Tutorial 1 2013

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Course No: CL 202 Title: Fuid Mechanics

Tutorial-1: Internal &External Flows Date: October 23rd,2013
Instructor: Dipankar Bandyopadhyay Time: 3:00 hrs to 5:00 hrs
1
Problem 1. (Fox-MacD 2.41.) A concentric cylinder viscometer is driven by a falling mass M connected by a cord pulley to the inner cylinder, as
shown. The liquid to be tested fills the annular gap of width a and height H. After a brief starting transient, the mass falls at a constant speed Vm.
Develop an algebraic expression for the viscosity of the liquid in the device in terms of M, g, Vm, r, R, a and H. Evaluate the viscosity of the liquid.
r
Pulley Cord
a
a
u
M
H R y
Vm
Given: Concentric cylinder viscometer, driven by falling mass M = 0.10 Kg, r = 25 mm, R = 50 mm, a = 0.2 mm, H = 50 mm, Vm = 40 mm/s. After
starting transients, Vm = constant.
du u U 0 U V R
Solution: Newton’s law of viscosity,   
      m (narrow gap, so linear velocity profile).
dy y a0 a ar
Angular Momentum Balance on the rotor,  M  Mgr   AR  I  0   0  z  since constant ω. Thus,
Vm R 2Vm R3 H
Mgr   2 RHR  Mgr  0
ar ar
Where the torque on the surface is T   AR and area A  2 RH . Since a  R treat the gap as plane.
Mgr 2 a 1 m s 1 1 N  s2
       0.0781N  s m  78.1mPa  s 
2
        
2 2
→ 0.10 Kg 9.81 0.025 m 0.0002 m
2 Vm R H
3
2 s 2
0.040m  0.050  m 0.050m Kg  m
3 3
2
Problem 2. (Fox-MacD 2.45)

A pair of parallel disks measures the viscosity of a liquid sample. The upper disk rotates the height h above the lower disk. The viscosity of the
liquid in the gap is to be calculated from the measurements of the torque needed to turn the upper disk steadily. Obtain the algebraic expression
for the torque needed to turn the disk.
ω
h z
θ
Find: (a) Algebraic expression for shear stress at any radial location. (b) Expression for the torque needed to turn the upper disk.
Solution:
dv
Using r ,  , z coordinates, linear momentum -  z    and angular momentum - dT  rdF  r z dA (Newtonian fluid, linear velocity profile)
dz
dv
The velocity at any radial location on the rotating disk is v  r . Since the velocity profile is linear,  z     
v

 r  0    r
dz z  h  0 h
r 2 r 3
dT  r z dA  r  2 rdr  dr
h h
R
2 r 3   r 4   R 4
R
Integrating, T   dT   dr    
A 0
h  2h  0 2h
3
Problem 3 (Fox-MacD 2.46)

The cone and plate viscometer shown in an instrument used frequently to characterize non-Newtonian fluids. It consists of a flat plate and a
rotating cone with a very obtuse angle (typically θ is less than 0.5 degrees).The apex of the cone just touches the plate surface and the liquid to be
tested fills the narrow gap formed by the cone and plate. Derive an expression for shear rate in the liquid fills gap in terms of the geometry of the
system. Evaluate the torque on the driven cone in terms of the shear stress and geometry of the system.
ω
R y
x
Sample
𝛉
Find: Derive an expression for shear rate in the liquid fills gap. Evaluate the torque on the driven cone in terms of the shear stress.
Solution: Since the angle θ is very small, the average gap width is also very small. It is reasonable to assume a linear velocity profile across the gap
and to neglect end effects.
du u r 
The shear (deformation) rate is given by    . At any radius, r, the velocity v  r and the gap width h  r tan     
dy y r tan  tan 

Since  is very small, tan    and   Note: the shear rate is independent of r .The entire sample is subjected to the same shear rate.

