1. FeSO4 -d; epiwawpjy;.

juk;ghh;j;jy;-I jpl;l FAS fiury; Vs

gUkdwpg; gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrwptwpah KMnO4 ,izg;gf; fiury;

FeSO4 fiurypy; 750 kp.ypy; fiue;Js;s gbf FeSO4 –d;
epiwapidj; jPh;khdpj;jy.; ,jw;nfd 0.1102N jpwDila FAS;
jpl;lf; fiury; kw;Wk; KMnO4 ,izg;Gf; fiury; Mfpad FAS gpA+nul; mstPLfs; KMnO4 KMnO4
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp)
RUf;fkhd nra;Kiw 1
20 0
t.v nghUslf;fk; juk;ghh;j;jy; -I juk;ghh;j;jy; -II 2
20 0
KMnO4 KMnO4
gpA+nul;
1 ,izg;Gf; ,izg;Gf; fzf;fPL;
fiury;
fiury; fiury;
FAS fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = 20 kp.yp
gpg;ngl; 20 kpyp jpl;l 20 kpyp nrwptwpah
2 FAS fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = 0.1102N
fiury; FAS; fiury; FeSO4 fiury;
KMnO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = ---------- kp.yp.
Nrh;f;fg;gl 20 kpyp 2N 20 kpyp 2N
3. KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?
Ntz;bamkpyk; ePh;j;j H2SO4 ePh;j;j H2SO4

Ma;tf Ma;tf V1xN1 = V2xN2

4. ntg;gepiy
ntg;gepiy ntg;gepiy N2 = V1 x N1
V2
Ra epwq;fhl;b Ra epwq;fhl;b N2 = 20 x 0.1102
5. epwq;fhl;b
(KMnO4) (KMnO4)

epiyj;j ntspwpa epiyj;j ntspwpa = --------------- N

6. KbT epiy ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; = --------------- N
Njhd;Wjy; Njhd;Wjy;

7. FeSO4 -d; rkhd vil = 278

juk;ghh;j;jy;-II KMnO4 ,izg;Gf; fiury; Vs gbf FeSO4 - d; epiwiaf; fzf;fply.;

jpwdwpah FeSO4 fiury; 750 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

gbf FeSO4- d; epiw = jpwd; x rkhd vil x 750

FeSO4 gpA+nul; mstPLfs; KMnO4 KMnO4 1000
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL = x 278 x 3
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) 4
1
20 0
= ----------------- fp
2
20 0

fzf;fPL;

KMnO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = ----------- kp.yp

KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = ------------N

FeSO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = 20 kp.yp.

FeSO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ? KbT

V1xN1 = V2xN2

N2 = V1 x N1 i) KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; = --------------- N

V2
N2 = x N ii) FeSO4 fiurypd;; jpwd; = --------------- N
20
iii) 750 kp.yp fiurypy;
= ------------------- N
fiue;Js;s gbf
FeSO4 fiurypd;; jpwd; = ----------------- N
FeSO4- d; epiw = --------------- fp
 2. FAS -d; epiwawpjy;. juk;ghh;j;jy;-I jpl;lFeSO4 fiury; Vs

gUkdwpg; gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrwptwpah KMnO4 ,izg;Gf; fiury;

FAS fiurypy; 1500 kp.ypy; fiue;Js;s gbf FAS –d;
epiwapidj; jPh;khdpj;jy;. ,jw;nfd 0.1024N jpwDila
FeSO4; jpl;lf; fiury; kw;Wk; KMnO4 ,izg;Gf; fiury; FeSO4 gpA+nul; mstPLfs; KMnO4 KMnO4
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
Mfpad nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp
RUf;fkhd nra;Kiw 1
20 0
t.v nghUslf;fk; juk;ghh;j;jy; -I juk;ghh;j;jy; -II 2
20 0
KMnO4 KMnO4
gpA+nul;
1 ,izg;Gf; ,izg;Gf; fzf;fPL;
fiury;
fiury; fiury;
FeSO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = 20 kp.yp
gpg;ngl; 20 kpyp jpl;l 20 kpyp nrwptwpah
2 FeSO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = 0.1024N
fiury; FeSO4 fiury; FAS fiury;
KMnO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = ---------- kp.yp.
Nrh;f;fg;gl 20 kpyp 2N 20 kpyp 2N
3.
ePh;j;j H2SO4 ePh;j;j H2SO4 KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?
Ntz;bamkpyk;
Ma;tf Ma;tf V1xN1 = V2xN2
4. ntg;gepiy
ntg;gepiy ntg;gepiy N2 = V1 x N1
V2
Ra epwq;fhl;b Ra epwq;fhl;b N2 = 20 x 0.1024
5. epwq;fhl;b
(KMnO4) (KMnO4)

