx  dx
Re arranging,    2 Integrating, log e ( Px  a )  2log e x  C
 Px  a  x
where C is a constant of integration. For convenience, let C  log e b (another constant)
 1   b 
 log e ( Px  a )  2log e x  log e b  log e  2   log e b  log e  2 
 x Mech
Dr P R Venkatesh,  Dept, RVCE, x 
Bangalore
  1   b 
log e ( Px  a)  2log e x  log e b  log e  2   log e b  log e  2 
x  x 
b b
Taking antilog, ( Px  a)  2 or Px  2  a
x x
b
i.e. Radial pressure distribution in a thick cylinder is Px = 2 - a
x
 b  b
Also,  x  Px  2a   2  a   2a  2 + a
x  x
b
i.e. Circumferential pressure distribution in a thick cylinder is ζ x = 2 + a
x
The constants a & b depend on the boundary conditions & x is the radial
distance of a point in the wall of the cylinder at which stresses are to be
found. The above equations are known as Lame's equations.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 Difference between thin & thick cylinders
Thin Cylinder Thick Cylinder

The ratio of thickness of shell to internal The ratio of thickness of shell to internal
1
radius is less than 1/10 radius is more than 1/10

Circumferential stress distribution is Circumferential stress distribution is non

2 assumed to be uniform throughout the uniform & varies parabolically across the
thickness of the wall thickness of the wall

Radial component of stress is small & is Radial stress is considerably large & varies
3 neglected. parabolically across the thickness of the
wall

Longitudinal stress is uniformly distributed Longitudinal strain is constant & is

across the transverse section. independent of radius & hence longitudinal
4
stress is also a constant & uniformly
distributed across the thickness.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 1: A thick cylindrical vessel of 500 mm inner diameter is
subjected to an internal pressure of 9 MPa. Taking allowable
stress for the material of the cylinder as 40 MPa, determine;
(i) Wall thickness of the cylinder (ii) Circumferential stress at
the outer radius and (iii) % error involved if thickness is
calculated based on thin vessel theory.

Data : d o  500 mm Pi  9MPa, Allowable stress  σ ci = 40 MPa

Po  0 (As external pressure is not given, it is assumed to be atmospheric)

To determine : Px  ?  x  ? Error  ?

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 500
Given : Pi =9 MPa at R i = =250 mm, Max stress is hoop stress
2
which occurs at the inner wall. i.e.  ci  40 MPa at R i  250 mm
b
(i) Thickness of the cylinder : Using Lame's equations; Px  2
a
x
Boundary conditions :
b
(i) @ x = Ri =250 mm, Px  Pi  9Mpa  9  2
a (i )
250
b
(ii) @ x = Ri =250 mm,  x   ci  40Mpa  40  2
 a (ii )
250
Solving (i) & (ii), we get a = 15.5, b = 1531250
(iii) Taking the pressure to be atmospheric at the radius, Po =0 at x  R o
1531250
0 2
 15.5  Ro = 314 mm
Ro
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Thickness of the cylinder t = (Ro - Ri ) = (314 - 250) = 64 mm

(ii) Circumferential stress at the outer radius :

1531250
 co = 2
 15.5  31MPa
(314)
(iii) % error in calculation of thickness based on thin cylinder theory
PD 9  500
Using thin cylinder theory,  c   40   t  56.3mm
2t 2t
 64  56.3 
% error    100  13.7%
 56.3 

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Prob 2: A thick walled cylindrical pressure vessel has inner
radius of 150 mm and outer radius of 185 mm. Draw a sketch
showing the radial pressure & hoop stress distribution on the
section of the cylinder wall, when an internal pressure of 10
N/mm2 is applied.

