Lecture and Q and A Series in Questioned Document Examination PDF

PAIMALAN I RAMOS
Criminologist Licensure Examination

LECTURE with Q and A
arranged by Sub-Subjects
(1998-2019)
in
CRIMINALISTICS
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
DACTYLOSCOPY (PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION) I FORENSIC BALLISTICS I FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY I DECEPTION DETECTION (POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION) I QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION I MEDICO LEGAL I FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY I FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY
By
Raymart S. Paimalan
Charlemagne James P. Ramos
About the Contributor
RAYMART SIANO PAIMALAN obtained his Bachelor of
Science in Criminology from Sumulong College of Arts and
Sciences College of Criminal Justice Education in 2016 and
subsequently passed the October 2016 Criminologist
Licensure Examination with the rating of 86.15. He is
currently committed in the Lecture Sessions at What
Criminologist Knows? and focuses on the field of
CRIMINALISTICS.
Sir Raymart S. Paimalan

Registered Criminologist / Physical Scientist / Writer
About the Contributor
CHARLEMAGNE JAMES P. RAMOS obtained his Bachelor of
Science in Criminology from Sumulong College of Arts and
Sciences College of Criminal Justice Education in 2013 and
subsequently passed the October 2013 Criminologist Licensure
Examination with the rating of 88.05. At the young age he
became a former professor at the same school and a national
lecturer to various review centers in the Philippines. His passion
in teaching lead him to do writings and a vast of opus and
treatise that would help the candidates of the Licensure
Examination. Aside from writing and teaching at his own
coaching sessions he is also currently completing his degree in
Juris Doctor at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Law. The experience he gained for being a lecturer and
striker in every session of the Criminologist Licensure
Examination makes him specialized in training candidates of the
Criminology Licensure Examination evidence are the Registered
Criminologist of various schools he had produced in the first row
of years in the practice as a Criminologist.
Sir Charlemagne James P. Ramos

Criminologist / Review Director / Writer / Author
C.L.E BOARD SUBJECTS
Criminal Law and Jurisprudence 20%
Law Enforcement and Administration 20%
Criminalistics 20%
Crime Detection and Investigation 15%
Crim Socio 15%
Correctional Administration 10%
100%
CLE Lecture Series
CRIMINALISTICS
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
“NO TWO PRODUCTS OF MAN OR NATURE ARE IDENTICAL, AND DIFFERENCES ARE
PERCEPTIBLE IF A SUFFICIENTLY CLOSE STUDY IS MADE.”
By
Raymart S. Paimalan
Registered Criminologist
PART THREE
QUESTION DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
“ NO TWO PRODUCTS OF MAN OR NATURE ARE IDENTICAL, AND DIFFERENCES ARE
PERCEPTIBLE IF A SUFFICIENTLY CLOSE STUDY IS MADE.”
FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
Brief History
Third Century
The time of Titus and
Anthony
“Jurists established protocols
for the determination of
forgery and the manner in
which forgeries were to be
detected.”
Sixth Century
Justinian Code
“Established further
guidelines for the using of
handwriting comparisons in
the courts.
A judge could in
his discretion request persons
with special skill in writing to
perform an examination of
questioned writing and give
testimony as the
authenticity of the
questioned text.”
• GILBERT THOMPSON 1882
Gilbert Thompson of the U.S geological
survey in New Mexico, used his owned
thumb print on a document to
prevent forgery
This is the first known use of
fingerprint in the united states .
Fast forward to the
United States 1887
Bell v Brewster
(10 N.E 679, 44 Ohio St. 690)
The Ohio Supreme Court
recognized the importance of
handwriting as a means of
identifying person
Utilizing standards of comparison, expert
comparative analysis and opinion
testimony regarding writing to
established questioned writing as
prepared by a specific writer.
1900
Daniel T. Ames
“Ames on Forgery”
One of the earliest treatises
by the founder of the
Penman’s Art Journal,
penmanship author and
“Examiner of Contested
Handwriting in Courts of
Justice”
1900 1903
New York v R. B.
Matter of Rice
Molineaux
Notable early (the Rice‐Patrick
criminal case case)
involving the Notable early forged
testimony of
Will case
several handwriting
experts in New York.
Roland Molineaux, a The result of
chemist, was tried for
the poisoning murder this case indirectly led to
of a woman the
Katherine Adams Rice Institute
foundation.
1910
Albert S. Osborn also,
Albert Sherman Osborn during the early part of the
“Questioned Documents” century,
A comprehensive text which began to invite other
established a greater focus document examiners to
on his
not only the examination of home in Upper Montclair,
handwriting and signatures, NJ.
But of the other types of These were the beginning
evidence appearing on of what would become the
document including paper, American Society of
ink, typewriting and Questioned Document
alteration Father of Examiners.
questioned documents examination
Virginia 1924 This was a landmark
Adams v Ristine case due
122 S. E. 126, 138 Va 273, to the number of issues
31 A.L.R. 1413 which
Chock‐full of document were addressed dealing
law with expert testimony
points, covering many in the field
questions including
qualifications of experts,
scope of
cross‐examination
and use of photographic
evidence.”
1929
John H. Wigmore
Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory
“The organization of the first forensic science
laboratory, the
Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory in Chicago, IL,
began in
1929. It started under private endowment, but
within one or
two years, because of the influence of Professor
John H.
Wigmore, it was affiliated with Northewestern
University
School of Law. “ “This laboratory was modeled
after
multidisciplinary European laboratories and
included a
questioned document section
1935
State of NJ v Bruno Richard
Hauptmann
Lindbergh kidnapping
Albert S. Osborn, Albert D. Osborn,
Elbridge W. Stein, Clark
Sellers, John H. Tyrrell, H. J. Walter,
Harry Cassidy and Dr.
Wilmer Souder (the only public
examiner), were consulted
independently and opined Hauptmann
had prepared multiple
ransom demand notes
1942
American Society of
Questioned Document Examiners
Formally Founded
With Albert S. Osborn presiding, the ASQDE was formally
established.
Membership in organization was entirely by
invitation.
Its meetings were completely educational in scope,
and annual attendance as well as full participation in the
program were an absolute requirement for a continuing
invitation considered many be the
invitation. The ASQDE is considered, by many, to primary
national organization disseminating research in the
United States
1956
Kidnap/Murder
Of Peter Weinberger
People v John LaMarca
(New York)
FBI experts sift through
75,000 police record
signatures, expanding the
search to probation records.
John LaMarca was identified
through federal district court
records.
1959
James V. P. Conway
“Evidential Documents”
A well regarded text by
Conway of the Postal
Inspector in charge of the San
Francisco Identification
Laboratory (USPS). The book
was a complete guide, but
among the first ith brto cover the
subject matter wevity
and considered an excellent
introduction to the field for
the trial lawyer.
1977
American Board of Forensic Document
Examiners
Official Formation
The ABFDE’s stated objectives are two‐fold: to
establish, maintain and enhance standards of
qualification for those who practice forensic document
examination, and to certify applicants who comply with
ABFDE requirements for this expertise. In doing so, the
Board aims to safeguard the public interest by ensuring
that anyone who claims to be a specialist in forensic
document examination does, in fact, possess the
necessary skills and qualifications
1982
Ordway Hilton
“Scientific Examination of
Questioned Documents – Revised
Edition”
Hilton’s book, became the
pre‐eminent training text of the
modern document examiner.
Hilton’s book, along with the writings
of Dr. Wilson Harrison, Osborn,
Conway; and then later Huber, Ellen,
Huber/Headrick; and most recently
Kelly/Lindblom would form the texts
utilized in training and the guide for
published protocol development.
1989
Denbeaux, Saks & Risinger
`“Exorcism of Ignorance as a Proxy for
Rational Knowledge: The Lessons of
Handwriting Identification
‘Expertise’”
The University of Pennsylvania Law
Review article which focused attention
on forensic document examination and
particularly handwriting examination.
Largely criticized by the field, the article
certainly can be credited with ending the
complacency of The field with respect to
the empirical research , protocol
development and other issue.
MATERIALS FROM WHICH DOCUMENTS ARE
MADE
• PAPER
• INK
• WRITING INSTRUMENT
HISTORY OF PAPER
• The earliest form of material on
which writing was placed were
the skins of animals called
parchment or vellum.
• The first artificial material was
used in Egypt and called papyrus
• Codex – Made primarily from the
skins of sheep, its name was
derived from the ancient Greek
city of Perganum.
• The word paper comes from the
papyrus
• A.D 874
Letters been found in Egypt
1047 A.D
The oldest manuscript in England
were scripted on cotton paper
• Straw was used to make paper in 1800.
• Paper made from wood was not
attempted until 1869
• Parchment Paper – also known as
“vegetable” parchment, was invented
about 1857 and was first manufactured
in the United States in 1885
• modern type of paper called sulphite
was first between 1880 and 1890
• A form of grass called esparto, grown in
Libya, was first introduced in England in
1861.
