Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

Chapter 8
Sampling Distributions and Estimation
s 32
8.1 a.  
n 4
s 32
b.  
n 16
s 32
c.  
n 64
The standard error is reduced by half.
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-4

s 24
8.2 a.  
n 9
s 24
b.  
n 26
s 24
c.  
n 144
The standard error is reduced by half.
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-4

8.3 For a 90% interval use z.05 =NORM.S.INV(.95) = 1.645

12
a. For μ = 100, σ = 12, n = 36: 100 �1.645 or [96.71, 103.29]
36
150
b. For μ = 2,000, σ = 150, n = 9: 2000 �1.645 or [1917.75, 2082.25]
9
10
c. For μ = 500, σ = 10, n = 25: 500 �1.645 or [496.71, 503.29]
25
Learning Objective: 08-5

8.4 For a 95% interval use z.025 =NORM.S.INV(.975) = 1.96

s 12
a. m �1.96 = 200 �1.960 or (196.08, 203.92).
n 36

s 15
b. m �1.96 = 1000 �1.960 or (990.2, 1009.80).
n 9

8-1
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

s 1
c. m �1.96 = 50 �1.960 or (49.608, 50.392).
n 25
Learning Objective: 08-5

8.5 a. m �1.96s = 4.035 �1.96 �0.005 or (4.0252, 4.0448).

s 0.005
b. m �1.96 = 4.035 �1.96 or (4.03304, 4.03696).
n 25

c. In either case, we would conclude that our sample came from a population that did not
have a population mean equal to 4.035.
Learning Objective: 08-5

1.25
8.6 a.  0.3125
16
1.25
b. 25 �1.645  25 �0.514 or (24.486, 25.514)
16
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-5

8.7 a. σ X  σ / n  0.25 / 10  0.0791

0.25
b. 3.50 �1.96  3.50 �0.1550 or (3.345, 3.655)
10
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-5

0.006
8.8 a. .9480 �1.96  .9480 �.002 or (.9460, .9500)
35
b. Our sample size is greater than 30 so as we take random samples of 35, our distribution
will approach normal. It is bell-shaped with a mean of .9480 and standard deviation
of .001014.
c. Central Limit Theorem
Learning Objective: 08-3
Learning Objective: 08-5

8.9 a. or (11.06, 16.94)

b. or (33.68, 40.33)

c. or (115.12, 126.88)
Learning Objective: 08-5

8-2
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

8-3
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

3
8.10 a. 24 �1.645  24 �1.56 or (22.44, 25.56)
10
8
b. 125 �2.576  125 �4.12 or (120.88, 129.12)
25
1.2
c. 12.5 �1.96  12.5 �0.333 or (12.167, 12.833)
50
Learning Objective: 08-5

0.15
8.11 a. 2.4 �1.645  2.4 �0.0823 or (2.3177, 2.4823)
9
0.15
b. 2.4 �1.96  2.4 �0.098 or (2.302, 2.498)
9
0.15
c. 2.4 �2.576  2.4 �0.1288 or (2.2712, 2.5288)
9
d. As the confidence increases, the interval gets wider. In order to be more confident one
has to give up some precision.
Learning Objective: 08-5

5
8.12 a. 37 �1.645  37 �2.1237 or (34.8763, 39.1237)
15
5
b. 37 �1.96  37 �2.5304 or (34.4696, 39.5304)
15
5
c. 37 �2.576  37 �3.3256 or (33.6744, 40.3256)
15
d. As the confidence increases, the interval gets wider. In order to be more confident one
has to give up some precision.
Learning Objective: 08-5

40
8.13 a. 270 �1.96  270 �15.68 or (254.32, 285.68)
25
40
270 �1.96  270 �11.09
b. 50 (258.91, 281.09)
40
c. 270 �1.96  270 �7.84 (262.16, 277.84)
100
d. Width decreases as n increases.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5

8-4
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

50
8.14 a. 850 �1.96  850 �9.8 or (840.2, 859.8)
100
100
b. 850 �1.96  850 �19.6 or (830.4, 869.6)
100
200
c. 850 �1.96  850 �39.2 or (810.8, 889.2)
100
d. The confidence interval gets wider as s increases.
Learning Objective: 08-5

1.25
8.15 21.0 �1.96  21.0 �0.775 or (20.225, 21.775)
10
Learning Objective: 08-5