epiyj;j ntspwpa epiyj;j ntspwpa = --------------- N

6. KbT epiy ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; = ----------------- N
Njhd;Wjy; Njhd;Wjy;

7. FAS -d; rkhd vil = 392

juk;ghh;j;jy;-II KMnO4 ,izg;Gf; fiury; Vs gbf FAS - d; epiwiaf; fzf;fply;.

jpwdwpah FAS fiury; 1500 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

gbf FAS -d; epiw = jpwd; x rkhd vil x 1500

FAS gpA+nul; mstPLfs; KMnO4 KMnO4 1000
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL = x 392 x 3
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp 2
1
20 0
= ----------------- fp
2
20 0

fzf;fPL;

KMnO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = ----------- kp.yp

KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = ------------N

FAS; fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = 20 kp.yp.

KbT
FAS fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?

V1xN1 = V2xN2 i) KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; = -----------------N

N2 = V1 x N1 ii) FAS fiurypd;; jpwd; = -----------------N
V2
N2 = x N iii) 1500 kp.yp fiurypy;
20
fiue;Js;s gbf
= ---------------------- N
FAS - d; epiw = --------------- fp
FAS fiurypd;; jpwd; = ---------------------- N
 3. Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiwawpjy;. juk;ghh;j;jy;-I jpl;l FAS fiury; Vs

gUkdwpg; gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrwptwpah KMnO4 ,izg;gf; fiury;

Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypy; 500 kp.ypy; fiue;Js;s gbf
Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiwapidj; jPh;khdpj;jy.; ,jw;nfd
0.1N jpwDila FAS; jpl;lf; fiury; kw;Wk; KMnO4 FAS gpA+nul; mstPLfs; KMnO4 KMnO4
,izg;Gf; fiury; Mfpad nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL
RUf;fkhd nra;Kiw (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp
1
20 0
t.v nghUslf;fk; juk;ghh;j;jy; -I juk;ghh;j;jy; -II 2
20 0
KMnO4 KMnO4
gpA+nul;
1 ,izg;Gf; ,izg;Gf;
fiury;
fiury; fiury; fzf;fPL;
20 kpyp nrwptwpah FAS fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = 20 kp.yp
gpg;ngl; 20 kpyp jpl;l
2 Mf;]hypf;
fiury; FAS fiury; FAS fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = 0.1N
mkpyf; fiury;
Nrh;f;fg;gl KMnO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = ---------- kp.yp.
20 kpyp 2N 20 kpyp 2N
3. Ntz;ba KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?
ePh;j;j H2SO4 ePh;j;j H2SO4
mkpyk;
V1xN1 = V2xN2
Ma;tf 0 0
4. ntg;gepiy 60 C – 70 C
ntg;gepiy N2 = V1 x N1
V2
Ra epwq;fhl;b Ra epwq;fhl;b
5. epwq;fhl;b N2 = 20 x 0.1
(KMnO4) (KMnO4)
epiyj;j ntspwpa epiyj;j ntspwpa = ------------------- N
6. KbT epiy ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;
Njhd;Wjy; Njhd;Wjy; KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; = ------------------ N

7. Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; rkhd vil = 63

juk;ghh;j;jy;-II KMnO4 ,izg;gf; fiury; Vs gbf Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fply;.

jpwdwpah Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiury; 500 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

gbf Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd;

Mf;]hypf; gpA+nul; mstPLfs;
mkpyf; KMnO4 KMnO4 epiw = jpwd; x rkhd epiw x 500
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j 1000
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp)
= x 63 x1
1 2
20 0
2 = ----------------- fp
20 0

fzf;fPL;

KMnO4 fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = ----------- kp.yp

KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = -------------- N

Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = 20 kp.yp.