• Chlorine – was introduced in the 19th
century for bleaching and colored linen
could already manufactured for paper
• The easiest way of identifying the
date of manufacture of the paper
is by the watermark.
• It is impressed into the paper by
wires on the rollers that make the
paper
• All paper manufactures keep
careful of changes in their
watermarks
• Wrong watermarks are one of the
most common mistakes of a
forger.
QUESTION
In the study of questioned documents, what
do you call the quality of paper that does
not allow light to pass through or which
prevents dark objects from being seen
through the paper?
A.Opacity
B.Watermarks
C.Skid marks
D.Invisibility
ANSWER
In the study of questioned documents, what
do you call the quality of paper that does
not allow light to pass through or which
prevents dark objects from being seen
through the paper?
A.Opacity
B.Watermarks
C.Skid marks
D.Invisibility
QUESTION
What is the oldest ink material known?
A.Ball point pen ink
B.Chinese Ink
C.Aniline Ink
D.White Ink
QUESTION
What is the oldest ink material known?
A.Ball point pen ink
B.Chinese Ink (INDIAN INK)
C.Aniline Ink
D.White Ink
QUESTION
A fluid or viscous marking material used
for writing or printing.
A.Pen
B.Ink
C.Coal
D.Chalk
ANSWER
A fluid or viscous marking material used
for writing or printing.
A.Pen
B.Ink
C.Coal
D.Chalk
INK
• Some authorities consider that the
earliest ink was a form of
vegetables varnish.
• The oldest type of ink was
invented by the Chinese thousand
years ago.
• The Chinese were given no credit
for its invention in the name by
which commonly known
indian(CHINES) ink (amorphous
carbon in the form of lamp‐black
made into cake with hide glue)
Following are some classes of ink
• Printing ink • Iron‐tannin ink
made by grinding carbon in the Discovered in a way that when
form of vegetable char with a soluble salts of iron were mixed
varnish made of natural gums and with extracts from vegetable
drying oil. material such as tan bark and nut‐
• Canceling ink gull.
Often contains carbon and this This dark liquid was found to be
fact should be borne in mind more suitable for use with the
when it is required to decipher contemporary invented type of
faint cancellation marks on pen the quill
postage stamps or wrappers
• Record ink • Colored ink
This is the term applied to ink of Synthetic dyestuffs from the basis
high quality which are assured of of practically all colored inks
long life under reasonable whether intended for usein
condition of storage of the fountain pens or not
document • Copying ink
• Fountain pen ink Is substantially a concentrated
A record ink which contain about record ink to which has been
half the normal concentration of added chemicals such as glycerin
iron compounds, but an increase or dextrin.
proportion of dyestuff.
• Logwood ink • Stamp‐pad ink
Formerly in extensive use but These ink are very similar to
rarely encountered today, about hectograph inks except that they
80% of writing ink is dyestuff ink, are heavily loaded with
the remainder being iron‐tannin humectants, such as glycerol or
ink glycol, which prevent the pad
• Hectograph ink from drying up.
Consists of a layer of neither a • Ball point ink
gelatin glycerol mixture of special The success of the ball point pen
clay. has been bound with the
provision of suitable inks
• Liquid‐lead pencil ink
Is an ordinary ballpoint pen with a fluid containing finely divided
carbon substituted for the usual dyestuff containing ink.
WRITING INSTRUMENT
• The instrument used to form
marks or symbols on a paper is
known as the WRITING
INSTRUMENT.
The earliest writing instrument are:
• Roman beaver
• The reed pen(still use in the
orient)
• The goose‐quill
• The steel pen
• An early type of fountain pen
• The first successful fountain pen
QUESTION
Any written instrument by which a right or
obligation is established.
A.Certificate
B.Subpoena
C.Warrant
D.Document
ANSWER
Any written instrument by which a right or
obligation is established.
A.Certificate
B.Subpoena
C.Warrant
D.Document
DOCUMENTS
• Is any material which contains
marks, symbols or sign, in which
these components may either be
visible, partially visible or
invisible
• Legally competent in conveying
a meaning or message to
someone
QUESTION
•Is graffiti on the wall a documents?
QUESTION
•What about writings in the tissue paper, leaf
or bark of the trees?
ANSWER
Based on the definition of the term “DOCUMENT”, as previously stated.
The answer in “YES”
A document my either be:
Questioned Document
Standard Documents
QUESTION
One in which the facts appearing therein
may not be true, and are contested either
in whole or part with respect to its
authenticity, identity, or origin.
A.Questioned document
B.Illegal document
C.Falsified document
D.Disputed facts
ANSWER
One in which the facts appearing therein
may not be true, and are contested either
in whole or part with respect to its
authenticity, identity, or origin.
A.Questioned document
B.Illegal document
C.Falsified document
D.Disputed facts
QUESTION
A document which is being questioned
because of its origin, its contents or the
circumstances or the stories of its
production.
A.disputed document
B.standard document
C.requested document
D.questioned document
ANSWER
A document which is being questioned
because of its origin, its contents or the
circumstances or the stories of its
production.
A.disputed document
B.standard document
C.requested document
D.questioned document
QUESTION
A document in which some issues have been
raised or is under scrutiny.
A.Void Document
B.Illegal Document
C.Forged Document
D.Questioned Document
ANSWER
A document in which some issues have been
raised or is under scrutiny.
A.Void Document
B.Illegal Document
C.Forged Document
D.Questioned Document
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
• Any material or any documents in
which some issue has been raised.
• That which is under scrutiny
• A document which has a “doubtful
origin”
CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
• Documents with questioned
signature
Most common disputed documents
Signature of which is under
suspicion
Under this class are found the
traced, simulating and copying
forgery process
• Documents containing alleged
fraudulent alterations
• Documents in which it is alleged
that some of alteration was
made by erasure, addition,
interlineation or substitution
• Holograph documents
questioned or disputed
The writing of an entire written
document is all questioned.
A documents that is completely
written and sign
• Documents attacked on the
question of their age or date
Documents in which the age of an
instrument or the age of some part
of it is investigated
Documents in which the
comparative age of different parts
may have some bearing on the
question of its genuineness
• Documents attacked on the
question of material used in their
production
Documents shown to be false
because they were dated many
years before the paper was made
on which they were written
• Documents investigated on the
questioned of type
writings/computerprints
Questioned that may be raised in
the document may either be the
used of the same machine at
different time or at different times
on different machine
• Documents or writing
investigated because it is alleged
that they identity some person
through hand writing
Includes all documents which by
their handwriting and contents
tend to identify some person
Most common are anonymous and
disputed letters
• Genuine documents erroneously
or fraudulently attacked
Genuine signature may be alleged
by the writers as it is not his own
QUESTION
An instrument that can be legally used in
comparison with a questioned document, its
origin is known and can be proven.
A.simulated document
B.forged document
C.standard document
D.compared document
ANSWER
An instrument that can be legally used in
comparison with a questioned document, its
origin is known and can be proven.
A.simulated document
B.forged document
C.standard document
D.compared document
QUESTION
Condensed and compact set of authentic
specimen which is adequate and proper,
should contain a cross section of the
material from known sources.
A.disguised document
B.questioned document
C.standard document
D.requested document
ANSWER
Condensed and compact set of authentic
specimen which is adequate and proper,
should contain a cross section of the
A.disguised document
B.questioned document
C.standard document
D.requested document
STANDARD DOCUMENT
• Document in which the origin is
known can be proven
• Can legally be used as sample
to compare with other things is
questioned.
QUESTION
Standards which are prepared upon the
request of the investigator and for the
purpose of comparison with the questioned
document.
A.relative standards
B.collected standards
C.extended standards
D.requested standards
ANSWER
Standards which are prepared upon the
request of the investigator and for the
purpose of comparison with the questioned
document.
A.relative standards
B.collected standards
C.extended standards
D.requested standards
TYPE OF STANDARD
• Collected/procured standard • Requested/dictated (post litel
motam standard)
Standard specimen executed in
the regular course of man’s A standard document which are
activity or that which are executed executed upon request, they are
on the day to day writing activity prepared at one time.
made upon the request of an
investigator.
• Contemporary document
Documents that are not more than 5 years before and after
How to obtain Collected Standards:
1. Collect at least 15‐20 standards;
2. Collected standards should bear similarity of subject matter;
3. The date of preparation must be five (5) years before & five (5) years
after the incident happened;
4. There should be similarity of the instrument used in writing;
5. The writing condition and the manner of execution must be similar
to the execution of the questioned writing.
How to obtain Requested Standards:
1. Dictate, never allow the suspect to see the document;
2. The text that is to be dictated must be carefully selected; do not
dictate exactly the content to prevent familiarity of the document;
3. Dictation must be conducted for three times;
4. Dictation must be interrupted & on an interval basis so that the
subject will feel relax and write in his own natural writing.