8.16 a. The shape of the distribution will be close to normal because our sample size is greater
than 30 (n = 40).
14.5
b. 36.4 �2.576  36.4 �5.9059 or (30.4941, 42.3059)
40
Learning Objective: 08-3
Learning Objective: 08-5

0.000959
8.17 0.2731 �2.576  0.2731 �0.0003245 or (0.2727755, 0.2734245)
58
Learning Objective: 08-5

s 3
8.18 a. x �t  24 �1.9432  24 �2.2034 or (21.7966, 26.2034).
n 7
s 6
b. x �t  42 �2.8982  42 �4.0987 or (37.9013, 46.0987).
n 18
14
c. 119 �2.0518  119 �5.4286 or (113.5714, 124.4286).
28
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

Note: t values are found using the Excel formula =T.INV.2T(1cc, d.f.) where cc is the
confidence level. For a. this would be =tinv(1-.90, 6). The t values can also be found
using Appendix D.

8.19 a. Appendix D = 2.262, Excel =T.INV.2T(.05, 9) = 2.2622

b. Appendix D = 2.602, Excel =T.INV.2T (.02, 15) = 2.6025
c. Appendix D = 1.678, Excel =T.INV.2T (.10, 47) =1.6779
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

8-5
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

8.20 a. Appendix D = 2.021, Excel =T.INV.2T (.05, 40) = 2.0211. z-score is 1.96
b. Appendix D = 1.990, Excel =T.INV.2T (.05, 80) = 1.9901. z-score is 1.96
c. Appendix D = 1.984, Excel =T.INV.2T (.05, 100) = 1.984. z-score is 1.96
All are fairly close to 1.96. Larger samples mean larger degrees of freedom which means
the t-distribution is closer to normal.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

20
8.21 a. d.f. = 9, t = 2.262, 270 �2.262  270 �14.306 or (255.694, 284.306)
10
20
b. d.f. = 19, t = 2.093, 270 �2.093  270 �9.36 or (260.64, 279.36)
20
20
c. d.f. = 39, t = 2.023, 270 �2.023  270 �6.397 or (263.603, 276.397)
40
d. The confidence interval width decreases as n increases.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

8.22 t.025 =T.INV.2T(.05,24) = 2.064

15
a. 850 �2.064  850 �6.192 or (843.808, 856.192)
25
30
b. 850 �2.064  850 �12.384 or (837.616, 862.384)
25
60
c. 850 �2.064  850 �24.768 or (825.232, 874.768)
25
d. As s increases our interval gets wider. If the variation or dispersion of our sample goes
up and our confidence level stays the same, we give up some precision and our interval
needs to be wider.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

s 27.79
8.23 a. t.025 =T.INV.2T(.05,20) = 2.086, x �t  45.66 �2.0860 or (33.01, 58.31).
n 21
b. The confidence interval could be made narrower by increasing the size of the sample
or decreasing the confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

8-6
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

3.6492
8.24 a. 19.875 �1.753  19.875 �1.5993 or (18.2757, 21.4743).
16
Note: t values are found using the Excel formula =tinv(1-cc, n-1) where cc is the
confidence coefficient. For a. this, this would be = tinv(1-.90, 15). They can also be
found using Appendix D.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

78.407
8.25 812.5 �3.1058 or (742.20, 882.80).
12
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

17541.8
8.26 a. 24520 �2.2622  24520 �12548.9 or (11971.1, 37068.9).
10
b. Increase the sample size or decrease the confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Change margin to 12548.648 and interval to (11971.4, 37068.6)
4.3716
8.27 a. 1. 85 �2.2622 or (81.873, 88.127).
10
8.127
2. 88.6 �2.2622 or (82.787, 94.414).
10
3.712
3. 76 �2.2622 or (73.345, 78.655).
10
b. Confidence intervals 1 and 2 overlap. The scores on exam 3 are very different than the
first two. There was a decrease in the average exam score on the third exam.
c. Here the standard deviation is not known, so use the t-distribution.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

p (1  p) .50(1  .50)
8.28 a. = = .0913
n 30
p (1  p) .20(1  .20)
b. = = .0566
n 50
p (1  p) .10(1  .10)
c. = = .0300
n 100
p (1  p) .005(1  .005)
d. = = .0032
n 500
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-7