KbT
Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?

V1xN1 = V2xN2
i) KMnO4 fiurypd; jpwd; = -------------- N
N2 = V1 x N1
V2
ii) Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd;; jpwd; = -------------- N
N2 = x N
20
iii) 500 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s
= ------------------ N gbf Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd;
Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd;; jpwd; = ------------------ N epiw = --------------- fp
 4. NaOH -d; epiwawpjy;. juk;ghh;j;jy;-I HCl ,izg;Gf; fiury;

gUkdwpg; gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrwptwpah Vs jpl;l Na2CO3 fiury;

NaOH fiurypy; 250kp.ypy; fiue;Js;s NaOH –d;
epiwapidj; jPh;khdpj;jy.; ,jw;nfd 0.0948N jpwDila
Na2CO3 jpl;lf; fiury; kw;Wk; HCl ,izg;Gf; fiury; Na2CO3 gpA+nul; mstPLfs; HCl HCl-d;
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
Mfpad nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp)
RUf;fkhd nra;Kiw 1
20 0
t.v nghUslf;fk; juk;ghh;j;jy; -I juk;ghh;j;jy; -II 2
20 0
gpA+nul; HCl HCl
1
fiury; ,izg;Gf; fiury; ,izg;Gf; fiury; fzf;fPL;
gpg;ngl; 20 kpyp jpl;l 20 kpyp nrwptwpah Na2CO3 fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = 20 kp.yp
2
fiury; Na2CO3 fiury; NaOH fiury;
Na2CO3 fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = 0.0948N
Ma;tf Ma;tf
3. ntg;gepiy HCl fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = ---------- kp.yp.
ntg;gepiy ntg;gepiy
HCl fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?

4. epwq;fhl;b nkj;jpy; MuQ;R gpdh/g;jypd; V1xN1 = V2xN2

N2 = V1 x N1
ntspwpa kQ;rs; V2
ntspwpa N2 = 20 x 0.0948
epwj;jpypUe;J
5. KbT epiy ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;
,sQ;rptg;G
kiwjy; = ---------------N
epwkhf khWjy;
HCl fiurypd; jpwd; = --------------- N
6. NaOH –d; rkhd vil = 40
juk;ghh;j;jy;-II HCl ,izg;Gf; fiury; Gbf NaOH - d; epiwiaf; fzf;fply;.

Vs jpwdwpah NaOH fiury; 250 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

gbf NaOH - d; epiw = jpwd; x rkhd vil x 250

gpA+nul; mstPLfs; 1000
NaOH HCl HCl-d;
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL = x 40 x 1
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) 4
1
20 0
= ----------------- fp
2
20 0

fzf;fPL;

HCl fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = ----------- kp.yp

HCl fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = --------------N

NaOH fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = 20 kp.yp.

NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?

KbT:
V1xN1 = V2xN2

N2 = V1 x N1
V2 i) HCl fiurypd; jpwd; = ----------------- N
N2 = x N
20 ii) NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; = ---------------- N

iii) 250 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

= -------------------N
gbf NaOH -d; epiw = --------------- fp
NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; = ------------------ N
 5. Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiwawpjy;. juk;ghh;j;jy;-I NaOH ,izg;Gf; fiury;; Vs
jpl;l HCl fiury;
gUkdwpg; gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrwptwpah
Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypy; 1250kp.ypy; fiue;Js;s gbf
Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiwapidj; jPh;khdpj;jy.; ,jw;nfd gpA+nul; mstPLfs;
NaOH HCl HCl-d;
0.1010N jpwDila HCl jpl;lf; fiury; kw;Wk; NaOH t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp fdmsT mstPL
,izg;Gf; fiury; Mfpad nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (kp.yp) (kp.yp)
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp
RUf;fkhd nra;Kiw: 1
20 0

t.v nghUslf;fk; juk;ghh;j;jy; -I juk;ghh;j;jy; -II 2

20 0

gpA+nul; HCl nrwptwpah

1 Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fzf;fPL:;
fiury; jpl;lf; fiury; fiury;
HCl fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = ---------- kp.yp
20 kpyp NaOH 20 kpyp NaOH
gpg;ngl; HCl fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = 0.1010N
2 ,izg;Gf; ,izg;Gf;
fiury;
fiury; fiury; NaOH fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = 20 kp.yp.