5. The normal writing condition of the subject must be arranged, so
that the writer will feel to write the dictation.
QUESTION
. A kind of document which is executed by
a private person without the intervention
of a notary public, or of competent public
official, by which some disposition of
agreement is proved.
A.commercial document
B.official document
C.public document
D.private document
ANSWER
. A kind of document which is executed by
a private person without the intervention
of a notary public, or of competent public
official, by which some disposition of
A.commercial document
B.official document
C.public document
D.private document
QUESTION
A kind of document executed by a person in
authority and by private parties but
notarized by competent officials.
A.private document
B.commercial document
C.public document
D.official document
ANSWER
A kind of document executed by a person in
authority and by private parties but
notarized by competent officials.
A.private document
B.commercial document
C.public document
D.official document
Kinds of Document
1. PUBLIC DOCUMENT
2. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
3. PRIVATE DOCUMENT
4. COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT
• Public Document • Official Document‐
• ‐an instrument authenticated by • a document which is issued by a
a notary public or competent public official in the exercise of
official with the formalities the functions of his office. An
required by law; or an official document is also a public
instrument executed in due form document
before a notary public certified
by him; or one that which is
made by a notary public in the
presence of parties who execute
it with the assistance of two (2)
witnesses
• Private Document‐ • Commercial Document‐
• a deed or instrument executed by a • under Article 172 of the Revised
private person without the Penal Code, these are instruments
intervention of a notary public or which are used by the merchants
other persons legally authorized, or businessmen to promote or
by which document some facilitate trade or credit
disposition or agreement is transaction. The term also include
provided evidence as set forth. letters, notes or papers issued in
the course of business
transactions, quedans, bonds,
books of accounts and in general
any negotiable instruments. It is
any document defined and
regulated by the code of commerce
or any other commercial law.
NOTE
• A private document may become a public or official
document when it partakes the nature of a public or official
record. So if the falsification’s committed on such
document, that is, when it is already a part of the public
record, falsification of public or official is committed.
However, if such private document is intended to become a
part of the public record, even though falsified of a public
document is committed.
WRITING WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE
DOCUMENTS
Based on some Supreme Court Rulings.
1. A draft of a Municipal payroll which is not yet approved by the
proper authority (People vs. Camacho, 44 Phil. 484)
2. Mere blank form of official documents, the spaces of which are not
filled up (People vs. Santiago, CA, 48 O.G. 4558).
3. Pamphlets or books which don not evidence any disposition or
agreement are not documents but are mere merchandise (People
vs. Agnis, 47 Phil. 945).
BASIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF
HANDWRITING AND SIGNATURE IDENTIFICATION
• Identifying characteristics
Handwriting characteristics in this text may mean any property or
mark which distinguishes, and commonly referred to as identifying
details.
Handwriting characteristics are generally grouped into:
• Common/class characteristics
• Individual or personal caharacteristics
SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF HANDWRITING
• ANALYSIS (or recognition) of characteristics
• COMPARISON of characteristics
• EVALUATION of characteristics
QUESTION
is that act of setting of two or more items side
by side to weight their identifying quantities.
It infers not only a visual but also the mental
act which the elements of one item are related
to the counterparts of the other.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
ANSWER
is that act of setting of two or more items side
by side to weight their identifying quantities.
It infers not only a visual but also the mental
act which the elements of one item are related
to the counterparts of the other.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
• ANALYSIS
• involves the observation, measurement and or determination or properties
or characteristics.
• COMPARISON
• entails the actual comparison of the properties or characteristics of an
unknown item determined thru analysis with familiar or recorded
characteristics of known items.
• EVALUATION
• means the correct interpretation of characteristics will each have certain
value of determination on determined by their like hood of occurrence.
The weight or significance of each characteristic must be considered.
QUESTION
Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost
unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting
from fixed mental impression of certain idea
with script form?
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
ANSWER
Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost
unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting
from fixed mental impression of certain idea
with script form?
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
Handwriting defined/explained
HANDWRITING –
it is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole, a
combination of certain forms of visible mental muscular habits
acquired by long continued painstaking effort.
HANDWRITING HOW PROVED:
• Sec.23, Rules of Court
the handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness who
believes it to be the handwriting of such person, and has seen the
person write, or has seen writing purporting to be his upon which the
witness has acted or been charged, and has thus acquired knowledge
of the handwriting of such person. Evidence respecting the
handwriting may also be given by a comparison, made by the witness
or the court, with writing admitted or treated as genuine by the party
against whom the evidence is offered, or proved to e genuine to the
satisfaction of the judge.
THE GENUINESS OF ANY DISPUTED WRITING
MAY BE PROVEN BY ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
• Acknowledgement of the alleged writer that he wrote it.
• Statement of the witness who saw the writing made and is able to
identify it as such.
• By the opinion of persons who are familiar with the handwriting of
the allege writer.
• By the opinion of an expert who compares the questioned writing
with that of other writing which are admitted or treated to be
genuine by the party against whom the evidenced is offered.
OPINION OF ORDINARY WITNESSES:
• Sec. 44, Rule 130, Rules of Court
the opinion of the witness regarding the identity of handwriting of a
person, when he has knowledge of the person or handwriting; the opinion
of a subscribing witness to a writing; the validity of which is in disputed,
respecting the mental sanity of the signer; and the opinion of an intimate
acquaintance respecting the mental sanity of a person, the reason of the
opinion being given, may be received as evidence.
in order for an ordinary witness to be qualified to express his

opinion, it must be shown that he has some familiarity with the
handwriting of the person in a way recognized by law
SOME PRACTICAL USES OF HANDWRITING
EXAMINATION
• Financial crime (bogus check, credit card fraud, embezzlement).
• Death investigation (suicide notes, hotel registration cards, letter of
explanation)
• Robberies (pawnshop notes, cashing of stolen check)
• Kidnapping with ransom (demand notes, threatening letter)
• Anonymous threatening letters.
• Falsification of documents (deeds of conveyance, receipts)
QUESTION
is a result of a very complicated series of act,
being as a whole, a combination of certain forms
of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by
long continued painstaking effort.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
ANSWER
is a result of a very complicated series of act,
being as a whole, a combination of certain forms
of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by
long continued painstaking effort.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
QUESTION
Any property or mark which distinguishes
and in document examination commonly
called to as the identifying details si
called
A.Standard
B.Characteristics
C.Attribute
D.Form
ANSWER
Any property or mark which distinguishes
and in document examination commonly
called to as the identifying details si
called
A.Standard
B.Characteristics
C.Attribute
D.Form
QUESTION
characteristics highly individualize or
perculiar to an individual writer or
characteristics which are highly personalize and
unlikely to occur in other instances.
A. Class characteristics
B. Individual characteristics
C. Identity characteristics
D. All of the above
ANSWER
characteristics highly individualize or
perculiar to an individual writer or
characteristics which are highly personalize and
unlikely to occur in other instances.
D. All of the above
Common or class characteristics
• Are those which conform to the general acquired when learning to
write and became fashionable at a particular time and place due to
continues writing and practice.
Individual characteristics
• Individual characteristics in handwriting is acquired, not inherited
QUESTION
are characterized by writing are all capital
letters or printed.
A. Cursive
B. Block style
C. Capslock
D. Lettering
ANSWER
are characterized by writing are all capital
letters or printed.
A. Cursive
B. Block style
C. Capslock
D. Lettering
Principal factors governing handwriting
characteristics
• Should first recognize the individual handwriting characteristics of the
writer, especially on the style or form of writing.
script
are characterized by writings which are not point together or
disconnected
Cursive
The writing is flowing, running and the letters are joined
BLOCK
Letters of the alphabet are capitalized
And then focus on the following factors:
• Slant/slope
• Alignment
• Proportion
• Stroke structure
Characteristics of individual handwriting may be
identified and analyzed further in the elements that
follow:
Body
The main portion of the letter which remain when the upper and lower
projection, upstrokes and terminal strokes and diacritics are removed.
Q
p
Diacritics
Are element added to complete a letter; “t” crossing and dots of the
letters “i” and “j”.
t
i
Eye/eyelet
A minute or small loop or curve formed inside the letter, inside the oval of
the letters “a”,”d”, or “o”
Connection
The stroke which connects two strokes or letters
QUESTION
is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on
the line of writing.
A. Base
B. Rest
C. Foot
D. All of the above
ANSWER
is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on
the line of writing.
A. Base
B. Rest
C. Foot
D. All of the above
FOOT
is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing
BASELINE‐
is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest
HIATUS –
may be regarded as a special form of penlift distinguishable in that a
perceptible gap appear in writing, through sometimes hiatus are
caused by failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing
movement
QUESTION
is the greater pressure on strokes or the
initial stroke.
A. Pen emphasis
B. Initial emphasis
C. Letter emphasis
D. All of the above
ANSWER
is the greater pressure on strokes or the
initial stroke.