The torque on the driven cone is given by T   rdF where dF   yx dA . Since  is a constant (for a given  ) then  yx  cons tant
R
2
T   rdF   r yx dA   yx  r 2 rdr   R3 yx
0
3
4
Problem 4.
Prove the following identities employing indicial notation:
Problem 5.
Show that (  [  V])  0 and [  S]  0 (Use Einstein Notation)
Solution:
(A) (.[  V])  0
  v
 [  V]m      mpq q
m x m x p q x p
m m
 2vq
     mpq 0
m p q xmx p
The first term in the above product is anti-symmetric and second derivative is symmetric. Therefore its product is zero.
5
Problem 6.
Consider a Newtonian liquid (of viscosity μ and density ρ) in laminar flow down an inclined flat plate of length L and width W. The liquid flows as a
falling film with negligible rippling under the influence of gravity. End effects may be neglected because L and W are large compared to the film
thickness δ.
Figure: Differential rectangular slab (shell) of fluid of thickness Δx used in z-momentum balance for flow in rectangular Cartesian coordinates
(a) Determine the steady-state velocity distribution.
(b) Obtain the mass rate of flow rate in the falling film.
Solution (a):
Consider:
 STEADY STATE INCOMPRESSIBLE LAMINAR FLOW
 EFFECTS OF BOTH PRESSURE AND GRAVITY
 Length L and width W, which is at an angle β to the vertical.
 END EFFECTS ARE NEGLECTED
 Fluid flow is in the z-direction, vx = 0, vy = 0, and only vz exists.
 For small flow rates, velocity vz = vz(x) and pressure p = p (z).
6
 The nonzero stress tensor are τxz = τzx, which depend only on x.
 Consider a thin rectangular slab (shell) perpendicular to the x-direction extending a distance W in the y-direction and a distance L in the z-
direction. A 'rate of z-momentum' balance over this thin shell of thickness Δx in the fluid is of the form:
Rate of z-momentum In − Out + Generation = Accumulation
 At steady-state, the accumulation term is zero.
Momentum can go 'in' and 'out' of the shell by both the convective and molecular mechanisms.
 Since vz(x) is the same at both ends of the system, the convective terms cancel out because (ρ vzvz W Δx) |z = 0 = (ρ vzvz W Δx) |z = L.
 Only the molecular term (L W τxz ) remains to be considered, whose 'in' and 'out' directions are taken in the positive direction of the x-axis.
 Generation of z-momentum occurs by the pressure force acting on the surface [pW Δx] and gravity force acting on the volume [(ρ g cos β) L W
Δx].
The different contributions may be listed as follows:

 rate of z-momentum in by viscous transfer across surface at x is (L W τxz )| x
 rate of z-momentum out by viscous transfer across surface at x + Δx is (L W τxz )| x + Δx
 rate of z-momentum in by overall bulk fluid motion across surface at z = 0 is (ρ vz vzW Δx )| z = 0
 rate of z-momentum out by overall bulk fluid motion across surface at z = L is (ρ vz vzW Δx )| z = L
 pressure force acting on surface at z = 0 is p0W Δx
 pressure force acting on surface at z = L is − pLW Δx
 gravity force acting in z-direction on volume of rectangular slab is (ρ g cos β) L W Δx
On substituting these contributions into the z-momentum balance, we get
( LW xz )x ( LW xz )xx ( p0  pl )W x  (  g cos  ) LW x  0 (1)
Dividing the equation by L W Δx yields
( xz )x x ( xz )x ( p0  pl )  (  gL cos  )

 (2)
x L
( xz )x x ( xz )x P
 (3)
x L
7
After integrating Eq. (3)
P
 xz  x  C1 (4)
L
Where P is a modified pressure, which is the sum of both the pressure and gravity terms, that is, ΔP = Δp + ρ g L cos β. Here, β is the angle of
inclination of the z-axis with the vertical. Since the flow is solely under the influence of gravity, Δp = 0 and therefore ΔP/L = ρ g cos β. On
integration,
 xz   gx cos   C1 (5)
On using the boundary condition at the liquid-gas interface (τxz = 0 at x = 0), the constant of integration C1 is found to be zero. This gives the
expression for the shear stress τxz for laminar flow in a falling film as
 xz   gx cos  (6)
The shear stress for a Newtonian fluid (as per Newton's law of viscosity) is given by
dvz
 xz    (7)
dx
dvz
   gx cos  (8)
dx
 gx2 cos 
On integrating, vz    C2 (9)
2
On using the no-slip boundary condition at the solid surface (vz = 0 at x = δ)
The parabolic velocity profile is again obtained.
 g 2 cos   gx 2 cos 
vz   (10)
2 2
(b) Mass flow rate:

Q    vzWdx
0
8
9
Problem 7.
Consider a fluid (of constant density ρ) in incompressible, laminar flow in a tube of circular cross section, inclined at an angle β to the vertical. End
effects may be neglected because the tube length L is relatively very large compared to the tube radius R. The fluid flows under the influence of
both a pressure difference Δp and gravity.
Using a differential shell momentum balance, determine expressions for the steady-state shear stress distribution and the velocity profile for a
Newtonian fluid (of constant viscosity μ).
(r rz )r r (r rz )r P
Solution:  r (1)
r L
After integrating Eq. (3)
P C
 rz  r 1 (2)
2L r
The shear stress for a Newtonian fluid (as per Newton's law of viscosity) is given by
dv P C
 z  r 1 (3)
dx 2 L r
P 2 C1
vz   r  ln r  C2 (4)
4 L 
The constants can be calculated using the following boundary conditions:
P
BC 1: at r = 0, τrz and vz are finite BC 2: at r = R, vz = 0 vz  (R2  r 2 )
4 L
10
Problem 8.
Consider an incompressible isothermal fluid in laminar flow between two coaxial cylinders, whose inner and outer wetted surfaces have radii of kR
and R, respectively. The inner and outer cylinders are rotating at angular velocities i and  0 , respectively. End effects may be neglected.
Figure: Tangential annular flow between two slowly rotating cylinders.