Ma;tf Ma;tf NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ?

3. ntg;gepiy
ntg;gepiy ntg;gepiy V1xN1 = V2xN2
4. epwq;fhl;b gpdh/g;jypd; gpdh/g;jypd; N2 = V1 x N1
V2
ntspwpa ntspwpa N2 = x 0.1010
5. KbT epiy ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; 20
kiwjy; kiwjy;; = -----------------N
6. Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; rkhd vil = 63 NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; = ---------------- N
juk;ghh;j;jy;-II NaOH ,izg;Gf; fiury; Vs gbf Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fply;.

jpwdwpah Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiury; 1250 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

gbf Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; epiw = jpwd; x rkhd vil x 1250

gpA+nul; mstPLfs; Mf;]hypf; Mf;]hypf; 1000
NaOH mkpyf; mkpyj;jpd;
t.vz; fiurypd; fiurypd; Xj;j
fdmsT Muk;gk; ,Wjp = x 63 x 5
fdmsT mstPL
(kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) (kp.yp) 4
1
20 0 = ----------------- fp
2
20 0

fzf;fPL:;

NaOH fiurypd; fdmsT (V1) = 20 kp.yp

NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; (N1) = --------------N KbT:

Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd; fdmsT (V2) = ------------- kp.yp.

Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd; jpwd; (N2) = ? i) NaOH fiurypd; jpwd; = ------------- N

V1xN1 = V2xN2 ii) Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd; jpwd; = ------------- N

N2 = V1 x N1 iii) 1250 kp.yp fiurypy; fiue;Js;s

V2
N2 = 20 x N gbf Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd;