A. Pen emphasis
B. Initial emphasis
C. Letter emphasis
D. All of the above
HOOK –
a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found at the
commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of terminal
strokes.
INITIALS EMPHASES –
is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial stroke
Loop
An oblong curve such as found in small f, g, l and letters h, j
A loop may be formed at the upper or lower part of the letter
QUESTION
Any stroke which goes back over another
writing stroke.
A.natural variation
B.rhythm
C.retracing
D.shading
ANSWER
Any stroke which goes back over another
writing stroke.
A.natural variation
B.rhythm
C.retracing
D.shading
Oval
The portion of the letter which is oval in shape. The small letters a, d, g,
and q contain oval
Retrace
Any part of the stroke which is super imposed upon the original stroke,
any troke which goes back over the same writing stroke
Shoulder/hump
Outside portion of the top curve, the garland form of the letter as in
small letter m has three shoulders and the small letter n has two, letter
h has one.
Staff or stem
Any major long downward stroke of a letter that is the long downward
of the letter b, g
Spur
Short horizontal terminal strokes mostly found on a small letter, short
initial or terminal
ARC‐
is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop such as letter “ b”,
“n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’.
Beard/embellishment
A preliminary embellish initial stroke which usually occurs in capitl
letters.
BUCKLE KNOT‐
is the horizontal loop that are often used to complete such as “ A”, “B”.
“H” and “K”.
Terminal stroke
The last element of a letter
QUESTION
It is the periodic increase in pressure,
characterized by widening of the ink
stroke.
A.Shading
B.pen lift
C.pen emphasis
D.pen pressure
ANSWER
It is the periodic increase in pressure,
characterized by widening of the ink
stroke.
A.Shading
B.pen lift
C.pen emphasis
D.pen pressure
Patching
– going back over a defective writing stroke or a attempt to improve an
imitation.
Penlift
– an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing
instrument (pen) from the paper
Shading
It is said to ba the difference between the thickness and the finest or
thinnest stroke
Alignment
Alignment indicates the line of writing in relation with the arrangement
of letters and word
Rhythm
Is definr as the flowing succession of motion, stresses or impulse in
handwriting
Re‐touching
May mean to repeat the contact previously made on the handwriting
QUESTION
this are normal and natural deviation found
between repeated specimen of an individual
handwriting.
A. Natural Variation
B. Deviant Variation
C. Individual Variation
D. Repeated Variation
ANSWER
this are normal and natural deviation found
between repeated specimen of an individual
handwriting.
Natural variation
This may be refer to deviation or changes found between repeated of
any individual handwriting
Collation
means critical comparison or side‐by‐side examination
Majuscule
a capital letter.
Minuscule
a small letter
Some kinds of muscles which function in the
act of Writing
1. Extensor muscles – in charge of
pushing up the pen to form the
upward strokes and ease the
tension produced as result of
flexion.
2. Flexor muscles – in
charge to push the pen to
form downward strokes.
KINDS OF MOVEMENT in handwriting
1. Finger Movement – the thumb, the first, second and slightly the
third fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by
children and illiterates.
2. Hand Movement – produced by the movement or action of the
whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction.
3. Forearm Movement – the movement of the shoulders, hand and
arm with the support of the table.
4. Whole Forearm Movement – action of the entire arm without
resting, i.e. blackboard writing.
STROKE
Series of lines or curves written in a single letter.
One of the lines of a alphabet or series of lines or curves within a
single letter.
The path traced by the pen on the paper.
A stroke is the path traced by the pen on the paper. It should be
observed whether the course of the strokes is continuous or broken.
The pen stroke is the visual record of writing movement.
Qualities of the Strokes
1. Expansion – whether the movement is extended or limited in its range
with respect or both vertical and horizontal dimensions.
2. Co‐ordination – whether the flow of movement is controlled or
uncertain smooth or jerky continuous or interrupted.
3. Speed – whether the movement has been rapid or slow and whether the
pace has been steady r variable.
4. Pressure – whether the pressure exerted in the movement and its
upward and downward reach.
5. Rhythm – in the sequence of movements that weave the total pattern,
certain similar phases recur at more or less regular intervals.
QUESTION
The study of handwriting to determine
one's personality traits is called
A.handwriting analysis
B.graphology
C.dactyloscopy
D.fecalysis
ANSWER
The study of handwriting to determine
one's personality traits is called
A.handwriting analysis
B.graphology
C.dactyloscopy
D.fecalysis
• GRAPHOLOGY
is the art of determining
character, disposition and
aptitude of the individual from
the study of handwriting
Pseudo‐science and merely
explain characteristics of the
handwriting
• Jean Hippolyte
Michon regarded as
the grandfather of
modern graphology
• Bibliotics
Is the science of handwriting analysis
The study of documents and writing
materials to determine its
genuineness or authorship
The one who acquired this special
knowledge of the science of
handwriting for the purposes of
identification is known as bibliotist
(handwriting expert or qualified
questioned document examiner)
• Disguised handwriting
Is the deliberate attempt on the
part of the writer to alter his
writing habit by endeavoring to
invent a new writing style or by
imitating the writing of another
person.
PHYSICAL METHODS OF DISGUISING
HANDWRITING
• By changing the direction of the slant.( the forger may employ a
backhand slant, instead of the usual forehand slant.
• By increasing or decreasing the speed in writing
• By deliberate carelessness that will produce inferior style of writing
• The forger may use the left hand instead of the right hand
• Hand printing may be substituted for script.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DISGUISED WRITING
• Inconsistent slant
• Inconsistent letter formation
• Change of capital letters
• Lack of free flowing movement
• Lack rhythm
• Unnatural start and stop
• Irregular spacing
• Writing with unaccustomed hand
QUESTION
The name of a person written by him/her in
a document as a sign of acknowledgement.
A.Opinion
B.Document
C.Signature
D.Handwriting
ANSWER
The name of a person written by him/her in
a document as a sign of acknowledgement.
A.Opinion
B.Document
C.Signature
D.Handwriting
SIGNATURE
is the name of person written by himself s a sign of acknowledgement
or recognition.
Types of signature
1.Highly individualized signature
• A type of signature which is not readable.
• Characterized by intertwining stroke and flourishes.
2.Conventional or copy‐book form signature
• A signature which is readable
3.Careless scribble
• for the mail carrier, delivery boy or the autograph collector.
PROBLEMS ON SIGNATURE EXAMINATION AND
IDENTIFICATION
1. Signature of the careless or highly erratic writer.
2. Receipt Signature.
3. Near – Illiterate Writer.
4. Signature of physically impaired Writer
5. The intoxicated signature.
6. Old age deterioration
7. The sick bed signature
8. Disguised signature or writing
Does Signature or Handwriting Vary from Time
to Time?
Yes. A signature or handwriting vary from time to time on account of
the following reasons;
Human beings do not possess a machine‐like precision.
Age
Health condition
External factors
EQUIPMENT /APPARATUS/MATERIALS
AND INSTRUMENTS USED IN QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
• Stereoscopic microscope
a kind of microscopic instrument which gives a three dimensional enlargement of objects
Uses, IT;
Covers ninety defects in stroke structure and type writings.
Discovers overlapping of line.
Detects uneven distribution of ink.
Projects overwriting.
Determines an ink line crossing a fold.
Detects fraudulent addition and interlineations
Discovers erasures and pencil outline of forged signatures.
• Shadowgraph
a machine which enlarges
minute details as much as
twenty times.
Use:
To facilitate examination of
handwriting and typewriting.
• Camera
• consist of a light – tight box designed to
hold the photographic film. It is
equipped with a lenses’ system by
which the image is found on the film
and a shutter device by which the
desired light is admitted to expose the
film.
Uses of photographs:
• All the detailed characteristics of a
handwriting can be clearly interpreted.
• Accurate reproduction may afford
unlimited opportunities for a strong
comparison chart.
• Indirect lightning equipment (Oblique
lightning)
• An equipment with controlled
illumination. The document is viewed
the source of illumination behind it
and the light coming through the
paper.
Uses:
• For indented writing (deciph‐
ering of letter and words).
• Examination of erased entries.
• Shows fluorescence quality
when viewing watermarks.
• Ultra‐violet lamp machine
• an equipment which creates ultra
violet radiation that occurs in the
wavelength just below the visible
blue violet end of spectrum. These
invisible rays react in some instances
so that visible light in reflected, the
phenomena is known as
fluorescence.
Uses:
• Detects erasure.
• Reveals difference between genuine
and counterfeited bills, strip stamps,
labels in merchandize and the like.
• Paper thickness gauge
• a material use in measuring the
thickness of a paper
Hand lens
• a convenient instrument which
aids in examination of almost as it
enlarges the
size of letter or character
• Typewriting measuring plate
an instrument use to measure the
number of characters and or letters
in typewriter.
Type angle measuring plate
an instrument which measures the
angle
or degree of horizontal mal
alignment in
typewriter.
