General Biology Water – only sub that can pass in and out (kahit

walang I.D)
Cell theory
- Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
1. All animals and plants are composed of cells - Organelles – structures for cell function
and cell products - Control center with DNA (carries genetic
2. Smallest unit having the properties of life info)
3. Continuity of life arises directly from he
growth and division of single cells. General Type

Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke 1. Prokaryotic – without true nucleus
2. Eukaryotic – with true nucleus
(1839) Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden EU – true karyo- nuceus
- all living things are made of cells” *true nucleus (pag may membrane sa labas)
After 50 yrs. Rudolf Virchow
- all cells come from cells
Prokaryotes
Cells – basic structural and functional unit of living
organisms. - “before nucleus”; lacks a true membrane-
bound nucleus
Why are cells so small?
- Independent, single-cell organism (bacteria)
- The smaller the size, the larger the surface are
- Cytoplasm is not compartmentalized
- no internal organelles like a nucleus
Human RBC – concave para mas kumapit ang oxygen
- Include the two kingdoms of bacteria
Processes of Cells -Bacteri are the simplest cellular organisms
- need energy that occurs from chemical reactions - Bacteria have diverse array of shapes
occurring in a cell - They can adhere in chains and mosses,
although the cells remain separate
1. Nutrition - First cell type on earth
2. Biosynthesis - Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
3. Digestion - No membrane bound
4. Absorption - Nucleiod – region of DNA concentration
5. Biosynthesis - Organelles not bound by membrane
6. Cellular Respiration
7. Secretion Eukaryotes
8. Response
9. Reproduction - “true nucleus”; has a membrane-enclosed
nucleus that houses the DNA in a complex
Characteristics of All Cells structures called chromosomes.
- Contain organelles
- A surrounding membrane
- Have special network of minute filaments
3 chemicals
and tubules )cytoskeleton) which gives
- carbohydrates – surface of the cell
shape for the cells and allows movement
- protein – embedded
- Include all protests, fungi, plants, and
- phospholipids – hydrophobic – contains
animals
fatty acid, hydrophilic – contains glycerol
- Much larger than prokaryotic cells
(Alcohol)
- complex internal compartmentalization
Modern Model – Fluid Mosaic Model - membrane bound organelles – specialized
* Fluid – flows and behaves like structure where particular cell processes
*Mosaic – combination of diff. chemical occur
- Largest organelle – nucleus
components
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic - Filters materials coming in and out of the cell
Contains a nucleus and Deos not contain a 2. Cell wall
other membrane bound nucleus or other - Surrounds the plasma membrane of most
organelles membrane-bound
plant cells
organelles
- Found in plants, fungi and many protist
Rod shaped One circular
chromosomes chromosome - Protects and support plant cells, gives
Found in all kingdoms Found only in the definite shape
except monera kingdom monera - Contains pectin (jelly-like substance)
released during cooking and forms a gel as it
cools
Cell according to size
3. Protoplasm
- Jelly-like living substance of the cell that is
1. Microscopic
translucent, grayish, and slimy (colloidal
2. Macroscopic
suspension-often moves or streams within
According to shape the cell.)
- It may be foam-like or contain small fibers or
1. Oval – wbc of men threads comprises water, minerals, salts and
2. Spherical – rbc of men many kinds of organic compounds
3. Cuboidal – kidney tubules 4. Nucleus
4. Columnar – stomach and intestine = control center of the cell; plays the central
5. Stellate – nerve cell role in cellular reproduction nd in
6. Spindle shape – muscle cell conjunction with the environment in
determining what sort of differentiate a cell
According to Function undergo and why form it will exhibit of
maturity
1. Somatic or pediative
Directs the metabolic activity of the living
2. Reproductive of sex cells
cell
Means of Obtaining Energy Components
a. Nuclear membrane – double layer of
1. Autotrophs – self feeders; use light-energy lipids and proteins; separate the nuclear
on chemical energy to manufacture their material for the cytoplasm
own biomolecules, (some bacteria, plants) b. Nucleolus – atleast one is present or not,
2. Heterotrophs-other feeders nuclei; takes part in protein synthesis
c. Chromatin – fine strands spread
Cell organization through the nucleoplasm
d. Chromosomes – contracted and distinct
1. Unicellular – cell and organism are one
chromatin when a cell is dividing
(bacteria and protist)
5. Organelles
2. Multicellular – cells are integrated for proper
- Highly organized structures contained in the
functioning and general starts life as a single
cytoplasm
cell that divides and grows
- Cellular machinery
Cell Structures and organelles - Two general kinds
- Derived from membranes
1. Cell membrane (Plasma membrane) Bacteria-like organelles
- Encloses, protects and separates a cell from *kakaibang DNA – plastids and
other cells and from surrounding fluids mitochondria ability to duplicate