8-7
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

8.29 a. Yes, nπ = 25×.50 = 12.5 and n(1−π) = 25×.50 = 12.5. Both are greater than 10.
b. Yes, nπ = 60×.20 = 12 and n(1−π) = 60×.20 = 48. Both are greater than 10.
c. No, nπ =.08×100 = 8 < 10.
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-7

8.30 The confidence level for most polls is assumed to be 95%. Use z.025 = 1.96
p (1  p) .50(1  .50)
a. 1.96 =1.96  .1386
n 50
p (1  p) .50(1  .50)
b. 1.96 =1.96  .0694
n 200
p (1  p) .50(1  .50)
c. 1.96 =1.96  .0439
n 500
p (1  p) .50(1  .50)
d. 1.96 = 1.96  .022
n 2000
Learning Objective: 08-7

8.31 For a confidence level of 95% use z.025 = 1.96.

p(1  p) .5(1  .5)
a. 1.96 = 1.96 = .0620
n 250
p(1  p) .5(1  .5)
b. 1.96 = 1.96 = .0877
n 125
p(1  p) .5(1  .5)
c. 1.96 = 1.96 = .1216
n 65
Learning Objective: 08-7

8.32 p  24 / 500  .048 . p �z p(1  p) = .048 �1.96 .048(1  .048)  .048 �.0187 or (.0293, .0667)
n 500
b. We can assume normality because .048×500 = 24 �10 and 500(1–.048) = 476 �10.
Learning Objective: 08-7

p(1  p ) .3654(1  .3654)

8.33 a. p  19 / 52  .3654 . p �z = .3654 �1.96 or (.2556, 4752)
n 52
b. np = .3654×52 = 19 and n(1−p) = 33. Both values are greater than 10 so normality
assumption is met.
Learning Objective: 08-7

p(1  p ) .419(1  .419)

8.34 a. p  18 / 43  .419 . p �z = .419 �1.645 or (.2948, .5424)
n 43
b. We can assume normality because 43×.419 = 18 �10 and 43(1.419) = 24.983 �10.
Learning Objective: 08-7

8-8
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

p(1  p ) .048(1  .048)

8.35 a. p  .048 . p �z = .048 �2.576 or (.013, .083)
n 250
b. Given np = 250×.048 = 12 and n(1p) = 250×.952 = 238 we can assume normality.
Learning Objective: 08-7

p (1  p ) .48(1  .48)
8.36 a. p  24 / 50  .48 . p �z = .48 �1.96  .48 �.1385 or (.3415, .6185)
n 50
b. We can assume normality because 50×.48 = 24 �10 and 50(1.48) = 26 �10.
Learning Objective: 08-7

p(1  p ) .2353(1  .2353)

8.37 a. p  32 / 136  .2353 . p �z = .2353 �2.576 or (.1416, .3290)
n 136
b. Yes, np = .136×.2353 = 32 �10 and n(1p) = 136×.7647 = 104 ≥10.
Learning Objective: 08-7

N n 450  10 n 10
8.38 a. FCPF =   .9899,   .0222 < .05 . Yes, the population can
N 1 450  1 N 450
be considered effectively infinite.
N n 300  25 n 25
b. FCPF =   .959,   .0833 > .05 . No, the population cannot
N 1 300  1 N 300
be considered effectively infinite.
N n 1800  280 n 280
c. FCPF =   .9192,   .1556 > .05 . No, the population
N 1 1800  1 N 1800
cannot be considered effectively infinite.
Learning Objective: 08-8

n 90
8.39   .09 > .05 . Use the FPCF.
N 1000
s N n 15 1000  90
a. For 90% confidence use z.05 = 1.645. x �z ,50 �1.645 ,
n N 1 90 1000  1
50 ± 2.482 or [47.518, 52.482]
s N n 15 1000  90
b. For 95% confidence use z.025 = 1.96. x �z ,50 �1.96 ,
n N 1 90 1000  1
50 ± 2.958 or [47.042, 52.958]
s N n 15 1000  90
c. For 99% confidence use z.005 = 2.576. x �z ,50 �2.576 ,
n N 1 90 1000  1
50 ± 3.887 or [46.113, 53.887]
Learning Objective: 08-8