And other
equipment/apparatus/materials
and or Instruments that help in the
examination of QD’s.
QUESTION
synonymous with the term “alignment defect”.
A. Malalignment
B. Maliganant
C. Malignant
D. Mainamale
ANSWER
synonymous with the term “alignment defect”.
A. Malalignment
B. Maliganant
C. Malignant
D. Mainamale
TYPEWRITINGS
• TYPEWRITER defined/explained
• A machine that can reproduce
printed characters on papers or that
can produce printed letters and
figures on paper.
TYPE WRITTER IDENTIFICATION
Th identification of the typing machine used in questioned document,
like that in ballistics examination, may be on the basis of:
Class characteristics
Those characteristics which serves to distinguish it from any other
machine, such as:
• Manufactures characteristics
• Size and design of the type
• Line and letter spacing
• Individual characteristics
Defects in the type face
unusual manner of letter formation due to factory defects, miuse of
the machine or wear and tear.
Defect in the alignment
malpositioning, pacing and alignment may e modified by loosening of
the hinges and positioning of the letters on account on wear and tear and
changes in the spring pressure
Other machine defects
• skipping face
• irregular margin stop
• improper letter spacing
• improper ribbon actions
A type writer has 44 keys with 88
character, each operating
independently of one another and
each being capable of damage or
having inherent defects.
Consequently, a variety of combination
of these defects may be basis of
typewriter identification.
The questioned documents may be

compared with those made by the
suspected typewriter
the term typewriter was also applied
to a person who used
a typing machine.
Technical Terms Used in Typewriting
Identification and Examination
• Alignment
• – alignment defects include characters which are written improperly
in the following respects: A twisted letter, horizontal mal‐alignment,
vertical mal‐alignment, and a character “Off its feet”. These defects
can be corrected by special adjustment to the type bad and type
block
• Carbon Impression
• – any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the action of the
type faces striking through carbon paper is classed as a carbon
impression. Generally, carbon impression are “carbon copies”, but
sometime original typewriting is made directly though a carbon
ribbon.
Character –
is used to include letters, symbols, numerals, or points of punctuation
Clogged (dirty) Type Faces –
the type faces become filled with line, dirt, and ink, particularly in
enclosed letters.
Defects‐
any abnormality or mal‐alignment in a typewriter which is reflected in
its work and which leads to its individualization or identification.
Horizontal Mal‐Alignment –
an alignment defect in which the character prints to the right or left of
its proper position
Mal‐Alignment –
is synonymous with the term “alignment defects”
Off‐Its Feet
– the condition of a type face printing heavier on one side or corner
than over the remainder of its outline.
Permanent Defect –
any identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by
cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.
Transitory Defect –
any identifying typewriter characteristic which can be eliminated by
Type Face
– the printing of the type block
Vertical Mal‐Alignment –
a character printing above or below its proper position.
CRIMES RELATED TO
THE STUDY OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
• FORGERY
• Is the making and/or altering a written instrument with intent to
defraud another person.
KINDS OF FORGERY
1. SIMPLE OR SPURIOUS FORGERY – a fraudulent signature whereby,
there are no apparent attempt at simulation or imitation, or the
person (suspect) merely signs the name in his name and or used
another signature and possess the document before the fraud is
discovered.
2. SIMULATED FORGERY – it is a copy or imitation of a genuine
signature, of which, a model is needed.
3. TRACED FORGERY – is the result of an attempt to transfer in a
fraudulent document an exact facsimile of a signature by tracing
process
KINDS OF TRACING PROCESS
a. Direct tracing
b. Use of tracing paper
c. Use of carbon paper
d. Projection tracing
Indications of Forgery
a. Hesitation
b. Unnatural pen lift (hiatus)
c. Patching
d. Tremor
 Tremor of age
 Tremor of fraud
e. Uncertainty of movement
Indications of Genuineness
a. Habitual speed of writing
b. Firmness of stroke
c. Degree of skill
d. Pattern of shading and emphasis
e. Fundamental muscular movement
f. Coordination, continuity and freedom
COUNTERFEITING
• The crime of making, circulating,
uttering false coins and bank
notes
VIP’S TERMINOLOGY
• DOCUMENT‐ in the fullest meaning , it is any material, which contains marks signs or
symbols either visible or invisible that may presently convey a meaning or message to
someone to someone. A great portion of Document is written on paper with the use of
fountain pen, ball pen, pencil or type.
• QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – any documents about some issue has been raised or which
is under scrutiny is referred to as Questioned Document ( also Disputed Document) A
document that has been questioned in whole or in part with respect to its authenticity or
identity or origin or the relations among parts or respect to its relation to either things. It
may be deed, contract, will, election ballot, marriage contract, checks, visas, check‐
writer, certificate, etc.
• ABNORMAL WRITING CONDITION – are writing executed in condition not normal to
individual writer such as standing position, lying, walking, on a moving vehicle, under
pressure, threat and similar condition.
• ALIGNMENT –include characters which write improperly in the following respects
twisted letter; horizontal mal alignment, vertical mal alignment, and a character ‘ off‐ its
feet
• ALTERED DOCUMENT – it is one that contains some changes either as
addition or deletion.
• ANGULAR STYLE OF WRITING – a writing wherein the most part
specifically the upper and lower strokes forms an angle or wedge.
• ARC‐is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop such as letter “ b”,
“n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’.
• BALLPOINT PEN – the ballpoint pen works on a very simple principle, a tiny
rotating ball pick‐up a supply of a link by contact with that contained in a
reservoir and then transmits it to the paper.
• BASELINE‐ is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest.
• BENZENE METHOD‐ another chemical method of ink examination. Black
style of writing is characterized.
• BLOCK STYLE OF WRITING‐ are characterized by writing are all capital
letters or printed.
• BLUNT‐ is the beginning and ending stroke of letter both small and capital
in which the pen touched the paper without hesitation, beard, hitch or
knob.
• BODY‐ is the parts of the letter ordinarily form by small circle that
usually lies on the line of writing as bodies of “ a”, “o”, “ d”, “g”, “p” and “q’.
• BOWL‐ is fully rounded oval or circular form in a letter complete in an “o’
or modified “ B”, “D’, “P” and “ R”.
• BUCKLE KNOT‐ is the horizontal loop that are often used to complete such
as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”.
• CACOGRAPHY – is characterized as bad writing.
• CALLIGRAPHY – is the art of beautiful writing.
• CARBON IMPRESSIONS ‐ any typewriting which is placed on the paper by
the action of the typefaces striking through carbon paper.
• CARBON INKS‐ inks in the carbon class consist of a finely ground carbon
particles.
• CHARACTERISTICS‐ is any property or mark which distinguishes and in
document refers to identifying details. These are the two groups of
characteristics; class and individual.
• CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – not all characteristics encountered in document
examination are peculiar to a single person, or thing and one, which is
common to a group maybe describe as a class and individual
• COLLATION ‐ means critical comparison or side‐by‐side examination.
• COMPARISON – is that act of setting of two or more items side by side to weight their
identifying quantities. It infers not only a visual but also the mental act which the
elements of one item are related to the counterparts of the other.
• CONCLUSION ‐ a scientific conclusion results from relating observe facts by logical
common sense reasoning in accordance with establish rules of laws. The document
examiners conclusions are so derived. It is common to refer his conclusions by the legal
terms, “OPINION”.
• COPY BOOK FORM – the design of the letter which are fundamental to a writing system
are referred to as copy book forms. The terminology is derived from the old methods of
teaching form a copybook, which contained engraved script, printed of each for the
student to imitate.
• DECIPHERMENT – the process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced. It
refers to the process of reaching or making out the material, which is illegible without
actually developing or restoring the original writing on the documents, itself.
• DEFECTS – any abnormality or maladjustments in a typewriter which is
reflected in its work and which led to its individualization and
identification.
• DESCENDER – is the lower portion of the letter of lower loop such as “g”,
“j”, “Q”, “Y”, and “P”.
• DIACRITRIC – is an element added to complete a certain letter such as dot
on small “I”, “j” and bar on “Ψ” and accent mark on foregoing language.
• DISGUISED WRITING – writer may deliberately try to alter his usual
writing habit in hope of hiding his identity. The result regardless of their
effectiveness is returned as disguised writing.
• DISPLAY EXHIBIT – describes a gently enlarged photographic court exhibit
which is made to such size that it must be placed an easel the jury box.
These exhibits may also be referred to as “bromide enlargements
• DISPUTED DOCUMENTS – means that there is argument or controversy over the
document.
• DOCUMENT EXAMINER – one who studies scientifically the details and elements
of documents in order to identify their source or to discuss other facts concerning
them.
• DUCTUS BROKEN OR JUNCTION BROKEN –the disconnected or non‐continuous
stroke between two letters.
• DUCTUS INK OR JUNCTION LINK – the continuous line that join two letters.