epiw = --------------- fp
= ---------------------N

Mf;]hypf; mkpyf; fiurypd; jpwd; = ------------------ N

Nrh. vz;: 1 My;bi`L
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
(ngd;rhy;bi`L my;yJ rpd;dkhy;bi`L)
7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid: GNuhkpd; fiury;
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + epwkpoe;J mNuhNkl;bf;,
v 2 kpyp ePh; + ntz;ik epw epiwTwhr;
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: tPo;gbT Nrh;kk;
2 kpyp GNuhkpd; ePh.;
cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
1 kzk;: fre;j ngd;rhy;
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk.; ghjhkpd; kzk;. 8 KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid: KMnO4
-bi`lhf
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fiurypd; epiwTwhr;
,Uf;fyhk;.
2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j ,sQ;rptg;G Nrh;kk;
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid:
epwk; kiwfpwJ. cs;sJ.
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhh;ghf;rpypf; fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
<ukhd ypl;k]; jhspy; epwkhw;wk; mkpyk;>gPdhy;, fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
Njha;f;fTk.; ,y;iy. mkPd; ,y;iy. My;bi`Lf;fhd Nrhjid:
3 Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl;Lld;
tpid: Eiuj;Jg; fhh;ghf;rpypf; 9 lhyd;]; tpidg;nghUs;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + nghq;Fjy; mkpyk; Nrhjid: gs gsg;ghd My;bi`L
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig epfo;tjpy;iy. ,y;iy. 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + nts;sp Mb cs;sJ.
fhh;gNdl; fiury.; 2kpyp lhyd;]; tpidnghUs; cUthfpwJ.
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;: + ntg;gk;.
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw My;bi`lhf 10 ngypq;f;]; Nrhjid:
3 kpyp Nghh;~; tpidnghUs; tPo;gbT ,Uf;fyhk;. 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw My;bi`L
+1 kpyp mlh;HCl + ntg;gk.; cz;lhfpwJ. tPo;gbT cs;sJ.
1 kpyp ngypq;f;]; A kw;Wk;
5 mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid: fUfpa rh;f;fiu B fiury; + ntg;gk;. cz;lhfpwJ.
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + kzj;Jld; fhh;Ngh
1kpyp mlh; H2SO4 + fhpahjy; i`l;Nul;
epfotpy;iy. ,y;iy. KbT:
ntg;gk.;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk;
Nrhjid: 1). mNuhNkl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
2). epiwTwhr; Nrh;kk;.
6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid: 3). My;bi`L tpidr; nray; njhFjp cs;sJ.
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;GifAld; mNuhNkl;bf;
rpwpjsT fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij $ba Rlh; Nrh;kk; cs;sJ.
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cz;lhfpwJ.
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.
Nrh. vz;: 2 fPl;Nlhd;
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
(mrpl;Nlh gPNdhd; my;yJ ngd;Nrh gPNdhd;)
7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid: GNuhkpd; fiury;
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + epwkpoe;J mNuhNkl;bf;,
v 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ntz;ik epw epiwTwhr;
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: tPo;gbT Nrh;kk;
GNuhkpd; ePh.;
cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
1 kzk;: Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ngd;rhy;bi`L
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk.; 8 KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid: KMnO4
kzk; gPdhy;,v];lh;,
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fiurypd; epiwTwhr;
,y;iy. mkPd; ,y;iy.
2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j ,sQ;rptg;G Nrh;kk;
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid: cs;sJ.
epwk; kiwfpwJ.
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhh;ghf;rpypf; fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
<ukhd ypl;k]; jhspy; epwkhw;wk; mkpyk;>gPdhy;, fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
Njha;f;fTk;. ,y;iy. mkPd; ,y;iy. fPl;NlhDf;fhd Nrhjid:
3 Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl;Lld;
tpid: Eiuj;Jg; fhh;ghf;rpypf; 9 yPfy;]; Nrhjid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + nghq;Fjy; mkpyk; ,y;iy. 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw fPl;Nlhd;
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig epfo;tjpy;iy. 1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
fhh;gNdl; fiury.; G&irL fiury; +
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;: NaOH fiury.;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw fPl;Nlhdhf
3kpyp Nghh;~; tpidnghUs; tPo;gbT ,Uf;fyhk;.
+1 kpyp mlh;HCl + ntg;gk.; cz;lhfpwJ.
5 fUfpa KbT:
mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rh;f;fiu fhh;Ngh nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
kzj;Jld; i`l;Nul;
1 kpyp mlh; H2SO4 + 1). mNuhNkl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
fhpahjy; ,y;iy.
ntg;gk;.
epfotpy;iy. 2). epiwTwhr; Nrh;kk;.
3). fPl;Nlhd; tpidr; nray; njhFjp cs;sJ.
mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk;
Nrhjid:

