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2/26/2019

Electrostatics
(Lecture in Physics for Engineers)

Reynold V. Luna
Physics Instructor, College of Science 1

Outline
o Electric charge
o Electrical Classification of Materials
o Methods of Charging
o Coulomb’s Law
o Electric forces and fields
o Gauss’s Law for Electrostatics
o Electric Potential Energy and Potential
o Capacitors and Dielectrics

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Triboelectric Charging and Polarization


By friction (triboelectric charging)

Triboelectric
Series

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Other Mechanical
Methods of Charging
By induction

By contact
By grounding

Other Methods of Charging


Thermionic emission Photoelectric effect Field emission

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Electric Charge
SI Unit: coulomb (C)
Gaussian Unit: electrostatic unit (esu); 1C = 3x109 esu
Elementary charge, e = 1.60 x 10-19 C

Characteristics:
1. Quantized (discrete)
2. Scalar quantity which is either positive or negative
3. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
4. Conserved and transferable
5. Relativistically invariant

Models of Electric Charge


Franklin’s Contemporary

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Atomic Particle Properties

Electrical Classification of Materials


Conductors Insulators Semiconductors

Valence electrons within the


Valence electrons are Valence electrons are crystal structure of the material
weakly bound to the tightly bound to the are not as strongly bound to the
atomic lattice and are free atomic lattice and are atomic lattice and, if given
to move about from atom fixed in position. enough energy, may become
to atom.
mobile and free to move just as
in a conductor.

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Coulomb’s Law
1
⃗ = ̂
4

Where: = permittivity of free space


= 8.85 x 10-12 C2/(N·m2)
= = 9 × 10 N·m2/ C2

1. Coulomb’s law obeys the superposition principle.


2. Coulomb force is a conservative and central force.

Two point charges at square vertices


Two small charged bodies are placed at two vertices of a square
in free space. Which case has stronger electric force between the
charges? ( = 25 nC)

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Sample Problem
Given that = +18 mC and = 21 cm, find the direction and
magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point
charge .

Sample Problem
Three small charged spheres lie on the
vertices of a right isosceles triangle as
shown in the figure. The sides of equal
length are 0.654 m long. The right angle is
at the origin of the coordinate system. The
sphere at the origin has a charge of –15 mC.
A sphere with a charge of +40 mC is on the
axis, and a sphere with a charge of +20
mC is on the axis. Find the net
electrostatic force exerted on the sphere at
the origin. Give your answer in component
form and in terms of magnitude and
direction.

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Charged Pendulum
Two small plastic balls hang from threads of
negligible mass. Each ball has a mass of 0.22 g
and a charge of magnitude . The balls are
attracted to each other, and the threads
attached to the balls make an angle of 20.0°
with the vertical, as shown in the figure. Find
(a) the magnitude of the electric force acting
on each ball,
(b) the tension in each of the threads, and
(c) the magnitude of the charge on the balls

Continuous Charge
Distribution

Surface charge density

Linear charge density


Volume charge density

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Electrical Force from a Charged Rod - I


Evaluate the electrical force acting on point charge with
= 2.0μC at point a distance of 2.00 m from point by a thin
rod with charge = 98.0 μC distributed uniformly along its
length = 2.00 m as shown below.

Electrical Force from a Charged Rod - II


Evaluate the electrical force acting
on point charge with = 2.0μC at
point a distance of 2.00 m above
the midpoint between and by a
thin rod with charge = 98.0 μC
distributed uniformly along its
length = 2.00 m as shown.

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Electric Field
Electric field is the region around a charged particle/ body in
which if another charge is placed, it experiences coulomb force.

Properties:
1. Directed outward due to positive
charge and inward for negative charge.
1 2. SI Unit: newton per coulomb (N/C)
= 3. Obeys superposition principle
4

Electric Field Lines

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Sample Problem
Given that = +18 mC and = 21 cm, find the direction and
magnitude of the net electrostatic field on the positions indicated
below.

A B

Electric Field Patterns

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Trajectory in
a Uniform
Electric Field

Figure shows an electron entering a parallel-plate capacitor with a


speed of 5.45 × 106 m/s. The electric field of the capacitor has
deflected the electron downward by a distance of 0.618 cm at the
point where the electron exits the capacitor. Find
(a) the magnitude of the electric field in the capacitor and
(b) the speed of the electron when it exits the capacitor.

Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniform


Circular Ring at a point on its axis

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Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniform


Disk at a point on its axis

25

Electric Flux

Φ= Φ = 0 Φ= cos

SI Unit: newton· squared meter per coulomb (N·m2/C)

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Gauss’s Law for Electrostatics


1
∙ ⃗=

Net Electric Flux

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Spherical Gaussian Surface Applied

Cylindrical Gaussian Surface Applied

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Gaussian Pillbox Applied

Electric Field inside a Parallel-Plate


Capacitor

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Work done by Coulomb Force

Electric Potential Energy and Potential

= 9 × 109 N·m2/C2
Quantity (Symbol) Unit Meaning
Electric Potential Energy ( ) joule (J) Energy associated with coulomb force
Electric Potential or Potential ( ) volt (V) Electric potential energy per charge

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Potential Energy of Classical Hydrogen


atom
A classical model of hydrogen atom
shows an electron traveling in a
circular orbit around proton. If the
distance between the electron and
the proton is = 5.0 × 10-11 m,
what is the electric potential
energy of this atom?

Collinear Charged Particles


Given that = +18 mC and = 21 cm, find the total work done
to place the charges at their positions.

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Particles in a Triangle
Three negatively charged particles
are held together at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle with sides
= 0.09 m. The magnitudes of the
charges are , 2 , and 3 where
= - 360 nC. Find the electric
potential energy of the system
shown in the figure.

Electric Potential due to Continuous


Charge distribution
Evaluate the electric potential at point by a thin rod with
charge and length as shown below.

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Evaluating ∆ from
∆ =− ∙ ⃗

Example: In some region of space, the electric field is given by


= ̂+ .̂ Find the electric potential difference between
points whose initial and final positions are (a, 0) and (0, b),
respectively. The constants , , a, and b have the appropriate SI
units.

Evaluating from
=−
where:
= ̂+ ̂+ (for 3D Cartesian Coordinate System)

Example:
The electric potential , , in a region of space is given by
, , = 2 −3 − , where = 12.0 V and , , and
are measured in meters. Find the electric field at the point (1.00 m,
1.00 m, 0).

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Equipotential Lines and Electric Field

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Equipotential Lines and Electric Field


of two opposite charges

Equal in magnitude Unequal in magnitude

Charge Distribution in a Conductor


1. No electric field inside
the charged conductor.
2. Charged conductors are
equipotential surfaces.
3. Electric potential is
constant inside the
charged conductor.
4. Grounded conductor
has zero potential.

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Activity
Figure below shows a series of (a) Does the electric field in this region point
equipotentials in a particular region to the right, to the left, up, or down?
of space, and five different paths Explain.
along which an electron is moved. (b) For each path, indicate whether the work
done on the electron by the electric field
is positive, negative, or zero.
(c) Rank the paths in order of increasing
amount of work done on the electron by
the electric field. Indicate ties where
appropriate.
(d) Is the electric field near path A greater
than, less than, or equal to the electric
field near path E? Explain

Capacitance
Charge required to increase the potential of a conductor by a unit

= Uses:
∆ 1. In Electrical circuits
SI unit: farad (F) 2. As Energy storage device
1 F = 1 C/V

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Energy Stored in Parallel-Plate Capacitor

Capacitors in Parallel

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Capacitors in Series

Network of Capacitors
Determine the following:
A) Equivalent capacitance
of the circuit
B) Charge flow through the
battery
C) Charge and potential
difference on each
capacitor.

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Activity
Calculate the total
capacitance of three
capacitors of capacitances
200µF, 300µF and 600µF,
connected in networks
shown on the right.

Capacitors with Dielectric


Effects of a dielectric:
1. For constant potential
difference between
plates, the excess
charge on each plate
increases.
2. For constant capacitor
charge, the potential
difference decreases.

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Activity
A parallel-plate capacitor has square plates
of side = 2.50 cm and plate separation
= 2.50 mm. The capacitor is charged by a
battery to a charge = 4.00 mC, after
which the battery is disconnected. A
porcelain dielectric ( = 6.5) is then
inserted a distance = 1.00 cm into the
capacitor.
a. What is the effective capacitance of
this capacitor?
b. How much energy is stored in the
capacitor?

References
1. Young, H., Freedman, R. and Ford, A. (2016) University Physics with Modern Physics, 14e,
Pearson
2. Fischer-Cripps, A. (2015) The Physics Companion, 2ed, CRC Press
3. Serway, R. and Jewett, J (2014) Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9e,
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
4. Hewitt, P. (2013) Conceptual Physics, 12e, Addison-Wesley
5. Giancoli, D. (2013) Physics: Principles with Application, Addison-Wesley
6. Bloomfield, A. (2013) How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life, 5e, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
7. Ostdiek, V. and Bord, D. (2013) Inquiry into Physics, 7e, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
8. Radi, H. and Rasmussen, J. (2013) Principles of Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Springer.
9. Munson, B. et al. (2013) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7e, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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