• ERASURE – the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from the document,
• EXAMINATION – is the act of making a close and critical study of any material and
with questioned documents is the process necessary to discover the facts about
them. Various types are undertaken, including microscope visual, photographic
chemical, ultraviolet and infrared examination
• EXPERT WITNESS –a legal term used to described a witness who by reason of his
special technical training and experience is permitted to express an opinion
regarding the issue or certain aspect of the issue, that is involved in a lawsuit.
• EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE IS NOT A SIMPLY A SIGNATURE – it is signature signed at
a particular time and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was at
the particular age, in a particular and mental condition using particular
supplements, and with particular reason and purpose for recording his name.
• EYE LOOP OR EYELET –is small looped form by strokes that exerted in divergent
direction as in “b”, “c”, “f”, “k”, “p”, “r”, “s”, and “z”.
• FLEXIBILITY OF PEN POINT – the quality of the nib pen that varies with the
different pens and can be measured by the amount of pressure necessary to
cause a spreading of the nibs or a given degree of shading.
• FISTIOFF THEORY OF COMPARISON – the act of setting two or more signature in an inverted
position to weight their identifying significance, the reason being that those we fail to see under
normal comparison may readily be seen under this theory.
• FLYING START AND FLYING FINISHES – when the motion of the pen procedes the beginning of the
stroke and continue beyond the end to a vanishing point is found in free natural writing and as a
rule is an important indication of genuineness.
• FOOT – is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing.
• FORGERY – a legal term which involves not only a non‐genuine document but also intent on the
part of the maker defraud. Outside of the courtroom, however, it is used synonymously with
fraudulent signature or spurious document. Every person who, with in tent to defraud, sign of the
name of another person, or of fictitious person knowing that he has no authority to do so, or
falsely, alters, forges or counterfeits any check draft due to bill for the a payment of money or
properly or counterfeits or forgets the seal or handwriting of another knowing the same to fake,
alternated, forged or counterfeited, with intent to prejudice, damage or defraud any person is
guilty of forgery. As used I handwriting identification is the act of imitating or simulating
somebody’s signature by another without the permission of the former and for profit.
• FORM OF BLINDNESS – there are people who lack the ability to
differentiate forms, size, shape, letter configuration design and angle.
• FOUNTAIN PEN – is the modern nib pin, which contains a reservoir of ink in
a specially designed sack or chamber.
• FREEHAND IMITATION OR STIMULATED FORGERY – a fraudulent signature
that was executed by stimulation rather than by tracing the line of a
genuine signature can be referred to as executed in free hand imitation.
• GOOPING OF BALLPOINT PEN WRITING –is the excess of globules of ink
oftentimes deposited after a sharply curve stroke or the point of an abrupt
change of writing direction.
• GRAPHOLOGY – is the art of determining character, disposition and
aptitude of the individual from the study of handwriting
• GUIDED HAND SIGNATURE – signature actually produced by the cooperation of two hands and
two minds. A seriously ill testator sometimes ask someone for assistance in affixing his signature,
generally then, abnormally, clumsiness, disconnection, uneven alignment and illegibility are
indication of genuine and the condition are evidence of lack of genuineness.
• HABIT LETTERING – a disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written separately is a
form of hand lettering of hand printing.
• HABIT – a writing habit in any expected elements of defect, which may serve as identifying
characteristics in individuals writing.
• HAND EXBIHIT – described a photographic court exhibits which is designed to be held and
examined by the individual juror or pair of jurors.
• HAND WRITING – is a result of a very complicated series of act, being as a whole, a combination
of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long continued painstaking
effort.
• Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from
fixed mental impression of certain idea with script form?
• HESITATION – is the term applied to the irregular thickening, which is formed
when the writing shows down or stops down while a penman takes stocks of the
position.
• HIATUS – may be regarded as a special form of penlift distinguishable in that a
perceptible gap appear in writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by
failure of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing movement.
•
• HITCH –is the introductory background stroke added to the beginning of many
capital letters? It is also seen occasionally in introductory strokes of some small
letters.
• HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – any document completely prepared, written and
designed by the person himself without the assistant of a lawyer.
• HOOK – a minute and involuntary talon like formation often found at the
commencement of an initial upstrokes on at the end of terminal strokes.
• HORIZONTAL MALALIGNMENT – an alignment defect in which the
character prints to the right or left of its proper position.
• HUMP – is a rounded outer side of the top of the bend, crook to, curve in
small letter such as “h”, “m”, and “n”.
• INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – characteristics highly individualize
or perculiar to an individual writer or characteristics which are highly
personalize and unlikely to occur in other instances.
• INFRARED EXAMINATION – infrared examination of documents employs
invisible radiation beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow,
which is usually recorded on specially sensitized photographic emoltion.
This infrared or heat rays can also be converted to visible light by electronic
viewing equipment which to date has had limited used in the question
document film.
• INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY – the principle in infrared as a means of preparing
photographic evidence is based upon the fundamental facts that different substances
which looks alike to the naked eye but are of different chemical component may have a
varying ability, reflect or transmit infra‐red rays and hence, will not appear alike when
photographed by the infra‐red rays.
• INITIALS EMPHASES – is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial stroke.
• INK ANALYSIS – the application of chemicals on ink to determine its component whether
or not it came on the same source.
• INK ERADICATION – consists of chemicals solutions which are capable of bleach ink.
• INK FLOW BACK – ink sometimes will flow back on strokes from a shaded to an unshaded
portion giving the appearance of two ink film, logwood ink sometimes shows these
characteristics. The condition is readily distinguishable from n actual patching by this
accurate fitting together of the lines.
• NSERTION OR INTERLINEATIONS – includes the addition of writing and other material
between lines or photographs, as the addition of whole pages to a document
• INTERSECTION – is the meeting of two lines, which intersect.
• IODINE FUMES – a kid of chemical examination of ink erasure.
• JUNCTION – is the meeting of two lines which do not cross.
• KNOB – is the extra deposit of ink in the initials and terminal stroke
due to the withdrawal of the pin from the paper.
• EAD OR GRAPHITE – is the substance in the pencil commonly made up of
titanium chloride, sulfite and ion that produced writing?
• LENS – consists of one or more optical ground glasses, which focus light
rays similar to the pupil of the eyes and to focus an image of the object
being photographed or the film surface.
• LIGATURE – a stroke connecting two letters.
• LINE QUALITY – it is the condition of the pen itself. Good lines quality is
characterized by smoothness or writing, regularity of curves and shaded. It
results from the writer’s being largely unconscious of the actual act of
writing and concentrating instead of what is being written. Poor line
quality, on the other hand. Is the result of the writer’s given too much
attention to the actual process of writing.
• MAJUSCULE – a capital letter.
• ALALIGNMENT – synonymous with the term “alignment defect”.
• MICROSCOPE EXAMINATIONS – any study or examination which is made
with the microscope in order to discover the minute physical details.
• MINUSCULE – a small letter.
• MODEL SIGNATURE – a signature which has been used in imitation or
traced forgery.
• MOVEMENT – it is the most important elements of handwriting. It embodies the factor related to
the motion of the writing instrument, skill, speed, freedom, hesitation, rhythm and emphasis. The
manner in which the writing instrument is moves, that is finger movement, hand movement, arm
movement and whole movement.
• NATURAL VARIATION – this are normal and natural deviation found between repeated specimen
of an individual handwriting.
• NON‐AQUEOUS INK – an ink which the pigment or dye is carried in any vehicle other than water,
inks of this class are found in ballpoint pens, typewriter ribbons and stamp pods and all widely
used in the printing industry.
• OBLIQUE OR SIDE LIGHTING EXAMINATION – an examination with the illumination so controlled
that it gaze or strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle.
• OBLITERATION – the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make the original invisible or
undecipherable.
• OFF ITS LEGAL LANGUAGE – a condition of typeface writing heavier either one side or corner than
over the remainder of its outline.
• OPINION IN LEGAL LANGUAGE – the document examiner’s conclusion is known as an
opinion. Actually, court does not only express an opinion but demonstrated the reason
for arriving at this opinion. Opinion and conclusion are used synonymously.
• PAPER ANALYSIS – the application of chemicals on the paper to determine its
component whether or not it come from the same source.
• PATCHING – going back over defective writing stroke or an attempt to improve an
imitation.
• PEN – a writing instrument used to apply inks to the paper.
• PENCIL GRADE – is the quantitative description of the hardness or softness of a pencil,
that is how a dark stroke is capable of making.
•
• PEN LIFT – an instrument in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the
paper.
• PEN NIBS – the two divisions or points which form the writing portion of
the pen.
• PERMANENT DEFECTS – any identifying characteristics of a typewriter
which cannot be corrected by simply cleaning the typeface or replacing the
ribbon.
• PHOTOMICROGRAPHY – this is the process of obtaining a magnified
photograph of a small object without the use of microscope but, by using a
short lens and a long below extension.