8-9
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

n 1200
8.40   .21 > .05 . Use the FPCF.
N 5800
a. For 90% confidence use t.05 with d.f. = 1199. t = 1.646.
s N n 0.2 5800  1200
x �t ,3.7 �1.646 ,
n N 1 1200 5800  1
3.7 ± 0.0085 or [3.6915, 3.7085]
b. For 95% confidence use t.025 with d.f. = 1199. t = 1.962.
s N n 0.2 5800  1200
x �t ,3.7 �1.962 ,
n N 1 1200 5800  1
3.7 ± 0.01 or [3.69, 3.71]
c. For 99% confidence use t.005 with d.f. = 1199. t = 2.5799.
s N n 0.2 5800  1200
x �t ,3.7 �2.5799 ,
n N 1 1200 5800  1
3.7 ± 0.0133 or [3.6867, 3.7133]
Learning Objective: 08-8

n 500
8.41   .22 > .05 . Use the FPCF. For a 90% confidence level use z.05 = 1.645.
N 2300
p (1  p) N  n 245
p �z ,p  .49,
n N 1 500
.49(1  .49) 2300  500
.49 �1.645
500 2300  1
.49 ± .033 or [.457, .523]
Learning Objective: 08-8

2 2
�zs � �(1.96)(7,500) �
8.42 a. n  � �= � � 54.02 and the sample size is rounded up to 55.
�E � � 2, 000 �
2 2
�zs � �(1.96)(7,500) �
b. n  � �= n  � � 216.09 and the sample size is rounded up to 217.
�E � � 1,000 �
2 2
�zs � �(1.96)(7,500) �
c. n  � �= n  � � 864.36 and the sample size is rounded up to 865.
�E � � 500 �
Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE SIZE>SAMPLE SIZE
MEAN and just plug in the values for E, standard deviation, and confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�zs � �(1.96)(10) �
8.43 n  � �= � � 24.01 and the sample size is rounded up to 25.
�E � � 4 �
Using MegaStat: 25
Learning Objective: 08-9

8-10
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

8.44 Assume a normal distribution.

(b  a ) (28  20)
a. Solve for sigma using s    1.3333.
6 6
2 2
�zs � �(1.645)(1.3333) �
b. n  � �= � � 4.8105 and our sample size is rounded up to 5. Using
�E � � 1 �
Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE SIZE>SAMPLE SIZE MEAN and
just plug in the values for E, standard deviation, and confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-9

8.45 Assume a normal distribution.

(b  a ) (200  100)
a. Solve for sigma using s    16.67.
6 6
2 2
�zs � �(1.96)(16.67) �
b. n  � �= � � 42.7 and the sample size is rounded up to 43.
�E � � 5 �
From Megastat: n = 43.
Learning Objective: 08-9

2
(2.3264)(2.1213) �
8.46 Assume a Poisson distribution. s  m = 2.1213. n  �
� � 97.4166
� .5 �
and our sample size is rounded up to 98.
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�zs � (1.96)(2.5) �
8.47 n  � �= � � �= 385
�E � � .25 �
Learning Objective: 08-9

(b  a ) (51.96  43.89)
8.48 a. Assume a normal distribution. We can estimate s    1.345 .
6 6
2
�(1.96)(1.345) �
b. n  � � 27.7982 and our sample size is rounded up to 28.
� .5 �
Learning Objective: 08-9

8.49 a. (21-16)/6 = 0.833

2
�(1.645)(0.833) �
b. n  � � 30.04 and our sample size is rounded up to 31.
� .25 �
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�z � �2.326 �
8.50 a. We can use π =.5. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  2,164.11 . Round the sample
�E � � .025 �
size up to 2,165. Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE
SIZE>SAMPLE SIZE p and just plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.

8-11
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

b. Sampling method: Perhaps a poll via the Internet.

