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P.JEYANTHI,
M.SC (N) I YEAR
Apollo CON
The female reproductive system is designed to
carry out several functions.
4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
400 oocytes released between menarche and
menopause.
400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a
normal gestation period.
OOGENESIS- The development of the egg
ovum in the ovary.
OOGONIA: during fetal growth the oogonia
(2n) divide to form primary oocytes (2n), at
puberty these will form secondary oocytes (n)
and later eggs (n) each month.
GRANULOSA CELLS: nourish the
developing egg cells
Diploid (2n)-human cell contains 46
chromosomes and is called diploid (2n).
Haploid (n). sex cells, called gametes, contain
only 23 chromosomes, haploid (n).
VAGINA: canal that connects the uterus to the
environment
CERVIX: muscular ring of tissue at mouth of
uterus separating it from the vagina, holds the
fetus in place
Formation of ova
Reception of spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environment for
fertilization and fetal development
Parturition
Lactation, the production of breast
milk, which provides complete
nourishment for the baby in its early
life.
Accessory
External Internal reproductive
genitalia genitalia organs
To enable sperm to enter the body
Protect
the internal genital organs
from infectious organisms.
The internal genital organs form a pathway (the
genital tract). This pathway consists of the
following functions:
Vagina (part of the birth canal), where sperm are
deposited and from which a baby can emerge
Uterus, where an embryo can develop into a fetus
Fallopian tubes (oviducts), where a sperm can
fertilize an egg
Ovaries, which produce and release eggs
Mons pubis
Labia majora Vagina
Labia minora Uterus
Clitoris Fallopian
Vestibule tubes
Urethral opening Ovaries
Vaginal orifice and
Hymen
Bartholin's glands
Skene’s gland
Vestibular bulbs
MONS PUBIS
A region of adipose tissue above the vagina
that is covered with hair.
LABIA
– Rich in nerve endings and blood vessels
– Protects internal organs against pathogens
– Functions in sexual arousal
Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each
side of the vagina.
The labia majora enclose and protect the other
external reproductive organs.
Literally translated as "large lips," the labia
majora are relatively large and fleshy,
It contain sebaceous glands . After puberty, the
labia majora are covered with hair.
The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of
skin that lie inside the labia majora.
Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.
The folds contain connective tissues,numerous
sebaceous gland, erectile muscle fibers and
numerous vessels and nerve endings
surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that
joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of
the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine
from the bladder to the outside of the body).
It is small cylindrical erectile body
Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm
Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva
The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,
A small, sensitive protrusion.
The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called
the prepuce, richly supplied with nerves.
The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation
and can become erect.
The vestibule is formed by the labia
minora.
It encloses
Urethral opening,
Vaginal orifice and hymen,
Ducts from the greater vestibular
Situated in midline just infront of the
vaginal orifice
About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic arch
Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule
It completely enclosed by a septum of
mucous membrane called hymen
Hymen Located just inside the vaginal
Opening
No known function; not always present
It is usually ruptured at the consummation of
marriage
Bartholin's glands:
There are two bartholin’s glands
One on each side
Each gland has a duct which measures about 2
cm and open into vestibular outside
Close to the posterior end of the vestibular
bulb
During sexual excitement it secretes abundant
alkaline mucus which helps in lubrication.
Skene’s gland
LYMPHATIC
Along with the ovarian vessels to para-aortic
nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
Uterine and ovarian nerves
The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong, and
about the size of a walnut.
They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. In
addition to producing female sex hormones
( estrogen and progesterone ) and male sex
hormones, the ovaries produce and release eggs.
The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained in
fluid-filled cavities (follicles) in the wall of the
ovaries. Each follicle contains one oocyte.
Anterior to the ovaries are the broad
ligaments
Posterior to the ovaries are the intestine
Laterally to the ovaries are the
infundibulopelvic ligaments and side walls of
the pelvis
Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube
Inferior to the ovaries lies the ovarian
ligaments
Medulla
Cortex
MEDULLA
-supporting frame work
Made of fibrous tissue
- Has ovarian blood vessels
- Lymphatics and nerve travels through it
CORTEX
Functioning part of the ovum
Contains ovarian follicals in different
stage
Artery –ovarian and abdominal aorta
Venous – ovarian vein
LYMPHATIC
Along the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes
NERVE SUPPLY
ovarian nerves from T10 segment
Process of releasing one mature ovum each
month into that ovary’s fallopian tube
2-300,000 immature ova in ovaries at birth
Hormones from pituitary cause ovaries to
begin producing female sex hormones
Ova begin to mature
Ovum can live about 2 days in fallopian tube
One sperm will enter ovum =
fertilization/conception
If the ovum is not fertilized
– it doesn’t attach to the
uterine lining/endometrium
Muscles of the uterus
contract lining breaks
down (“cramps”)
Lining passes through the
cervix into the vagina and
out of the vaginal opening
Each month, uterus prepares for
possible pregnancy
Hormones cause thickening of
endometrium
If ovum is fertilized, it moves into
the uterus and may burrow into this
lining
Will divide millions of times over
9-10 months
• Process of shedding the lining of
the uterus
• Usually lasts 4-7 days (may be
shorter or longer depending on the
female’s individual cycle)
• Regulated by hormones
• 2-3 tablespoons of blood
• Rest of flow is other tissue that makes up
the endometrium
– Blood and tissue are not needed, person
should not be weak or ill from loss
– After period (“menses”), cycle begins
again.
The mammary glands are sweat glands
specialized for the production of milk.
The milk-producing secretory cells form
walls of bulb-shaped chambers called
alveoli that join together with ducts, in
grapelike fashion, to form clusters called
lobules.
Numerous lobules assemble to form a
lobe. Each breast contains a single
mammary gland consisting of 15 to 20 of
these lobes. Lactiferous ducts leading
away from the lobes widen into
lactiferous sinuses that serve as
temporary reservoirs for milk.
The breasts begin to enlarge in females at the
onset of puberty. Proliferating adipose (fat)
tissue expands the breast, while suspensory
ligaments attached to the underlying fascia
provide support. In nonpregnant females (and
in males), the glands and ducts are not fully
developed.
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