MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY i.

) Lasswell’s Communication Model

REVIEWER (1948)
I.) INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND Who (COMMUNICATOR)  Says What
INFORMATION LITERACY (MESSAGE)  In Which Channel (MEDIUM)  To
Whom (RECEIVER)  With what effect? (EFFECT)
Media are defined (irrespective of the nature and
technologies used) as sources of credible and ii.) Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
current information created through an editorial Communication
process determined by journalistic values whereby
editorial accountability can be attributed to a specific
organization or a legal person.

Multiple Roles of Media

act as channels of information and knowledge
through which citizens communicate with each other
and make informed decisions
iii.) Osgood-Schramm Model of
facilitate informed debates between diverse
Communication
social actors
provide us with much of what we learn about
the world beyond our immediate experience
are essential facilitators of democratic
processes and one of the guarantors of free and fair
elections
are a vehicle for cultural expression and
cultural cohesion within and between nations
function as an advocate and social actor in its iv.) Westley and Maclean’s Model of
own right while respecting pluralistic values Communication
Media literacy refers to the capacity to
understand, analyze and critique the media, and to
meaningfully participate with messages in print,
audio, video, and/or internet discourse.

Sourcing information is the proper use of

information made available by media and various
information providers depends on people’s abilities
to understand their information needs, and to locate,
retrieve and evaluate the quality of the information
they can access.

Communication is the act or process of using v.) Berlo’s SMCR Model of

words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or Communication
exchange information or to express your ideas,
thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
It is the exchange of information and the expression
of feeling that can result in understanding.