Learning Objective: 08-9
2 2
�z � 1.645 �
�
8.51 a. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  1691.27 . Round up to n = 1692. We use p =.5.
�E � �.02 �
b. Sampling method: Mailed survey possibly stratifying by income level.
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�z � �1.96 �
8.52 a. We can use π =.5. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  600.25 . Round the sample size up
�E � �.04 �
to 601. Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE SIZE>SAMPLE
SIZE p and just plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
b. Sampling method: Direct observation because you can easily see this around campus.
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�z � �1.96 �
8.53 a. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  2401 . No need to round up. Using Megastat: 2401.
�E � �.02 �
b. Sampling method: Random sample via telephone or Internet survey possibly stratifying
by age.
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�z � �1.96 �
8.54 a. We can use π =.5. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  2, 401 and our sample size is
�E � �.02 �
2,401. Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE SIZE>SAMPLE
SIZE MEAN and just plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
b. It would be nearly impossible to check all wireless routers in San Francisco.
Learning Objective: 08-9

8.55 a. Use an initial estimate for π = 15/19 = .79.

2 2
�z � �1.645 �
n  � �p (1  p )  � �.79(.21)  124.7 . Round the sample size to 125.
�E � �.06 �
b. Conduct inspection of a sample of 125. AA fleet size is much larger.
Learning Objective: 08-9

( n  1) s 2 (n  1) s 2 (15  1)102 (15  1)102

8.56 a. < s 2
< , < s 2
< ,53.5988 < s 2 < 248.712
cU2
cL2
26.12 5.629
( n  1) s 2 ( n  1) s 2 (18  1)122 (18  1)122
b. < s 2
< , < s 2
< ,81.0865 < s 2 < 323.6383
cU2
cL2
30.19 7.564
Learning Objective: 08-10

8-12
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

(n  1) s 2 ( n  1) s 2 (20  1)1.33252 (20  1)1.33252

8.57 < s 2
< , < s 2
< ,1.0269 < s 2 < 3.7877
cU2
cL2
32.8523 8.9065
1.0134 < σ < 1.9462
Learning Objective: 08-10

(n  1) s 2 (n  1) s 2 (25  1)1.09532 (25  1)1.09532

8.58 < s 2
< , < s 2
< ,0.7315 < s 2 < 2.3220
cU2 c L2 39.36 12.4
Learning Objective: 08-10

(n  1) s 2 (n  1) s 2 (16  1)7.5932 (16  1)7.5932

8.59 < s 2
< , < s 2
< ,34.598 < s 2 < 119.104
cU2 c L2 24.9958 7.2609
5.882 < σ < 10.913
Learning Objective: 08-10

s 5.31
8.60 a. x �t  10.36 �2.045  10.36 �1.9826 or (8.3774, 12.3426). Using Megastat:
n 30
<CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL - MEAN
and then plug in the mean, standard deviation, n, and confidence level. Also select "t"
instead of "z" because we do not have the population variance.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

8.61 a. Because the diameter is continuous there will always be slight variation in values from
nickel to nickel.
s 0.001886
b. x �t  0.834343 �2.8453  0.834343 �0.001171 or (0.833172, 0.835514)
n 21
From Megastat: (.8332, .8355)
c. The t distribution assumes a normal population, but in practice, this assumption can be
relaxed, as long as the population is not badly skewed. We assume that here.
2
�zs �
d. Use n  � �to estimate the sample size. z = 2.576 so n = 95
�E �
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9

s .1320
8.62 a. x  3.3048, s  .1320. x �t  3.3048 �1.833  3.3048 �.0765 or (3.2283,
n 10
3.3813). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL MEAN and then plug in the mean, standard
deviation, n, and confidence level. Also select "t" instead of "z" because we do not
have the population variance.

8-13
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

2 2
�zs � �(1.645)(.1320) �
b. n  � � � � 52.3886 and our sample size is rounded up to 53.
�E � � .03 �
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9

s 10.3087
8.63 x �t  34.538 �1.7823  34.538 �5.096 or (29.442, 39.634)
n 13
From Megastat: (29.4427, 39.6342)
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

N n 1591  20
8.64 a. FCPF =   .994 .
N 1 1591  1
n 20
b.   .0126 < .05 . Yes, the population can be considered effectively infinite.
N 1591
Learning Objective: 08-8

