Design Working Life [EN 1990: 2002, Table 2.

1]
Category 4 structure: 50 years - Building structures and other common structures
Category 5 structure: 100 years - civil engineering structures

Partial Safety Factors:

Permanent loads γG = 1.35
Variable loads γQ = 1.50

Design of Concrete Structures

Material Safety Factors:
Concrete – Ultimate Limit State γc = 1.5
Concrete – Serviceability Limit State γc = 1.0
Reinforcing Steel – Ultimate Limit State γs = 1.15
Reinforcing Steel – Serviceability Limit State γs = 1.0
Resistance of cross-section γM0 = 1.00
Resistance of member to instability γM1 = 1.00
Resistance of cross-section to fracture γM2 = 1.25

Concrete Cylinder Strength (fck):

C20 = 20N/mm2 (min.)
C25 = 25N/mm2
C30 = 30N/mm2
C35 = 35N/mm2 (max.)

Reinforcing Steel Strength (fyk):

Characteristic yield strength = 460N/mm2
Ductility Class: B
BS 8666: 2005 designation: T

Concrete Cover: cnom = cmin + Δcdev

Allowance in design for deviation ΔCdev = 10mm
Minimum cover to reinforcement Cmin = max [Cmin,b ; Cmin,dur]
Cover for bond: Cmin,b = diameter of reinforcement bar
Cover for durability related to exposure class: Cmin, dur
Exposure Class XS1: Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water -
Structures near to or on the coast

Self-Weight of Concrete
Unreinforced concrete 24kN/m3
Reinforced concrete 25kN/m3

Anti-corrosion of reinforcing steel

 · Unprotected reinforcement
· Red-oxide primer paint
· Stainless steel reinforcement
· Fibre reinforcement

Design of Steel Structures

Material Safety Factors:
Resistance of cross-section γM0 = 1.00
Resistance of member to instability γM1 = 1.00
Resistance for bolts γM2 = 1.25
Resistance for welds γM2 = 1.25
Resistance for slip resistance ULS γM3 = 1.25
Resistance for slip resistance SLS γM3 = 1.1

Steel Yield Strength

Bolts
Grade 8.8 metric bolts
Ultimate bolt strength fub = 800N/mm2
Yield Strength fyb = 640N/mm2
Minimum diameter 12mm
Bolt hole diameter = bolt diameter + 1mm, for M12 – M14 bolts
Bolt hole diameter = bolt diameter + 2mm, for M16 – M24 bolts
Bolt hole diameter = bolt diameter + 3mm, for M27 or larger bolts
Minimum edge and end distances = 1.2x bolt hole diameter
Minimum spacing between fasteners = 2.2x bolt hole diameter
Maximum spacing between fasteners = max[14t; 200mm], t = plate thickness

Welds
Minimum weld root radius 6mm

Self-Weight of Steel
Steel 78.5kN/m3

Anti-corrosion of steel
· Unprotected steel
· Metalising 100µm
· Hot-dip zinc galvanizing 80µm
· Epoxy-based primer
· Epoxy-based top coat