6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid:
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;GifAld; mNuhNkl;bf;
rpwpjsT fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij $ba Rlh; Nrh;kk; cs;sJ.
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cz;lhfpwJ.
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.
Nrh. vz;: 3 fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk;
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
(ngd;rhapf; my;yJ rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;).
7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid: GNuhkpd; fiury;
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + epwkpoe;J mNuhNkl;bf;,
v 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ntz;ik epw epiwTwhr;
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: tPo;gbT Nrh;kk;
GNuhkpd; ePh;
cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
1 kzk;: Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ngd;rhy;bi`L
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk.; 8 KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid: KMnO4
kzk; gPdhy;,v];lh;,
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fiurypd; epiwTwhr;
,y;iy mkPd; ,y;iy.
2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j ,sQ;rptg;G Nrh;kk;
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid: fhh;ghf;rpypf; cs;sJ.
epwk; kiwfpwJ.
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid ePy ypl;k]; mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
<ukhd ypl;k]; jhspy; rptg;G gPdhyhf fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
Njha;f;fTk.; epwkhfpwJ. ,Uf;fyhk;. fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fSf;fhd Nrhjid:
3 Nrhbak; ig
fhh;gNdl;Lld; tpid: Eiuj;Jg; fhh;ghf;rpypf; 9 v];luhf;Fjy; tpid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + nghq;Fjy; mkpyk; 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + eWkzkpf;f fhh;ghf;rpypf;
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig epfo;fpwJ ,Uf;fyhk;. 1kpyp vj;jpy; My;f`hy; gothrid mkpyk;
fhh;gNdl; fiury.; + 5 Jspfs; mlh; H2SO4 czug;gLfpwJ. cs;sJ.
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;:
+ ntg;gk; + Nrhbak;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw My;bi`L, fhh;gNdl; fiury.;
3 kpyp Nghh;~; tPo;gbT fPl;Nlhd;
tpidnghUs; + 1kpyp cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy.
mlh; HCl + ntg;gk; KbT:
5 mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid: fUfpa rh;f;fiu
kzj;Jld; fhh;Ngh nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; +
fhpahjy; i`l;Nul; 1). mNuhNkl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
1 kpyp mlh; H2SO4 +
epfotpy;iy ,y;iy. 2). epiwTwhr; Nrh;kk;.
ntg;gk;
3). fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk; tpidr; nray; njhFjp cs;sJ.
mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk;
Nrhjid:
6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid:
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;GifAld; mNuhNkl;bf;
rpwpjsT $ba Rlh; Nrh;kk; cs;sJ.
fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij cz;lhfpwJ.
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.
Nrh. vz;: 4 Xhpiza mkPd;
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
(mdpyPd;)
7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid: GNuhkpd; fiury;
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + epwkpoe;J, mNuhNkl;bf;,
v 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ntz;ik epw epiwTwhr;
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: tPo;gbT Nrh;kk;
GNuhkpd; ePh.;
cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
1 kzk;: mkPdhf
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk.; kPdpd; kzk;. 8 KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid: KMnO4
,Uf;fyhk;.
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fiurypd; epiwTwhr;
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid:
2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j ,sQ;rptg;G Nrh;kk;