• PHOTOMICROGRAPHS‐ is a photograph made through a compound
microscope or stereoscope and may be a greatly enlarged image of minute
details or of small area.
• PHOTOMACROGRAPH – is a photograph with a magnification of from two
to fifty times the original size.
• PHOTOMICROGRAPHY – this is the science obtaining photographic
magnification of a minute by using camera attached to a compound
microscope. The camera lens is removed because the microscope lens
forms the image.
• PLATEN – the cylinder which serves as the backing for the paper and which
absorbs the blow of the typeface.
• PROPORTION SPACING TYPEWRITING – a modern form of typewriting
which resembles printing in that all the letters, numerals and symbols do
not occupy the some horizontal space as they do with the conventional
typewriter.
• QUALIFICATIONS‐ the professional experience, education and ability of a
document examiner combine to make‐up his qualifications.
• QUALITY‐ is a distinct or peculiar character. It is used in describing
handwriting to refer to any identifying factor, which is related to the
writing movement itself.
• REBOUND – is a defect in which the character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the right or left.
• REBUTTING EVIDENCE – is that evidence that counter act, to
repeal or destroy evidence, or disproved the evidence.
• RESTORATION – describes any process in which erased writing is
developed or brought out again on the document itself.
• RETRACING‐ any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke.
• RIBBON CONDITION‐ the degree of deterioration of the typewriter ribbons that
generally deteriorate with use.
• SAFETY PAPER‐ these terms is applied paper which has been treated in such away to
minimize the chances of successful forgery by erasure whether mechanical or chemical
being carried out in any document which forms the basis.
• SCRIPT WRITING‐ are characterized by writings which are not point together or
disconnected.
• SECRET INKS – a material used for writing which is not visible until treated by some
developing process or substance can serve as a secret or sympathetic ink.
•
• SEQUENCE OF STROKES – the order in which the writing strokes are placed on the paper.
• SHADING – is the widening of the ink stroke due to added pressure on a flexible pen
point or to the use of a stub.
• SIGNIFICANT WRITING HABIT –this term is applied to any characteristics of writing which
is sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as fundamental point of identification.
• SIGNATURE AS DEFINED BY WEBSTER‐ is one`s name written by himself on a document
as assign of acknowledgement.
• SIMULATED SIGNATURE‐ a freehand drawing in imitation of a model signature.
• SLANT – is an angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline.
• SPEED OF WRITING‐ the motion of a writing instrument characterized by slow, moderate
or rapid. Writing speed cannot be measured precisely from finished handwriting but can
be interpreted in broad terms of slow, moderated or rapid.
• SPURIOUS SIGNATURE‐describes as fraudulent signature in which there was no apparent
attempt of simulation or imitation.
• STANDARD – are those things whose origin are known can be proven and which can be
legally use for comparison with other things in question.
• STANDARD OF COMPARISON‐ in questioned documents examination we
mean those things whose origins are known and can be proven and which
can be legally used as example to compare with other matters in question
usually a standard consists of the known handwriting of a person and in
such case “ Standard “ has the same meaning as is understanding by the
word “ specimen” of the handwriting.
• SYNTHETIC DYE INKS OR ANILINE INKS‐ any which consists simply of
a dye dissolved in water together with the necessary preservatives.
• SYSTEM OF SIGNATURE‐ the combination of basic design of letters and the
writing movement as taught in school make up the writing system.
• TRACED FORGERY – any fraudulent signature which was executed by
actually following the outline of a genuine signature in writing instrument
• TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE‐ is the oral testimony of a man or an expert in court or
written affidavit by an ordinary witness.
• TRANSITORY DEFECTS – an identifying characteristics which can be
eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon such as clogged
typefaces.
• TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION‐ the document is viewed with the source of
illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper.
• TREMORS‐ a writing portrayed by irregular, shaky strokes.
• TWISTER LETTER – each letter and character designed to point at a certain fixed
angle to the baseline, due to wear and damage to the type bar and the type block
some letters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their correct
slant.
• TYPEFACE‐ the printing surface of the type block.
• TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE‐ is the oral testimony of a man or an expert in court or
written affidavit by an ordinary witness.
• TRANSITORY DEFECTS – an identifying characteristics which can be
eliminated by cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon such as clogged
typefaces.
• TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION‐ the document is viewed with the source of
illumination behind it and the light passing through the paper.
• TREMORS‐ a writing portrayed by irregular, shaky strokes.
• TWISTER LETTER – each letter and character designed to point at a certain fixed
angle to the baseline, due to wear and damage to the type bar and the type block
some letters become twisted so that they lean to the right or left of their correct
slant.
• TYPEFACE‐ the printing surface of the type block.
• VERTICAL MAL ALIGNMENT ‐ a character printing above and below is
proper position.
• WATERMARKS – a certain paper are marked with translucent design a
watermark, impressed in them during the course of their manufacture.
• WRITING CONDITIONS – includes the circumstances under which the
writing was prepared and the factors which influence the writer’s ability to
write at the time of execution.
• WRITTEN IMPRESSION – the small writing indentations completely devoid
of any pigment. They may be found on a sheet of a table paper which as
immediately below the one on which writing was done, or they may be
remain after or typewriting has been erased
• WRITING OR HARDWORKING – is the visible effect or bodily
movement which is almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular
habit reacting scrip form. It is the visible record of pen or paper.
Writing is the forms, which are the very visible result of metal or
muscular habits acquired by continued, painstaking of effort.
• WRONG HANDED WRITING – any writing executed with the opposite
hand that normally used. Thus, the writing of a right handed person
which has been executed with his left hand accounts for the common
terminology for this class of disguise in “Left handed Writing”
Questioned Document
(Forensic Document Examination)
SET 1
By
A document completely written and signed and dated by
only one person is known as____________.
A. Halograpic document
B. Questioned document
C. Standard document
D. disputed document
A document completely written and signed and dated by
only one person is known as____________.
A. Halograpic document
B. Questioned document
D. disputed document
Refers to any material supplied by a written instrument
to which an issue has been raised or that which is under
examination or investigation.
A. Questioned document
B. disputed document
D. evidential document
Refers to any material supplied by a written instrument
to which an issue has been raised or that which is under
examination or investigation.
It serves as the focal points of all document
examination and it is where the document examiner relies
as to the determination of the appropriate examination
and the extent of the problem involved.
It serves as the focal points of all document
examination and it is where the document examiner relies
as to the determination of the appropriate examination
and the extent of the problem involved.
There are three legal forms of evidence as provided in
the rules of evidence. Which of the following forms of
evidence, is considered as the highest form of proof
being the one directly addressed to the senses of the
court.
A. Real or object
B. Documentary
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
There are three legal forms of evidence as provided in
the rules of evidence. Which of the following forms of
evidence, is considered as the highest form of proof
being the one directly addressed to the senses of the
court.
A. Real or object
B. Documentary
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
Once a crime was committed application of various
scientific crime-detection has been found to be
indispensable. A medico-legal who conducts an autopsy of
the body of the victim will have to prepare a report to
be presented in court. What form of evidence is a
medico-legal report?
A. Real or object
B. Documentary
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
Once a crime was committed application of various
scientific crime-detection has been found to be
indispensable. A medico-legal who conducts an autopsy of
the body of the victim will have to prepare a report to
be presented in court. What form of evidence is a
medico-legal report?
A. Real or object
B. Documentary
C. Testimonial
D. Experimental
These are sets of authentic document which will serve as
a basis for comparison with other matters in question?
B. Sample
D. Exemplar
These are sets of authentic document which will serve as
a basis for comparison with other matters in question?
B. Sample
D. Exemplar
Specimen Document which are executed in the ordinary or
regular course of man’s activity.
A. Standard
B. Collected or procured
C. Requested or dictated
D. Day to day standard
Specimen Document which are executed in the ordinary or
regular course of man’s activity.
A. Standard
B. Collected or procured
C. Requested or dictated
D. Day to day standard
It refers to a few or some representative of the general
population that will be utilized for comparison with the
questioned specimen?
A. Standard
B. Sample
C. Exemplar
D. Exhibit
It refers to a few or some representative of the general
population that will be utilized for comparison with the
questioned specimen?
A. Standard
B. Sample
C. Exemplar
D. Exhibit
In document examination when referring to contemporary
documents this refers to______?
A. Document which is more than 5 years before and after.

B. Document which are not more than 5 years before and
after
C. Document which are more than 30 years
D. Document which are not more than 20 years
In document examination when referring to contemporary
documents this refers to______?
A. Document which is more than 5 years before and after.

B. Document which are not more than 5 years before and
after
C. Document which are more than 30 years
D. Document which are not more than 20 years
A type of a document which bears the seals of the office
issuing and the authorized signature to such document.
A. Public document
B. private document
C. Official document
D. commercial document
A type of a document which bears the seals of the office
issuing and the authorized signature to such document.