Transmission Models

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Media Literacy is the ability to read, analyze,
evaluate and produce communication in a variety of
media forms.
Information Literacy is the ability to recognize
when information is needed and have the ability to
locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate
information in its various formats.
Technology (Digital) Literacy is the ability to
use digital technology, communication tools or
networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create
information.
Media and Information Literacy refers to the
essential competencies (knowledge, skills and
attitude) that allow citizens to engage with media and
other information providers effectively and develop
critical thinking and life-long learning skills for
socializing and becoming active citizens.
II.) LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL
ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION
LITERACY
Copyright is a legal device that gives the creator of
a literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work the
sole right to publish and sell that work.
Copyright owners have the right to control the
reproduction of their work, including the right to
receive payment for that reproduction. An author
may grant or sell those rights to others, including
publishers or recording companies.
Violation of a copyright is called infringement.
Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely
imitating the language and thoughts of another
author without authorization; the representation of
that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting
the original author.
Cyberbullying is a bullying that takes place online,
or using electronic technology such as cell phones,
computers and tablets over communication tools
including social media sites, text messages, chat,
and websites.
Digital Divide is an economic inequality between
groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge
of ICT.
The divide within countries can refer to inequalities
between individuals, households, businesses, and
geographic areas at different socioeconomic levels.
The Global digital divide designates countries
as the units of analysis, and examines the divide
between developing and developed countries on an
international scale.
III.) Patent, Copyright and Trademark
Intellectual Property Office (IPOPHL) is the
leading agency responsible for handling the
registration and conflict resolution of intellectual
property rights enforce the copyright law.
It was created by virtue of Republic Act No. 8293 or
the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
which took effect on January 1, 1998, under the
presidency of Fidel V. Ramos.
Literary and artistic works includes:
 books, writings, musical works, films,
paintings, and other works including
computer programs.
Works are created on the sole fact of their very
creation - regardless of their mode or form of
expression as well as their content, the quality of
said content, and purpose.
A Patent is a grant issued by the government
through the Intellectual Property Office of the
Philippines (IP Philippines).
It is an exclusive right granted for a product, process
or an improvement of a product or process which is
new, inventive and useful.
This exclusive right gives the inventor the right to
exclude others from making, using, or selling the
product of his invention during the life of the patent.
A patent has a term of protection of twenty (20)
years providing an inventor significant commercial
gain. In return, the patent owner must share the full
description of the invention.
Patentable inventions offer a technical solution
to a problem in any field of human activity. However,
theories, mathematical methods, methods of
treatment and artistic creations are non-patentable
inventions.
PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
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  A technical solution to a problem in any field
of human activity
 It must be NEW
 It must involve an INVENTIVE STEP
 It must be INDUSTRIALLY APPLICABLE
NON-PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
 Discovery
 Scientific theory
 Mathematical methods
 Scheme, rule and method of performing
mental act
 Playing games
 Doing business
 Program for computer
 Method for treatment – human or animal
body by surgery or therapy & diagnostic
method
 Plant variety or animal breed or essentially
biological processes for the production of
plants and animals
 Aesthetic creation
 Contrary to public order or morality
A copyright is the legal protection extended to the
owner of the rights in an original work. Original work
refers to every production in the literary, scientific,
and artistic domains.
It gives authors or artist the legal right to exclude
others from using their works.
Copyright Information
- Copyright protects “original works of
authorship” that are fixed in “a tangible form
of expression.”
- Rights begin at the moment of “fixation.”
- Copyright is automatic when a protectable
work has been fixed in a tangible medium
such as a floppy disk or hard drive.
- A poem or picture is as much protected on a
disk as on a piece of paper or on a canvas.
Works covered by the copyright law are:
1. Literary and artistic works and
2. Derivative works.
Works not protected by the copyright law are
1. Unprotected subject matter
2. Works of the government
Literary and Artistic Works
According to Section 172 of the Intellectual
Property Code, literary and artistic works refer to the
original and intellectual creations protected from the
moment of their creation.
List of Literary and Artistic Works:
 Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings
 Periodicals and newspapers
 Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations
prepared for oral delivery, whether or not
reduced in writing or other material form
 Letters
 Dramatic or dramatico-musical
compositions; choreographic works or
entertainment in dumb shows
 Musical compositions, with or without word
 Works of drawing, painting, architecture,
sculpture, engraving, lithography or other
works of art; models or designs for works of
art
 Original ornamental designs or models for
articles of manufacture, whether or not
registrable as an industrial design, and other
works of applied art
 Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts
and three-dimensional works relative to
geography, topography, architecture or
science
 Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or
technical character
 Photographic works including works
produced by a process analogous to
photography; lantern slides
 Audiovisual works and cinematographic
works and works produced by a process
analogous to cinematography or any process
for making audio-visual recordings
 Pictorial illustrations and advertisements
 Computer programs
 Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic
works
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Derivative works are defined as new work
provided that they do not violate any subsisting
copyright upon the original work employed or any
part thereof, or to imply any right to such use of the
original works, or to secure or extend copyright in
such original works.
List of Derivative works:
 Dramatizations, translations, adaptations,
abridgments, arrangements, and other
alterations of literary or artistic works
 Collections of literary, scholarly or artistic
works, and compilations of data and other
materials which are original by reason of the
selection or coordination or arrangement of
their contents.
According to Section 174, which refers to the case