(a) Determine the steady-state velocity distribution in the fluid (for small values of i and  0 ).
(b) Find the torques acting on the two cylinders during the tangential annular flow of a Newtonian fluid.
Solution (a): Simplification of continuity equation:

In steady laminar flow, the fluid is expected to travel in a circular motion (low values of angular velocities). Only the tangential component of
velocity exists. The radial and axial components of velocity are zero; so, vr = 0 and vz = 0.
For an incompressible fluid, the continuity equation gives  V=0
In cylindrical coordinates,
v
0 (1)

So, vθ= vθ (r, z).
If end effects are neglected, then vθ does not depend on z. Thus, vθ= vθ(r).
Simplification of equation of motion
There is no pressure gradient in the θ-direction. The components of the equation of motion simplify to
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 v 2 p
r-component:  (2)
r r
p
z-component: 0  g (3)
z
d 1 d
 -component: 0   rv   (4)
dr  r dr 
The r-component provides the radial pressure distribution due to centrifugal forces and the z-component gives the axial pressure distribution due
to gravitational forces (the hydrostatic head effect).
Velocity profile by solving differential equation
The  -component of the equation of motion is integrated to get the velocity profile:
1 d
 rv   C1 (5)
r dr
Cr C
rv  1  2 (6)
2 r
The no-slip boundary conditions at the two cylindrical surfaces are
B.C1: At r   R, v  i R
B.C2: At r  R, v  o R
Using these two Boundary conditions, we evaluate constants. On substituting for C1 and C2, the velocity profile is obtained as
  i  2 (  o  i )  2 R 2
v  o r  (7)
1  2 1  2 r
(b) Determination of momentum flux
From the velocity profile, the momentum flux (shear stress) is determined as
d v 
 r    r    (8)
dr  r 
12
Problem 9.
A plastic resin is in a vertical cylindrical vessel of radius R, which is rotating about its own axis at a constant angular velocity  .
Figure: Free surface shape of liquid in this case.

(a) Determine the shape of the free surface z(r) at steady state (neglecting end effects, if any). Let zR be the liquid height at the vessel wall.
Solution:
Simplification of continuity equation:
In steady laminar flow, the fluid is expected to travel in a circular motion (low values of angular velocities). Only the tangential component of
velocity exists. The radial and axial components of velocity are zero; so, vr = 0 and vz = 0.
For an incompressible fluid, the continuity equation gives  V=0
In cylindrical coordinates,
v
0 (1)

So, vθ= vθ (r, z).
If end effects are neglected, then vθ does not depend on z. Thus, vθ = vθ (r).
13
Simplification of equation of motion