- Holds the cell together and give shape a) Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Selectively permeable; double layer of lipids - Systems of double membranes that live
and proteins parallel to one another, appearing to form
- Outermost boundary of cells channel
- Separates different area of the cell; also - Made up of a sets of microtubules with 3
provide surface microtubules in each set
- Cell structures are attached, providing a f) Lysosome
chmical reaction - Found in cytoplasm of most animal
- *Transports substances within cells - Smaller than mitochoindria and have a
- *produces membranes simple membrane
- Bounded by a single membrane
Two types: - Contain enzymes that breakdown proteins
(digestive enzymes)
- Rough – marami ribosome ~ protein
- Aid in cell renewal
synthesis
- Breakdown olad cell parts
- Smooth – lack ribosome ~ liver natin
- Digest invaders
b) Ribosomes
g) Peroxisomes
- Small units non membrane bound structures
- Micobodies; participate in the oxidation of
- Site for protein synthesis
certain nutrients
- Attached to ER
- Converts hydrogen peroxide to H2o and O2
- Contain enzymes that carry out the synthesis
- Bounded by single membrane
of proteins
- Contain digestive enzyme
- Contain large amounts of RNA mode
- Detoxifies alcohol
c) Mitochondria
- Breaks down fatty acid
- Small, rod-shaped organelle, rounded
- Produces hydrogen peroxide
cylinders or globules enclosed by membrane
h) Plastids
- Have their own DNA
- Largest cytoplasmic organelles found in the
- Bound by double membrane
cells of most plants but not in fungal or
* ATP (cellular respiration)
animal cells
- Break down fuel molecules (cellular
- Derived from photosynthetic bacteria
respiration)
- Stores photosynthetic pigments
* Glucose – Lysosome
a) Chromoplasts – colored plastids;
* Fatty acids
contain pigments
- Release energy
b) Leucoplasts – colorless plastids; storage
*ATP
of starch, oils, and proteins
c.1 Outer membrane – separates the
Photosynthesis – takes place into
mitochondrion from the cytoplasm
chloroplasts, - makes cellular food –
c.2 inner membrane – increase the surface
glucose
area of the inner for a chemical reactions
i) Vacuoles
- helps to control the amount of H2o, cut,
- Membrane-enclosed cavities filled with
and other inorganic ions
either fluid or granular material
d) Golgi complex (Bodies or Apparatus)
- Membrane bound storage sacs
- Consist of a system of membrane-enclosed
- More common in plants than animals
vesicles arranged parallel to each other
- Food – contain food particles
- Stacks of flattened sacs
- Contractile – expel excess water and wastes
- Packaging and shipping station of cell
from the cell
- Modifies proteins
- Storage of materials
- Wrap enzymes into separate organelles
- *Plasmolysis – shrinking of vacuoles
e) Centrosome
j) Cytoskeleton
- Contains one to two centrioles which are
- Interconnected system of fibers, threads, and
small dark bodies located abouve the
extends between the nucleus and plasma
nucleus in many eukaryotic animal cells
membrane of eukaryotic cells, gives the cells
- Spindle during cell division
their internal organization
- Overall shape, and capacity to move - Site of cell’s metabolic activities
- >Reinforces plasma membrane  Centrioles – animals
1. Microfilaments – part of cytoplasm - Pairs of microtubular structures
- responsible for contraction of cell - Move the chromosomes during cell division
2. Microtubules – important in the - Splitting done by mitotic spindle – produced
maintenance of the shape of the cell, cell by centrioles that pull the chromosomes
division and the movement of - have cells and muscles (wala tayong
inclusions, and organelles within the centriole)
cell - di nagdidivide upon maturity
- Cell locomotion  DNA
- main components of flagella and - Hereditary material
centrioles - Chromosomes
3. Intermediate filaments – for cell to cell - contains DNA and proteins
junction -terms for cell division
 Mechanical support - Chromatin – when not yet divided
 Anchor organelles - contains DNA and protein present during
 Help move substances resting activity storage of the cell
k) Cilia  Nucleolus
- Short and numerous movable hairlike - Most cells have 2 or more
structures projecting from free surfaces - Direct synthesis of RNA
- Move substances outsie human - Forms ribosomes
- Fare absorption
l) Flagella Nucleus
- A few appendases and are relatively in Mitochondria DOUBLE MEMBRANE
proportion to the size of the cell Plastids
m) Microvilli
– minute fingerlike projections of the cell
membrane
- sites of osmosis where fluids may pass in
and out of the cell
n) Pinocytic Vesicles
– in-pocketings of the cell membrane filled
with water
- When water is needed by the cell, the plasma
membrane engulfs a droplets of water in a
process of pinocytosis
o) Pilus (pili)
- Surface projections of bacteria that are
protein filaments which help many bacteria
and various surfaces, either to one another
 Plasmodesma (plasmodesmata) – of
multicelled plants, a junction between
linked walls of adjacent cells through
which nutrients and other substances
flow
 Cytoplasm
- Viscous fluid containing organelles
- Components of cytoplasm
- Interconnected filaments fibers
- Fluid – cytosol