of a published edition of work, the publisher has the
copyright consisting merely of the right of
reproduction of the typographical arrangement of the
published edition of the work.
Unprotected Subject Matter
Any idea, procedure, system, method or operation,
concept, principle, discovery or mere data as such,
even if they are expressed, explained, illustrated or
embodied in a work.
List of Unprotected Subject Matter:
 News of the day and other miscellaneous
facts having the character of mere items of
press information
 Any official text of a legislative,
administrative or legal nature, as well as any
official translation thereof
Copyright Ownership
- Copyright shall belong to the author of the
work for original literary and artistic works
For works with joint ownership, all the authors will
be recognized as original owners.
For created during the course of
works
employment of an author, copyright ownership are
as follows:
- If the object of ownership is not a part of the
regular duties of the author, the employee
shall get the copyright even if he/she used
the time, facilities, and materials of the
employer.
- If the work is an output of the author for his
regularly-assigned duties, the employer shall
get the copyright unless there is an
agreement to the contrary.
For works created in pursuance of a
commission to the author by a person other
than his/her employer, the ownership shall be
granted to the person who commissioned but the
copyright ownership shall remain with the creator,
unless there is an agreement to the contrary.
For audiovisual works, the copyright shall belong
to the producer, the author of the scenario, the
composer of the music, the film director, and the
author of the work adapted.
For letters, the copyright shall belong to the writer
subject to Article 723 of the Civil Code.
For anonymous works and works under a
pseudonym, the publisher shall represent the
work’s author who are either anonymous or under a
pseudonym, unless the contrary appears or the
author discloses his/her identity.
Types of Rights under the Law of Copyright:
1.) Economic Rights
This allows a creator to ask for or obtain payment for
the use of his or her work by third parties.
• Replication of the work, or a portion of the work
•Transformation or dramatization of the original work
• The first public distribution of the original work and
each copy of the work
• Rental of the original work, or copy of the work
embodied in any form.
• Public display of the original or copy of the work
• Public performance of the work
• Other communication of the work to the public
2.) Moral Rights
These rights allow the author of the work to maintain
his or her personal connection to the work, and to
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undertake measures in order to protect this  The Perfect crime
connection.
• Require the authorship of the work be attributed to
him or her. 1.) The Ghost Writer
- The writer turns in another’s work,
• To make any transformation or adjustment to the word-for-word, as his or her own.
work, or withhold it from publication
• To oppose any and all mutilation or any other
derogatory action to the work which could potentially
be detrimental to the author's honor and reputation 2.) The Photocopy
- The writer copies significant portions of text
• To refuse to the use of the author's name on any straight from a single source, without
mutilated or distorted version of his work, or any alteration.
work not of his own creation 3.) The Potluck Paper
3.) Resale Rights - The writer copies from several different
sources, tweaking the sentences to make
The author and his or her heirs have the inalienable them fit together while retaining most of the
right to partake of 5% of the proceeds of the sale or original phrasing.
lease of his or her original work (painting, sculpture, 4.) The Poor Disguise
manuscript, composition). - The writer has altered the paper’s
appearance slightly by changing key words
This inalienable right is in effect during the lifetime of
and phrases.
the author, and for fifty years after his or her death.
5.) The Labor of Laziness
4.) Related Rights - The writer takes the time to paraphrase most
of the paper from other sources and make it
Related rights (or neighboring rights) are the rights all fit together.
of a creative work not connected with the work's
6.) The Self-Stealer
actual author. It is used in opposition to the term
- The writer “borrows” generously from his or
"authors' rights".
her previous work.
Plagiarism is the act of using another person's
words or ideas without giving credit to that person.
1.) The Forgotten Footnote
The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas
- The writer mentions an author’s name for a
and passing them off as one's own.
source, but neglects to include specific
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM information on the location of the material
referenced.
Sources Not Cited
2.) Misinformer
 The Ghost Writer - The writer provides inaccurate information
 The Photocopy regarding the sources, making it impossible
 The Potluck Paper to find them.
 The Poor Disguise 3.) The Too-Perfect Paraphrase
 The Labor of Laziness - The writer properly cites a source, but
 The Self-stealer neglects to put in quotation marks on text
that has been copied word-for-word, or close
Sources Cited to it.
 The Forgotten Footnote 4.) The Resourceful Citer
- The writer properly cites all sources,
 Misinformer
paraphrasing and using quotations
 The Too-perfect Paraphrase
appropriately. The catch? The paper
 The Resourceful Citer
contains almost no original work!
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 5.) The Perfect Crime 1 (1951), Mainframe Computers - I.E. Ibm 704
- The writer properly quotes and cites sources (1960), Personal Computers - I.E.
in some places but goes on to paraphrase HEWLETTPACKARD 9100A (1968), APPLE 1
other arguments from those sources without (1976), OHP, Lcd Projectors
citation.
4.) Information Age
- The Internet paved the way for faster
communication and the creation of the social
network.
People advanced the use of microelectronics with
III. The Evolution of Communication from the invention of personal computers, mobile devices,
Traditional to New Media and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image,
sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in
1.) Prehistoric Age
the information age.
- People discovered fire, developed paper from
plants and forged equipment or weapon through
stone, bronze, copper and iron.
Examples: Cave Paintings (35,000 BC), Papyrus
In Egypt (2500 BC), Clay Tablets In
Mesopotamia (2400 BC), Acta Diurna In Rome
(130 BC), Dibao In China (2nd Century), Printing
Press Using Wood Blocks (220 AD), Codex In
The Mayan Region (5th Century)

2.) Industrial Age

- People used the power of steam, developed
machine tools, established iron production and
manufacturing of various products (including
books through the printing press).
Examples: Printing Press for Mass Production
(19th Century), Newspaper- The London
Gazette (1640), Typewriter (1800), Telephone
(1876)
Motion picture photography/projection (1890) 
Commercial motion pictures (1913)  Motion
picture with sound (1926)  Telegraph Punch
cards

3.) Electronic Age

- People harnessed the power of electricity that led
to electrical telegraphy, electrical circuits and the
early large-scale computers (through vacuum tubes,
transistors and integrated circuits).
In this age, long distance communication became
possible.
Examples: Transistor Radio Television (1941) Large
Electronic Computers- I.E. Edsac (1949) And Univac
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