Question #1

Explain femure with structure?

Definition:-
The single bone in the thigh, which is the largest bone in the human body. Also known as the
thighbone.

Structure of femure:-
The femur is the only bone in the thigh and the longest bone in the body.
It acts as the site of origin and attachment of many muscles and ligaments, and can be divided
into three areas; proximal, shaft and distal.
 Question # 2
Explain blood circulation with four pathways along with diagram of heart ?
Definition of heart :-
A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic
contraction and dilation. In vertebrates there may be up to four chambers (as in humans), with
two atria and two ventricles.

Blood circulation :-
There are four pathways of blood circulation.
1) Right atrium
2) Left atrium
3) Right ventricle
4) Left ventricle
 1. Right atrium:-
The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. The heart is comprised of two atria and
two ventricles. Blood enters the heart through the two atria and exits through the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior and superior vena cava. The
right side of the heart then pumps this deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries around
the lungs. There, fresh oxygen enters the blood stream, and the blood moves to the left side of the
heart, where it is then pumped to the rest of the body. There is a major difference between the
heart of a developing fetus and that of a fully mature adult: a fetus will have a hole in the right
atrium. This allows blood to flow straight through to the left atrium. This is significantly
important to a fetus' circulatory health. While in the womb, the fetus draws oxygenated blood
from its mother. Once born, lungs become necessary and the connection between the two atria
closes.

2. Left atrium:-
The left atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. Its
primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a
pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart. The walls of the left atrium are slightly
thicker than the walls of the right atrium. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the left atrium
through the pulmonary vein. The blood is then pumped into the left ventricle chamber of the
heart through the mitral valve. From there, the blood is ready to be pumped into the body to
deliver oxygen-rich blood to all bodily tissues. Mitral valve prolapse is a common affliction in
which the mitral valve between the left atrium and left ventricle does not close properly. This
condition does not typically require treatment; however, some patients with mitral valve prolapse
can develop more serious conditions that require treatment. One such condition is mitral valve
regurgitation, in which blood leaks back into the left atrium through the mitral valve.

3. Right ventricle:-
The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-
depleted blood to the lungs.The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible
for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. The right ventricle is one of the heart’s four
chambers. It is located in the lower right portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite
the left ventricle.As deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium, it passes through the
tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood up through the pulmonary
valve and through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

4. Left ventricle:-
The left ventricle is one of four chambers of the heart. It is located in the bottom left portion of
the heart below the left atrium, separated by the mitral valve. As the heart contracts, blood
eventually flows back into the left atrium, and then through the mitral valve, whereupon it next
enters the left ventricle. From there, blood is pumped out through the aortic valve into the aortic
arch and onward to the rest of the body. The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart’s chambers
and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body. By contrast, the
right ventricle solely pumps blood to the lungs.
Question # 3
Explain the anatomy of liver structure ?
Definition of liver:-
A large very vascular glandular organ of vertebrates that secretes bile and causes important
changes in many of the substances contained in the blood (as by converting sugars into
glycogen which it stores up until required and by forming urea).

Anatomy of liver structure:-

The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the
diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.

Shaped like a cone, the liver is a dark reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds.

There are 2 distinct sources that supply blood to the liver, including the following:

 Oxygenated blood flows in from the hepatic artery

 Nutrient-rich blood flows in from the hepatic portal vein

The liver holds about one pint (13%) of the body's blood supply at any given moment. The liver
consists of 2 main lobes. Both are made up of 8 segments that consist of 1,000 lobules (small
lobes). These lobules are connected to small ducts (tubes) that connect with larger ducts to form
the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct transports the bile made by the liver cells to
the gallbladder and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) via the common bile duct.