Data : Ri  150 mm, Ro  185 mm, Pi  10MPa, Po  0

To determine : Px  ?  x  ? at different radii

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Given : Pi =10 MPa at R i =150 mm, Po =0 at R o =185 mm.
b
Using Lame's equations for radial pressure Px  2  a,
x
Boundary conditions :
b
(i) @ x  Ri =150 mm, Px  Pi  10 MPa  10  2
a
150
b
(ii) @ x  Ro =185 mm, Px  Po  0  0  2
a
185
Solving, we get a = 19.2, b = 656770
b
Also Circumferential stress distribution is  x = 2
+a
x
656770
Putting x = Ri =150 mm, we get  ci  2
+19.2  48.4 MPa
150
656770
Putting x = Ro =185 mm, we get  
coDept, RVCE, 2
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech
+19.2  38.4 MPa
Bangalore 185
 Hoop Stress
ci = 48.4 MPa (Tensile)

co= 38.4 MPa

R i =150 mm
Po =0
Radial pressure
(Compressive)
Pi =10 MPa
R o=185 mm

Circumferential & radial Pressure distribution

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Prob 3: A thick walled cylindrical pressure vessel has inner
radius of 200 mm and outer radius of 250 mm. The material of
the cylinder has an allowable stress of 75 MPa. Determine the
maximum internal pressure that can be applied and draw a
sketch of radial & circumferential stress distribution.

Data : Ri  200 mm, Ro  250 mm,  ci  75MPa, Po  0

To determine : Pi  ? Px  ?  x  ? at different radii

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Given : R i =200 mm, R o =250 mm,  ci  75 MPa, Po  0
b
Using Lame's equations for radial pressure  x  2  a
x
Boundary conditions :
b
(i) @ x  Ri =200 mm,  x   ci  75MPa  75  2
a
200
b
(ii) @ x  Ro =250 mm, Px  Po  0  0  2
a
250
Solving, we get a = 29.27, b = 1829268.3
b
Radial pressure distribution is Px = 2  a Putting x = Ri =200 mm,
x
1829268.3
we get Pi  2
 29.27  16.46 MPa
200
b
Also Circumferential stress distribution is  x = 2 +a
x
1829268.3
Putting x = Ro =250 mm, we get  co  2
+29.27  58.54 MPa
250
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Hoop Stress
ci = 75 MPa (Tensile)

co= 58.54 MPa

R i =200 mm
Po=0
Radial pressure
(Compressive)
Pi =16.46
MPa R o=250 mm

Circumferential & radial Pressure distribution

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Prob 4: A thick walled cylindrical pressure vessel has inner and
outer diameters of 180 mm and 220 mm respectively is
subjected to an internal pressure of 10 MPa. Taking the
circumferential stress at the inner wall is 25 MPa, determine;
(i) Maximum value of external pressure that can be applied
(ii) Circumferential stress at the outer surface.
Also draw a sketch of radial & circumferential stress
distribution.
180 220
Data : Ri  =90 mm, Ro  =110 mm,  ci  25 MPa,
2 2
Pi  10 MPa

To determine : Po  ?  co  ?
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 180 220
Given : Ri   90 mm, Ro   110 mm, Pi  10 MPa,  ci  25 MPa,
2 2
Po  ?,  co  ?
b b
Using Lame's equations Px  2
 a &  x  2
a
x x
Boundary conditions :
b
(i) @ x  Ri =90 mm,  x   ci  25 MPa  25  2
a
90
b
(ii) @ x  Ri =90 mm, Px  Pi  10 MPa  10  2  a
90
Solving, we get a = 7.5, b = 141750
b
Circumferential stress distribution is  x = 2
+a
x
141750
Putting x = Ro =110 mm, we get  co  2
+7.5  19.215 MPa
110
b
Radial pressure distribution is Px = 2  a Putting x = Ro =110 mm,
x
141750
we get Po  2
 7.5  4.215 MPa
110 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Hoop Stress
ci = 25 MPa (Tensile)

co= 58.54 MPa

R i =90 mm
Po=4.2 MPa
Radial pressure
(Compressive)
Pi =10 MPa
R o=110 mm

Circumferential & radial Pressure distribution

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore