SOCIAL SCIENCE SET 1

Question 1A:Greece had been part of which empire since the fifteenth century?
Answer:Ottoman Empire
OR
Question 1B Who were called colons in Vietnam?
Answer:French citizens living in Vietnam were called colons.
Question 2A:Which famous English poet organized funds for the Greek war of
independence and went to fight in the war?
Answer:Lord Byron.
OR
Question 2B: Which country established her power in Vietnam during the early
phase of twentieth century?
Answer: France.
Question 3: Name two states where red soil is found.
Answer: Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Question 4: How much percentage of world’s surface area is occupied by
freshwater?
Answer: 2.5 per cent.
Question 5: Jhumming agriculture is popular in which part of India?
Answer: Northeastern states of India.
Question 6: In which year Sri Lanka became an independent country?
Answer: Sri Lanka became an independent country in 1948.
Question 7: Which method is used to find out if an adult is undernourished?
Answer: Body Mass Index (BMI) method.
Question 8A: How was Italy unified? Explain.
Answer: The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the
mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler. King Victor Emmanuel II, to
unify the Italian states through war. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to
unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. By a tactful
diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont
succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Regular troops and a large
number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray. In
1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and
succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the
Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.
OR
Question 8B: Explain any three steps taken by the French to achieve their aim to
exploit the natural resources of Vietnam.
Answer: (i) The French built canals and drained land in the Mekong area to
increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works, built mainly with forced
labour, increased rice production and allowed export of rice to international markets.
By 1931, Vietnam had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.
(ii) The French followed rice production with infrastructure projects to help transport
goods for trade, military garrisons and to control the whole region.
(iii) The construction of Trans-Indo-China rail network began to link northern and
southern parts of Vietnam and China. The final link with Yunan was completed by
1910. A second line was built, linking Vietnam to Siam.
Question 9: What was the objective of Simon Commission? Why was it opposed in
India?
Answer: The effects of the worldwide economic depression in the late 1920s were
severely felt in the countryside in India. Against this background the new Tory
government in Britain constituted a statutory commission under Sir John Simon. Set
up in response to the nationalist movement, the Commission was to look into the
functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But the
problem was that the Commission did not have a single Indian member. Ail
members were British. When the Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was
greeted with the slogan, ‘Go Back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and
the Muslim League, opposed it and participated in the demonstrations.
Question 10: Why does the pattern on net sown area vary from one state to
another?
Answer: On account of the vast ovnansa of India its relief. climate soil and sociol-
economic set-up vary from region to region. The pattern of net sown area is over 80
per cent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana. Geographical conditions like
climate and soil here are favourable for cultivation Further, due to agricultural
advancement through Green Revolution, more areas have been brought under
cultivation. On the other hand, less than 10 per cent of the total area is net sown
area in Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Topographical constraints, unfavourable climate and socio-economic reasons
account for the low proportion or net sown areas in these states.
Question 11: Which type of soil is ideal for growth of cotton? What are the main
characteristics of this type of soil?
Answer: Black soil, primarily of the Deccan Trap region, is ideal for the growth of
cotton. This soil type is also known as black cotton soil for this reason.
Black soil is well known for its moisture or water retentive capacity because it is
clayey in nature. It is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium,
potash and lime but generally poor in phosphoric contents.
On account of its clayey nature, black soil develops deep cracks in the hot dry
season. This aids proper aeration of the soil. This soil becomes sticky when wet and
difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the first shower during the pre-
monsoon period.
Question 12: Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Give
examples.
Answer: Metallic minerals can be classified into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals
(i) Metallic minerals containing iron are called Metallic minerals that contain metals other

ferrous minerals. than iron are non-ferrous minerals.

(ii) They account for about three-fourths of the India’s reserves and production of non-
 total value of production of metallic minerals in
ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.
India.
(iii)Iron ore, manganese, chromite, tungsten, Copper, lead, tin, bauxite and gold are

nickel and cobalt are examples of ferrous examples of non-ferrous minerals as

minerals. they do not contain iron.

Question 13: Describe the power-sharing mechanism in Lebanon.
Answer: As per the agreement:
(i) President must belong to the Maronite sect of Catholic Christians.
(ii) The Prime Minister must be from the Sunni Muslim community.
(iii) The post of Deputy Prime Minister is fixed for Orthodox Christian sect and that of
the Speaker for Shia Muslims.
(iv) The Christians agreed not to seek French protection and the Muslims agreed not
to seek unification with Syria.
Question 14: Why is it said that a positive attitude towards diversity and willingness
to accommodate it do not come about easily?
Answer: This is so because people who feel marginalised, deprived and
discriminated have to fight against the injustices. But when such a fight takes the
democratic path, demands are made in a peaceful manner based on constitutional
methods. But sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level
of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes
takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, it is proved by
history that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and to accommodate
diversity.
Question 15: Discuss the ways in which social divisions are reflected in a
democracy.
Answer:

 In a democracy, it is natural that political parties talk about the social divisions
and make different promises to different communities.

 They look after the representation of various communities and make policies
to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities.

 Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community
tend to prefer some party more than others.

Question 16: How are economic development and human development related to
each other?
Answer: Human development refers to the process of improvements in human
beings. People become human resources when investments in them are made in
the form of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, per
capita GDP are important indicators of human development. Economic development
will be sustainable if resources are managed in such a way that future generations
do not suffer and have at least the same which present generations have.
Question 17: What does Human Development Index (HDl) indicate? By whom is
HDl prepared?
Answer: Human Development Index (HDl): It makes rating of all countries on a
scale of 0 to 1. 0 indicates the lowest human development and 1 indicates the
highest human development. Two important points about HDl are :
(i) It measures relative and not absolute level of human development.
(ii) The main emphasis of HDl is on goals, i.e. longevity, knowledge and standard of
living (expressed in real per capita income).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been preparing HDl since
1990.
Question 18: What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with
the help of an example.
Answer: Disguised unemployment is a situation where the number of workers
engaged in a job is much more than required. If some of them are withdrawn from
the job, the total production will not fall. It means that marginal productivity of such
workers is zero.
Let us understand it with the help of an example. Laxmi owning about 2 hectares of
land is growing crops. All the five members of the family work on the plot throughout
the year. Suppose they produce 20 quintals of foodgrains. Now suppose instead of
5, only 3 members work next year and the output is still 20 quintals. It means that
three members were enough to work. The other two members are then said to be
disguisedly unemployed.
Question 19A: What is globalisation? Explain.
Answer: Globalisation is generally associated with the free movement of capital,
goods, technology, ideas and people across the globe. Globalisation in a broader
sense also includes cultural exchanges between different countries of the world.
In modem world, globalisation has acquired special significance due to development
of Internet technology and telecommunication. Therefore, globalisation involves the
following features :
(i) Economic freedom to trade internationally.
(ii) Migration in search of employment and a better life.
(iii) Cultural exchange like the spread of Buddhism and knowledge.
The interlinking of the world is a continuous process from the past. In modem days,
interlinking is faster and involves more people. In other words, the world is shrinking
in terms of communication and trade.
OR
Question 19B: What were the positive effects of industrialization on Britain?
Answer: The political, social and economic life of the people was affected by
industrialization. Industrialization was adopted slowly by the people, but when they
did, it spread to many cities and towns. Variations existed in terms of wealth and
figures. Till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population
were extremely poor.
Life improved after the 1840s due to massive building activities involving
urbanisation, road construction, railways, tunnels, drainage and sewers. Most of the
labourers were occupied in these activities. The number of workers employed in
transport industry doubled after the 1840s.
OR
Question 19C Discuss how Bombay (Mumbai) emerged as the prime city of India.
Answer: Bombay (Mumbai) was the most important city of India. Its size expanded
from the late nineteenth century and population grew from 6,44,405 in 1872 to
nearly 1,500,000 in 1941. It passed into the hands of Britain in 1661 as a dowry to
King Charles II from his Portuguese bride. The English East India Company shifted
its base from Surat in Gujarat to Bombay (Mumbai).
Bombay (Mumbai) was initially a major outlet of cotton textiles from Gujarat. In the
nineteenth century, large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium
passed through it. By the end of the nineteenth century, it became the centre of
administrative and industrial control in western India. The importance of Bombay
(Mumbai) grew due to maritime trade and as a junction head of two major railways.
Question 20A : What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century India mean
to :(a) women
(b) the poor?
Answer: (a) Women :
(i) Women’s reading increased due to education at home and later, in women’s
schools.
(ii) Many journals were written for women by women. They contained everything that
would interest a woman — household hints, fashions, rituals.
Novels in vernacular languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil and Marathi) highlighted
the miserable conditions of women in society. They spoke against denial of
education to women, supported widow remarriage and national movement. They
serialized stories and provided entertainment to women.
(b) The Poor : Public libraries were opened in big towns, cities and big villages,
which made reading accessible to the general public. Some millworkers of Kanpur
wrote books about the desperate conditions of the poor. Chief among them were
Kashibaba, who wrote Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 against the caste and
class distinctions. By the 1930s, Bangalore (Bengaluru) cotton workers also set up
libraries to educate themselves.
OR
Question 20B : Describe in brief the role of novels in popularising the sense of
belongingness to a common nation.

Answer:

 Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novels helped in
popularising the sense of beloging to a common nation.
  Another was to include various classes in the novels so that they could be
seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for example, were filled
with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.

 The novels promoted an understanding of different people, different values

and differentcommunities. Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s Anguriyo Binimoy (1857)
was the first historical novel written in Bengali.

 It glorifies Shivaji and his many battles against the clever and treacherous
Aurangzeb, the Mughal ruler. Shivaji became a nationalist figure fighting for the
freedom of the Hindus.
Question 21 : Name the ore from which aluminium is obtained. Why is aluminium
considered to be an important metal? Name the areas which have rich deposits of
the ore of aluminium.
Answer: Aluminium is obtained mainly from bauxite. Though several ores contain
aluminium, it is from bauxite, a reddish-brown, residual clay-like substance, that
alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Bauxite deposits are formed by the
decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is
considered to be an important metal because of its properties and wide variety of
uses.

 It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. So it is

used for manufacturing of aircrafts and transport vehicles.

 lt has great malleability. It is used for construction purposes to make door,

windows, rods and for making utensils.

 lt also has quality of good conductivity and is used in electrical conductors.

Rich deposits of bauxite, the ore of aluminium, are found mainly in the
Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni in
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Odisha is the leading producer accounting
for about 45 per cent of the total bauxite production in the country.
Question 22 : How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among
citizens? Explain.
Answer:

 Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium

has peacefully solved her ethnic problems and resolved social differences.

 All democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, i.e.

conduct elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions,
due to social divisions, turning violent or explosive.
  Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolve conflicts
among different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either
turn a blind eye to or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka.
The plus point of a democratic regime is its ability to handle social differences,
divisions and conflicts.

 A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs
to work with the minority so that the government represents the general view.

 A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not
become autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that
in case of every election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It
tries to see that every citizen has a chance to be in majority at some point of
time and is not barred on the basis of birth. All these things ensured by a
democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.
Question 23 :Discuss the merits and demerits of two-party system and multi-party
system.
Answer:

 In some countries, there are only two main parties and power changes hands
between them only.
They are the only ones who can win seats in elections.

 There may be other parties and they may win a small number of seats, but
never enough to form a government.

 The United States of America and United Kingdom are examples of the two-
party system. In a multi-party system, three or more parties have a chance to
win elections and gain control of the government.

 In the former system, there are more than two distinct, officially recognized
groups called political parties.

 In a multi-party system, groups come to power on their own strength or in

alliance with others. In India various parties have come together in a coalition.

 In India, there have been three major alliances in the 2004 parliamentary
elections as no single party got an absolute majority.

 This system is followed in India, France and Denmark. This system gives a
chance to various interests and concerns, to gain representation.

 This system can sometimes lead to instability, as many parties cannot pull
together.
Question 24 : Differentiate between formal and informal sources of credit.
Answer:
Formal Sources Informal Sources
1. Informal sources of credit are
1. Formal sources of credit arc loans from
money-lenders. traders, employers,
banks and cooperative societies.
relatives. friends etc.
2. Functioning of formal sources of credit is 2. There is no organisation that

governed by Reserve Bank of India. Their manage or check the credit

interest rate and money lending details are activities performed by informal

periodically checked by RBI sources.

3. Rate of interest is common and fixed for all 3. Rate of interest depends upon

formal sources and borrowers. the choice of moneylenders.

4. Formal sources of credit needs to satisfy 4. Informal sources of credit are

all the terms of credit before credit, activities. flexible in term of credit.
5. They provide cheap and affordable credit 5. They generally charge higher rate

for both urban and rural borrowers interest. of interest.

Question 25 : Explain any four ways in which multinational corporations have
spread their production and interaction with local producers in various countries
across the globe.
Answer: The multinational corporations have spread their production and interaction
with local producers in the following ways :

 Setting up production jointly with local companies. They provide money for
additional investments like buying new machines for faster production. For
example : Cargil Foods, a very large MNC (USA), has bought smaller Indian
companies such as Parekh Foods.

 The MNCs provide efficient managerial and advanced technology for faster
production and efficient use of resources.

 They have increased their investments over the past 15 years. They provide
employment opportunities to the masses. The local companies supplying raw
material to these industries have prospered.
  Many food processing multinational companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola
have taken over Indian markets in cold drinks and food products. This helps in
greater choice for consumers with a variety of goods at cheap prices.
Question 26 :Locate and label the following in the given outline political map of
India.
Answer:(i) Amritsar
(ii) The place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.
Question 27 :Two features A and B are marked in the given outline political map of
India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their
correct names on the lines marked in the map.
(A) The place where Indian National Congress session was held in 1929.
(B) The place where Non-Cooperation Movement was called off.
Answer: (A) Lahore (B) Chauri-Chaura

Question 28 : Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropriate
symbols.
Answer: (i) Narora Nuclear Power Station (ii) Surat Textile Centre (iii) Tuticorin
Seaport