N n 187  25
8.65 a. FCPF =   .9333 .
N 1 187  1
n 25
b.   .134 > .05 . No, the population cannot be considered effectively infinite.
N 187
Learning Objective: 08-8

s 170.3784
8.66 a. x �t  346.5 �2.093  346.5 �79.7386 or (266.7614, 426.2386). Using
n 20
Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE SIZE<CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL - MEAN and then plug in the mean, standard deviation, n, and confidence
level. Also select "t" instead of "z" because we do not have the population variance.
2 2
�zs � � (1.96)(170.3784) �
b. n  � �  � � 278.7926 so our sample size is rounded up to 279.
�E � � 20 �
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9

s 1.351
8.67 a. x �t  19.969 �2.1315  19.969 �0.720 or (19.249, 20.689).
n 16
From Megastat: (19.249, 20.689)
b. Fuel economy can also vary due to tire pressure and weather. There may be more than
sampling variability contributing to differences in sample means.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

8-14
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

s 3.9265 187  25
8.68 a. x �t  8.636 �1.711  8.636 �1.2539 or (7.3821, 9.8899).
n 25 187  1
2 2
�zs � �(1.645)(3.9265) �
b. n  � � � � 18.5422 and our sample size is rounded up to 19.
�E � � 1.5 �
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9

s 27.793
8.69 a. x �t  45.664 �2.086  45.664 �12.651 or (33.013, 58.315). Because the
n 21
sample size is greater than 5% of the population size, if we use the FCPF = .9165 the
confidence interval is (34.0690, 57.2590).
2
�zs �
b. Use n  � �with z = 1.96 to get n = 119.
E
� �
(21  1)27.7932 (21  1)27.7932
c. <s <
2
, 452.122 < s 2 < 1610.783 or 21.26 < σ < 40.14
34.170 9.591
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
Learning Objective: 08-10

s 97.0535
8.70 a. x �t  3278.7222 �2.110  3278.7222 �48.2678 or (3230.4544,
n 18
3326.9900). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL - MEAN and then plug in the mean, standard
deviation, n, and confidence level. Also select "t" instead of "z" because we do not
have the population variance.
2 2
�zs � � (1.96)(97.0535) �
b. n  � �  � � 90.4637 and our sample size is rounded up to 91.
�E � � 20 �
c. The line chart shows a decrease in the number of steps over time.

Learning Objective: 08-5

Learning Objective: 08-6

8-15
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

Learning Objective: 08-9

s 1.0953
8.71 a. x �t  29.53 �2.0639  29.53 �0.452 or (29.078, 29.982).
n 25
From Megastat: (29.078, 29.982)
2
�zs �
b. Use n  � �with z = 1.96 to get n = 116.
E
� �
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9

Using Appendix E with d.f. = 9, c L  2.7 and cU  19.02 .

2 2
8.72
( n  1) s 2 (n  1) s 2 (10  1)7.22 (10  1)7.22
< s 2
< , < s 2
< ,24.5 < s 2 < 172.8 or
cU2 c L2 19.02 2.7
4.38 < σ < 13.15
Learning Objective: 08-10

8.73 c2L =CHISQ.INV(.05,29) = 17.7084, c2U =CHISQ.INV(.95,29) =42.557

(n  1) s 2 (n  1) s 2 (30  1)5.312 (30  1)5.312
< s 2
< , < s 2
< ,19.214 < s 2 < 46.175 or
cU2 c L2 42.557 17.7084
4.95 < σ < 6.80
Learning Objective: 08-10

s 12.3322
8.74 x �t  80.4167 �1.796  80.4167 �6.3938 or (74.02, 86.81).
n 12
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6

s 13.21
8.75 a. x �t  52.74 �2.0227  52.74 �4.225 or (48.515, 56.965).
n 40
From Megastat: (48.515, 56.965)
b. The distribution is more likely to be skewed to the right with a few CDs having very
long playing times.
2
�zs �
c. Use n  � �with z = 1.96 to get n = 75.
�E �
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9

8-16
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

8.76 a.
Uniform Normal
Distribution: Distribution:
(b  a ) 2 ba
s s
12 6
Chromium (.69  .47) 2 .69  .47
s  .0635 s  .0367
12 6
Barium (.019  .004) 2 .019  .004
s  .0043 s  .0025
12 6
Fluoride (1.17  1.07) 2 1.17  1.07
s  .0289 s  .0167
12 6
Learning Objective: 08-1

p(1  p) .19(1  .19)

8.77 a. p  19 /100  .19 . p �z  .19 �1.645  .19 �.065 or (.125, .255)
n 100
b. Normality can be assumed. np = 19 > 10 and n(1−p) = 81 > 10..
2
� � z
c. Use n  � �p (1  p ) with z = 1.645 to get n = 463.
E � �
d. A quality control manager needs to understand that the sample proportion will usually be
different from the population proportion but that the way the sample proportion varies
is predictable.
Learning Objective: 08-7
Learning Objective: 08-9

p(1  p) .0778(1  .0778)