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid <ukhd rptg;G ypl;k]; mkPdhf
epwk; kiwfpwJ. cs;sJ.
ypl;k]; jhspy; ePy epwkhfpwJ. ,Uf;fyhk;. fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
Njha;f;fTk;.
fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
3 Nrhbak; ig
mkPd;fSf;fhd Nrhjid:
fhh;gNdl;Lld; tpid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + Eiuj;Jg; fhh;ghf;rpypf; 9 rhar; Nrhjid:
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig nghq;Fjy; mkpyk; ,y;iy. MuQ;R rptg;G mNuhNkl;bf;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; +
fhh;gNdl; fiury; epfo;tjpy;iy. epwr; rhak; Xhpiza
2 kpyp mlh; HCl +
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;: cz;lhfpwJ. mkPd;
rptg;G epw Nrhbak; iel;iul; +
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + My;bi`L, cs;sJ.
3kpyp Nghh;~; tpidnghUs; tPo;gbT fPl;Nlhd; gdpf;fl;b +
+ 1kpyp mlh;HCl + ntg;gk; cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy. NaOH fiury; +
5 Fsph;tpf;fg;gl;l
mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid:
fUfpa rh;f;fiu fhh;Ngh β eh/g;jhy.;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; +
1 kpyp mlh; H2SO4 + kzj;Jld; i`l;Nul;
fhpahjy; ,y;iy.
ntg;gk; KbT:
epfotpy;iy.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk;
Nrhjid: 1). mNuhNkl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
2). epiwTwhr; Nrh;kk;.
6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid: 3). mkPd; tpidr; nray; njhFjp cs;sJ.
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;GifAld; mNuhNkl;bf;
rpwpjsT fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij $ba Rlh; Nrh;kk; cs;sJ.
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cz;lhfpwJ.
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.
Nrh. vz;: 5 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
(FSf;Nfh];)
7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid: GNuhkpd; epiwTw;wr;
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fiurypd; Nrh;kk;
v 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp epwk; cs;sJ.
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: kiwtjpy;iy.
GNuhkpd; ePh.;
1 kzk;: Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ngd;rhy;bi`L 8 KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid:
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk.; kzk; gPdhy;,v];lh;, 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + KMnO4 epiwTw;wr;
,y;iy. 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j fiurypd; Nrh;kk;
mkPd; ,y;iy.
,sQ;rptg;G cs; sJ.
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid: fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid <ukhd Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhh;ghf;rpypf; epwk;
ypl;k]; jhspy; epwkhw;wk; kiwtjpy;iy.
mkpyk;>gPdhy;,
Njha;f;fTk.; ,y;iy. fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
mkPd; ,y;iy.
3 Nrhbak; ig fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lf;;fhd Nrhjid:
fhh;gNdl;Lld; tpid: Eiuj;Jg;
9 khyp~; Nrhjid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + nghq;Fjy; fhh;ghf;rpypf;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + Cjh my;yJ fhh;Ngh
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig epfo;tjpy;iy. mkpyk; ,y;iy.
2 kpyp ePh; + 4 Jspfs; rptg;G fye;j i`l;Nul;
fhh;gNdl; fiury.; Cjh epw cs;sJ.
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;: My;gh eh/g;jhy; +
tisak;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + kQ;rs; epw My;bi`L rpy Jspfs; mlh; H2SO4 cz;lhfpwJ.
3kpyp Nghh;~; tpidnghUs; tPo;gbT cs;sJ.
cz;lhfpwJ. 10 XNrhd; Nrhjid:
+ 1kpyp mlh;HCl + ntg;gk;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + kQ;rs; epw fhh;Ngh
5 mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid: gbfq;fs; i`l;Nul;
1 kpyp gPidy; i`l;urPd;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fUfpa rh;f;fiu fhh;Ngh cz;lhfpd;wd. cs;sJ.
kzj;Jld; i`l;Nul; fiury; + ntg;gk.;
1 kpyp mlh;H2SO4 +
fhpahjy; cs;sJ.
ntg;gk.;
epfo;fpwJ.

mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk;

Nrhjid: KbT:
6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid:
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;Gifaw;w mypghl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
rpwpjsT fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij Rlh; Nrh;kk; 1). mypghl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
2). epiwTw;wr; Nrh;kk;.
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.
3). fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; tpidr; nray; njhFjp cs;sJ.
Nrh. vz;: 6 il mikL; ( a+hpah)
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd
v 7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid:
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + GNuhkpd; epiwTw;wr;
2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp fiurypd; Nrh;kk;
1 kzk;: Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ngd;rhy;bi`L epwk; cs;sJ.
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk. kzk; gPdhy;,v];lh;, GNuhkpd; ePh;.
kiwtjpy;iy.
,y;iy. mkPd; ,y;iy. 8 KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid:
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid: KMnO4 epiwTw;wr;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; +
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid <ukhd Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhh;ghf;rpypf; fiurypd; Nrh;kk;
ypl;k]; jhspy; epwkhw;wk; mkpyk;>gPdhy;, 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j
,sQ;rptg;G cs;sJ.
Njha;f;fTk; ,y;iy. mkPd; ,y;iy. fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
epwk;
3 Nrhbak; ig kiwtjpy;iy.
fhh;gNdl;Lld; tpid: Eiuj;Jg; fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + nghq;Fjy; fhh;ghf;rpypf; il mikLf;fhd Nrhjid:
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig epfo;tjpy;iy. mkpyk; ,y;iy.
fhh;gNdl; fiury; 9 iga+ul; Nrhjid:
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;: 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + Cjh epwk; ilmikL
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw My;bi`L, ntg;gk; + 2 kpyp ePh; + cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
3kpyp Nghh;~; tpidnghUs; tPo;gbT fPl;Nlhd; 1 kpyp CuSO4 fiury;
+ 1kpyp mlh;HCl + ntg;gk; cz;lhftpy;iy. ,y;iy. + 10% NaOH fiury.;
5 mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + fUfpa rh;f;fiu fhh;Ngh
1 kpyp mlh; H2SO4 + kzj;Jld; i`l;Nul;
fhpahjy; ,y;iy. KbT:
ntg;gk;
epfotpy;iy.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk;
1). mypghl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
Nrhjid:
2). epiwTw;wr; Nrh;kk;.
6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid: 3). il mikL; tpidr; nray; njhFjp cs;sJ.
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;Gifaw;w mypghl;bf;
rpwpjsT fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij Rlh; Nrh;kk;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.
Nrh. vz;: 7 fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; gPdhy;
epiwtwhj; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjid:
(rhyprpypf;; mkpyk;).
7 GNuhkpd; ePUld; Nrhjid: GNuhkpd; fiury; mNuhNkl;bf;,
t Nrhjid cw;W Nehf;fy; mwptd 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + epwkpoe;J epiwTwhr;
v 2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ntz;ik epw Nrh;kk;
Kjy;epiyr; Nrhjidfs;: tPo;gbT cs;sJ.
GNuhkpd; ePh;.
cz;lhfpwJ.
1 kzk;: gPdhypd; gPdhyhf 8
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; kzk;. KMnO4 fiury; Nrhjid:
kzk.; ,Uf;fyhk;. epiwTwhr;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + KMnO4
2 ypl;k]; jhs; Nrhjid: fhh;ghf;rpypf; Nrh;kk;
2 kpyp ePh; + 2 kpyp ePh;j;j fiurypd;
fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpid ePy ypl;k]; mkpyk; my;yJ cs;sJ.
,sQ;rptg;G
<ukhd ypl;k]; jhspy; rptg;G gPdhyhf fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
epwk; kiwfpwJ.
Njha;f;fTk;. epwkhfpwJ. ,Uf;fyhk;.
fhpk tpidj; njhFjp cWg;Gf;fSf;fhd Nrhjid
3 Nrhbak; ig
fhh;gNdl;Lld; tpid: 9 v];luhf;Fjy; tpid:
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + Eiuj;Jg; fhh;ghf;rpypf; (fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk;)
2 kpyp Nrhbak; ig nghq;Fjy; mkpyk; eWkzkpf;f fhh;ghf;rpypf;
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; +
fhh;gNdl; fiury;. epfo;fpwJ. ,Uf;fyhk;. gothrid mkpyk;
1 kpyp vj;jpy; My;f`hy;
4 Nghh;~; tpidg;nghUs;: czug;gLfpwJ. cs;sJ.
+ 5 Jspfs; mlh; H2SO4
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + rptg;G epw My;bi`L,
tPo;gbT + ntg;gk; + Nrhbak;
3kpyp Nghh;~; tpidnghUs; fPl;Nlhd;
cz;lhftpy;iy. fhh;gNdl; fiury;.
+ 1kpyp mlh; HCl + ,y;iy.
10 eLepiy FeCl3 Nrhjid:
ntg;gk;. Cjh my;yJ gPdhypf;
(gPdhy;)
5 mlh; H2SO4 Nrhjid: gr;ir epwk; Nrhkk;
fUfpa rh;f;fiu fhh;Ngh 2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; +
2 Jsp fhpkr; Nrh;kk; + cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
kzj;Jld; i`l;Nul; 2 kpyp FeCl3 fiury;.
1kpyp mlh; H2SO4 +
fhpahjy; ,y;iy.
ntg;gk;.
epfotpy;iy.

mypghl;bf; my;yJ mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ikapidf; fz;lwpAk; KbT:

Nrhjid: nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
6 vhpj;jy; Nrhjid: 1). mNuhNkl;bf; Nrh;kk;.
xU epf;fy; fuz;bapy; fhpg;GifAld; mNuhNkl;bf; 2). epiwTwhr; Nrh;kk;.
rpwpjsT fhpkr;Nrh;kk;j;ij $ba Rlh; Nrh;kk; 3). fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; gPdhy; tpidr; nray;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cz;lhfpwJ. cs;sJ.
njhFjpfs; cs;sd.
Gd;rd; Rlupy; vhpf;fTk;.