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Electrostatics
(Lecture in Physics for Engineers)
Reynold V. Luna
Physics Instructor, College of Science 1
Outline
o Electric charge
o Electrical Classification of Materials
o Methods of Charging
o Coulomb’s Law
o Electric forces and fields
o Gauss’s Law for Electrostatics
o Electric Potential Energy and Potential
o Capacitors and Dielectrics
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Triboelectric
Series
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Other Mechanical
Methods of Charging
By induction
By contact
By grounding
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Electric Charge
SI Unit: coulomb (C)
Gaussian Unit: electrostatic unit (esu); 1C = 3x109 esu
Elementary charge, e = 1.60 x 10-19 C
Characteristics:
1. Quantized (discrete)
2. Scalar quantity which is either positive or negative
3. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
4. Conserved and transferable
5. Relativistically invariant
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Coulomb’s Law
1
⃗ = ̂
4
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Sample Problem
Given that = +18 mC and = 21 cm, find the direction and
magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point
charge .
Sample Problem
Three small charged spheres lie on the
vertices of a right isosceles triangle as
shown in the figure. The sides of equal
length are 0.654 m long. The right angle is
at the origin of the coordinate system. The
sphere at the origin has a charge of –15 mC.
A sphere with a charge of +40 mC is on the
axis, and a sphere with a charge of +20
mC is on the axis. Find the net
electrostatic force exerted on the sphere at
the origin. Give your answer in component
form and in terms of magnitude and
direction.
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Charged Pendulum
Two small plastic balls hang from threads of
negligible mass. Each ball has a mass of 0.22 g
and a charge of magnitude . The balls are
attracted to each other, and the threads
attached to the balls make an angle of 20.0°
with the vertical, as shown in the figure. Find
(a) the magnitude of the electric force acting
on each ball,
(b) the tension in each of the threads, and
(c) the magnitude of the charge on the balls
Continuous Charge
Distribution
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Electric Field
Electric field is the region around a charged particle/ body in
which if another charge is placed, it experiences coulomb force.
Properties:
1. Directed outward due to positive
charge and inward for negative charge.
1 2. SI Unit: newton per coulomb (N/C)
= 3. Obeys superposition principle
4
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Sample Problem
Given that = +18 mC and = 21 cm, find the direction and
magnitude of the net electrostatic field on the positions indicated
below.
A B
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Trajectory in
a Uniform
Electric Field
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Electric Flux
Φ= Φ = 0 Φ= cos
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= 9 × 109 N·m2/C2
Quantity (Symbol) Unit Meaning
Electric Potential Energy ( ) joule (J) Energy associated with coulomb force
Electric Potential or Potential ( ) volt (V) Electric potential energy per charge
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Particles in a Triangle
Three negatively charged particles
are held together at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle with sides
= 0.09 m. The magnitudes of the
charges are , 2 , and 3 where
= - 360 nC. Find the electric
potential energy of the system
shown in the figure.
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Evaluating ∆ from
∆ =− ∙ ⃗
Evaluating from
=−
where:
= ̂+ ̂+ (for 3D Cartesian Coordinate System)
Example:
The electric potential , , in a region of space is given by
, , = 2 −3 − , where = 12.0 V and , , and
are measured in meters. Find the electric field at the point (1.00 m,
1.00 m, 0).
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Activity
Figure below shows a series of (a) Does the electric field in this region point
equipotentials in a particular region to the right, to the left, up, or down?
of space, and five different paths Explain.
along which an electron is moved. (b) For each path, indicate whether the work
done on the electron by the electric field
is positive, negative, or zero.
(c) Rank the paths in order of increasing
amount of work done on the electron by
the electric field. Indicate ties where
appropriate.
(d) Is the electric field near path A greater
than, less than, or equal to the electric
field near path E? Explain
Capacitance
Charge required to increase the potential of a conductor by a unit
= Uses:
∆ 1. In Electrical circuits
SI unit: farad (F) 2. As Energy storage device
1 F = 1 C/V
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Capacitors in Parallel
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Capacitors in Series
Network of Capacitors
Determine the following:
A) Equivalent capacitance
of the circuit
B) Charge flow through the
battery
C) Charge and potential
difference on each
capacitor.
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Activity
Calculate the total
capacitance of three
capacitors of capacitances
200µF, 300µF and 600µF,
connected in networks
shown on the right.
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Activity
A parallel-plate capacitor has square plates
of side = 2.50 cm and plate separation
= 2.50 mm. The capacitor is charged by a
battery to a charge = 4.00 mC, after
which the battery is disconnected. A
porcelain dielectric ( = 6.5) is then
inserted a distance = 1.00 cm into the
capacitor.
a. What is the effective capacitance of
this capacitor?
b. How much energy is stored in the
capacitor?
References
1. Young, H., Freedman, R. and Ford, A. (2016) University Physics with Modern Physics, 14e,
Pearson
2. Fischer-Cripps, A. (2015) The Physics Companion, 2ed, CRC Press
3. Serway, R. and Jewett, J (2014) Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9e,
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
4. Hewitt, P. (2013) Conceptual Physics, 12e, Addison-Wesley
5. Giancoli, D. (2013) Physics: Principles with Application, Addison-Wesley
6. Bloomfield, A. (2013) How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life, 5e, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
7. Ostdiek, V. and Bord, D. (2013) Inquiry into Physics, 7e, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
8. Radi, H. and Rasmussen, J. (2013) Principles of Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Springer.
9. Munson, B. et al. (2013) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7e, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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