8.78 p  14 /180  .0778 . p �z  .0778 �1.96  .0778 �.0391 or
n 180
(.0387, .1169). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL p and then plug in the values for p, n, and
confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-7

2 2
�zs � �(2.33)(.5) �
8.79 n  � �= � �= 136
�E � � .1 �
Learning Objective: 08-9

2 2
�z � � 1.96 �
8.80 n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  96.04 and our sample size is rounded up to 97 . Using
�E � �.10 �
Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE SIZE<SAMPLE SIZE p and then
plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-9

8-17
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

p(1  p) .29(.71)
8.81 a. p �z = .29 ± 1.96 = (.258, .322)
n 787
b. Yes, np = 228.23 and n(1–p) = 558.77 which are both greater than 10.
Learning Objective: 08-7

p(1  p ) .235(.765)
8.82 a. p  47 / 200  .235 . p �z  .235 �1.96  .235 �.0588 or
n 200
(.1761, .2938). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL p and then plug in the values for p, n, and
confidence level.
b. We can assume normality because np = (200)(.235) = 47 �10 and n(1p) = (200)(1–
.235) = 153 �10 .
2 2
�z � �1.96 �
c. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.235(.765)  431.6398 and our sample size is rounded up to
�E � �.04 �
432.
Learning Objective: 08-7
Learning Objective: 08-9

p (1  p) .664(.336)
8.83 p  83 / 125  .664 . p �z  .664 �1.645  .664 �.069
n 125
or (.595, .733)
Learning Objective: 08-7

p(1  p ) .58(.42)
8.84 p �z = .58 ± 1.645  .58 �.0120 = (.568, .592).
n 4581
Learning Objective: 08-7

p (1  p ) .5(.5)
8.85 a. Margin of error = ± z = ± 1.96 = ± .035. Must assume π = .5 and
n 787
95% confidence.
b. Margin of error would be greater if subgroup consisted of only males because the sample
size is now smaller.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-7

p (1  p ) .1113(1  .1113)
8.86 a. p �z  .1113 �1.645  .1113 �.0186 or (.0927, .1299)
n 773
b. We can assume normal because np  (773)(.1113)  86 �10 and
n(1  p)  773(1  .1113)  686.9651 �10 .
Learning Objective: 08-7

8-18
 Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation

p(1  p) .46(.54)
8.87 a. p = 98/213 = .46, p �z = .46 ± 1.96 = (.393, .527)
n 213
b. Normality assumption holds. np = 98 and n(1p) = 115
Learning Objective: 08-7

p(1  p) .72(1  .72)

8.88 p �z  .72 �1.645  .72 �.1045 or (.6155, .8245).
n 50
Learning Objective: 08-7

8.89 a. Normality is not assumed, np = 4 which is less than 10.

b. Using MINITAB (.0044, .0405)
Learning Objective: 08-7

.5(1  .5)
8.90 a. Margin of error = 1.96  .0205
2277
p(1  p) .44(1  .44)
b. p �z  .44 �1.645  .44 �.0171 or (.4229, .4571)
n 2277
c. Because the interval falls below .5 we would conclude that it is unlikely 50% of the
voters approve of the President’s performance.
Learning Objective: 08-7

.5(1  .5)
8.91 a. Margin of error = 1.96  .04 Assume that p = .5 and a 95% confidence level.
600
Learning Objective: 08-7

( n  1) s 2 ( n  1) s 2 (40  1)174.5041 (40  1)174.5041

8.92 < s 2
< , <s2 < , 117.0967 < s 2 <
cU2
cL2
58.12 23.65
287.7657. 117.0967 < s 2 < 287.7657,10.8211 < s 2 < 16.9637 .
Learning Objective: 08-10

2 2
�z � �1.96 �
8.93 a. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  384.16 Round the sample size up to 385.
�E � �.05 �
2 2
�z � �1.96 �
b. n  � �p (1  p )  � �.5(.5)  1536.64 , n would increase to 1537
�E � �.025 �
Learning Objective: 08-10

8-19