There is no pressure gradient in the q-direction. The components of the equation of motion simplify to
 v 2 p
r-component:  (2)
r r
p
z-component: 0    g (3)
z
d 1 d
 -component: 0   rv   (4)
dr  r dr 
The r-component provides the radial pressure distribution due to centrifugal forces and the z-component gives the axial pressure distribution due
to gravitational forces.
Velocity profile by solving differential equation
The  -component of the equation of motion is integrated to get the velocity profile:
1 d
 rv   C1 (5)
r dr
Cr C
rv  1  2 (6)
2 r
Since the velocity vθ is finite at r = 0, the integration constant C2 must be zero. Because
vθ = ΩR at r = R, C1 = 2Ω. Thus,
v  R (7)
The above velocity profile suggests that each element of the liquid in a rotating cylindrical vessel moves like an element of a rigid body.
Free surface shape for rotating liquid in cylinder
Next, the velocity profile is substituted into the r-component of the equation of motion Eq. 2 to get
p  v 2
  2 r (8)
r r
Integration gives
2 r 2
p  f1 ( z ) (9)
2
The above expression for the pressure p is now substituted into the z-component of the equation of motion (Eq. 3) to obtain
14
p
  g ,
z
f1
  g ,
z
f1    gz  C3 (10)
On substituting the expression for f1 in Eq. (9),
2 r 2
p   gz  C3 (11)
2
The constant C3 is found from the following condition at r = R, z = zR and p = patm:
2 r 2
patm    gz  C3 (12)
2
where zR is the liquid height at the vessel wall and patm denotes the atmospheric pressure.
Subtraction of the above two equations eliminates C3 and gives the pressure distribution in the liquid as
2 (r 2  R 2 )
p  patm    g ( zR  z ) (13)
2
Since p = patm at the liquid-air interface, the shape of the free liquid surface is finally obtained as
2 ( r 2  R 2 )
( zR  z )  (14)
2g
The free surface of the rotating liquid in a cylindrical vessel is a paraboloid of revolution
15
Problem 10.
A wire - coating die essentially consists of a cylindrical wire of radius κR moving horizontally at a constant velocity V along the axis of a
cylindrical die of radius R. If the pressure in the die is uniform, then the Newtonian fluid (of constant viscosity μ and constant density ρ) flows
through the narrow annular region solely by the drag due to the motion of the wire. Neglect end effects and assume an isothermal system.
Figure: Fluid flow in wire coating die.
(a) Establish the expression for the steady-state velocity profile in the annular region of the die.
Solution:
a) Shear stress and velocity distribution
The fluid flow is in the z-direction shearing constant-r surfaces. Therefore, the velocity component that exists is vz(r) and the shear stress
component is τrz(r).
A momentum balance in cylindrical coordinates gives
(r rz )r r (r rz )r P
 r (1)
r L
Since there is no pressure gradient and gravity does not play any role in the motion of the fluid, ΔP = 0. Equation (1) with the right-hand side set to
zero leads to the following expression for the shear stress distribution on integration:
C
 rz  1 (2)
r
The constant of integration C1 is determined later using boundary conditions.
Substituting Newton's law of viscosity for τrz in equation (2) gives
16
dvz C1
  (3)
dr r
The above differential equation is simply integrated to obtain the following velocity profile:
C
vz   1 ln r  C2 (4)

The integration constants C1 and C2 are evaluated from the following no-slip boundary conditions:
BC 1: at r = R, vz = 0
BC 2: at r = κR, vz = V
From BC 1, C2 = (C1/μ) ln R. So, vz = (C1/μ) ln (R/r) and BC 2 yields C1 = − μV/ ln κ. On substituting the integration constants into equations (2) and (4),
the final expressions for the shear stress and velocity distribution are
V v ln(r / R)
 rz  and z  (5)
r ln(1/  ) V ln( )
17
Problem 11.
An isothermal, incompressible fluid of density ρ flows radially outward owing to a pressure difference between two fixed porous, concentric
spherical shells of radii κR and R. Note that the velocity is not zero at the solid surfaces. Assume negligible end effects and steady laminar flow in
the region κR ≤ r ≤ R.
Figure: Radial flow between two porous concentric spheres.

(a) Simplify the equation of continuity (b) Simplify the equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid of viscosity μ.
Solution:
(a)Simplification of continuity equation
Since the steady laminar flow is directed radially outward, only the radial velocity component vr exists. The other two components of velocity are
zero; so, vθ = 0 and vφ = 0.
For incompressible flow, the continuity equation gives ∇.v = 0.
In spherical coordinates,
 2
(r vr )  0 (1)
r
On integrating the simplified continuity equation, r2 vr = f(θ, φ). There is no dependence expected on the angles θ and φ from symmetry
arguments. In other words, r2 vr = C, where C is a constant. This is simply explained from the fact that mass (or volume, if density ρ is constant) is
conserved; so, ρ (4 π r2 vr ) = w is constant and C = w/(4πρ).
18
(b) Simplification of equation of motion

The components of the equation of motion for steady flow in spherical coordinates may be simplified as given below.
 v  p
r- component   vr r      g cos 
 r  r
1 p
 -component 0     g sin 
r 
p
 -component 0 

19
Problem 12.
Consider a fluid of constant (ρ and µ) between two concentric cylinders, as shown in the following figure. There is no axial motion or end effect,
vz   / z  0 . Let the inner cylinder rotate at angular velocity i and the outer cylinder be fixed. There is circular symmetry, so the velocity does
not vary with θ and varies only with r. Find out the velocity profile.
20

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Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Course No: CL 202 Title: Fuid Mechanics

Problem 2. (Fox-MacD 2.45)

Problem 3 (Fox-MacD 2.46)

The different contributions may be listed as follows:

( xz )x x ( xz )x ( p0  pl )  (  gL cos  )

After integrating Eq. (3)

Figure: Tangential annular flow between two slowly rotating cylinders.

Solution (a): Simplification of continuity equation:

Figure: Free surface shape of liquid in this case.

Simplification of equation of motion

Figure: Fluid flow in wire coating die.

Figure: Radial flow between two porous concentric spheres.

(b) Simplification of equation of motion

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