A. Public document
B. private document
C. Official document
D. commercial document
The following are public documents, EXCEPT
A. Written official acts, or records of the official

acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and
tribunals and public officers, whether of the
Philippines, or of
B. foreign country.
C. Documents acknowledged before a notary public.
D. Last will and testaments.
E. Public records, kept in the Philippines, of private
documents required by law to
The following are public documents, EXCEPT
A. Written official acts, or records of the official

acts of the sovereign authority, official bodies and
tribunals and public officers, whether of the
Philippines, or of
B. foreign country.
C. Documents acknowledged before a notary public.
D. Last will and testaments.
E. Public records, kept in the Philippines, of private
documents required by law to
Before any private document offered as authentic is
received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity
must be proved either:
A. By anyone who saw the document executed or written;

or
B. By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or
handwriting of the maker.
C. Ancient document
D. A and b only
Before any private document offered as authentic is
received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity
must be proved either:
A. By anyone who saw the document executed or written;

or
B. By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or
handwriting of the maker.
C. Ancient document
D. A and b only
Paper which has been treated in such a way as to
minimize the chance of a successful forgery by erasure.
Whether mechanical or chemical, being carried our on any
document of which it forms the basis is called?
A. Chemical paper
B. tested paper
C. Safety paper
D. polyethylene coated paper
Paper which has been treated in such a way as to
minimize the chance of a successful forgery by erasure.
Whether mechanical or chemical, being carried our on any
document of which it forms the basis is called?
A. Chemical paper
B. tested paper
C. Safety paper
D. polyethylene coated paper
A modern pen nib point which contains a reservoir of ink
in a specially designed back or chamber is described
as_______? (best use to prevent forgery)
A. Ball-point pen
B. Fountain pen
C. Fiber pen
D. Signing pen
A modern pen nib point which contains a reservoir of ink
in a specially designed back or chamber is described
as_______? (best use to prevent forgery)
A. Ball-point pen
B. Fountain pen
C. Fiber pen
D. Signing pen
What is the first step in the procurement of handwriting
exemplars?
A. Request for standard specimen

B. Study of the questioned specimen
C. Determine the writing instrument and paper used
D. Arrange for normal writing condition
What is the first step in the procurement of handwriting
exemplars?
A. Request for standard specimen

B. Study of the questioned specimen
C. Determine the writing instrument and paper used
D. Arrange for normal writing condition
Is the combination of the basic designs of letters and
the writing movement which was taught in school?
A. Copy book-form
B. writing movement
C. System of writing
D. letter form
Is the combination of the basic designs of letters and
the writing movement which was taught in school?
A. Copy book-form
B. writing movement
C. System of writing
D. letter form
It refers to the factor which relates the condition of
the writer as well as the circumstances under which the
writing was prepared?
A. System of writing
B. writing movement
C. Copy-book form
D. writing condition
It refers to the factor which relates the condition of
the writer as well as the circumstances under which the
writing was prepared?
B. writing movement
C. Copy-book form
D. writing condition
It refers to the blackboard illustration of the basic
designs of letter which is fundamental to the writing
system.
B. letter forms
C. Copy book form
D. writing movement
It refers to the blackboard illustration of the basic
designs of letter which is fundamental to the writing
system.
B. letter forms
C. Copy book form
D. writing movement
Mr. X is a construction worker who usually drink during
payday. One time while under the influence of liquor Mr.
X executed a document. Due to his condition an obvious
deterioration is observed in his writing. Such Changes
in his writing is known as?
A. Natural variation
B. transitory change
C. Permanent change
D. Tremor
Mr. X is a construction worker who usually drink during
payday. One time while under the influence of liquor Mr.
X executed a document. Due to his condition an obvious
deterioration is observed in his writing. Such Changes
in his writing is known as?
C. Permanent change
D. Tremor
A specimen of writing which was executed without
intention of changing the usual writing habits. It is
executed normally by the writer.
A. Natural writing
B. disguised writing
C. Guided writing
D. assisted writing
A specimen of writing which was executed without
intention of changing the usual writing habits. It is
executed normally by the writer.
A. Natural writing
B. disguised writing
C. Guided writing
D. assisted writing
Writing forms can either be a disconnected or joined
letter writings. What specimen of writing is
characterized by disconnected style?
A. Hand lettering
B. cursive writing
C. Manuscript form
D. rounded
Writing forms can either be a disconnected or joined
letter writings. What specimen of writing is
characterized by disconnected style?
A. Hand lettering
B. cursive writing
C. Manuscript form
D. rounded
Specimen of writing which was executed while the
writer’s hand is at steadied.
A. Natural writing
B. guided writing
C. Disguised writing
D. assisted writing
Specimen of writing which was executed while the
writer’s hand is at steadied.
A. Natural writing
B. guided writing
D. assisted writing
A name of a person signed by himself on a document as an
indication of acceptance and recognition of its
contents.
A. Forgery
B. Signature
C. Penmanship
D. autograph
A name of a person signed by himself on a document as an
indication of acceptance and recognition of its
contents.
A. Forgery
B. Signature
C. Penmanship
D. autograph
A genuine signature which was used in the preparation of
a simulated or traced forgery.
A. Authentic signature
B. standard signature
C. Model signature
D. evidential signature
A genuine signature which was used in the preparation of
a simulated or traced forgery.
A. Authentic signature
C. Model signature
D. evidential signature
It refers to the group of muscles which is responsible
for the formation of the upward strokes.
A. Flexor
B. Lumbrical
C. Cortex
D. extensor
It refers to the group of muscles which is responsible
for the formation of the upward strokes.
A. Flexor
B. Lumbrical
C. Cortex
D. extensor
If John Loud is known for ball-point pen, who is for the
fountain pen?
A. Lewis Watterman
B. Laszlo Biro
C. John Parker
D. Lewis Parker
If John Loud is known for ball-point pen, who is for the
fountain pen?
A. Lewis Watterman
B. Laszlo Biro
C. John Parker
D. Lewis Parker
As a rule, it is easier to determine whether or not a
signature is forgery, but it is very difficult on the
other hand to established who committed the forgery
because:
A. the forger might be a left handed
B. imitation is one of the most effective means to
disguise one’s handwriting
C. it might be a traced forgery
D. there should be no sufficient standard available
As a rule, it is easier to determine whether or not a
signature is forgery, but it is very difficult on the
other hand to established who committed the forgery
because:
A. the forger might be a left handed
B. imitation is one of the most effective means to
disguise one’s handwriting
C. it might be a traced forgery
D. there should be no sufficient standard available
When document examiner as well as police are dealing
with documents, the most common problem they encountered
are those concerning.
A. Origin
B. authorship
C. counterfeit
D. content (alteration)
When document examiner as well as police are dealing
with documents, the most common problem they encountered
are those concerning.
A. Origin
B. authorship
C. counterfeit
D. content (alteration)
What is that type of signature which has been made in a
particular date, time, place and at a particular purpose
of recording it.
A. model signature
B. evidential signature
C. standard signature
D. guided signature
What is that type of signature which has been made in a
particular date, time, place and at a particular purpose
of recording it.
A. model signature
B. evidential signature
C. standard signature
D. guided signature
Is a specimen of writing prepared with deliberate intent
of altering the usual writing habits in the hope of
hiding his identity.
A. disguised writing
B. handlettering
C. cursive
D. block capital
Is a specimen of writing prepared with deliberate intent
of altering the usual writing habits in the hope of
hiding his identity.
A. disguised writing
B. handlettering
C. cursive
D. block capital
Refers to the study of one’s handwriting in attempting
to determine one’s personality.
A. Agraphia
B. graphology
C. Chromatography
D. handwriting identification
Refers to the study of one’s handwriting in attempting
to determine one’s personality.
A. Agraphia
B. graphology
C. Chromatography
D. handwriting identification
Is the visible record of the written strokes resulting
from a combination of various factors associated to the
motion of the pen. Is the overall quality of the
strokes.
A. movement
B. line quality
C. writing habits
D. significant writing habits
Is the visible record of the written strokes resulting
from a combination of various factors associated to the
motion of the pen. Is the overall quality of the
strokes.
A. movement
B. line quality
C. writing habits
D. significant writing habits
Refers to the usual or normal deviations found in a
repeated specimen of individual’s handwriting.
C. permanent damage
D. temporary defect
Refers to the usual or normal deviations found in a
repeated specimen of individual’s handwriting.
C. permanent damage
D. temporary defect
Known Father of Questioned Document
A. Albert S. Osborn
B. John Augustus
C. Dr. Hans Gross
D. d. Ordway Hilton
Known Father of Questioned Document
A. Albert S. Osborn
B. John Augustus
C. Dr. Hans Gross
D. d. Ordway Hilton
Is a type of writing movement that gives a great freedom
of movement. Also considered as the most skillful type
of movement.
A. finger movement
B. hand movement
C. forearm movement
D. whole arm movement
Is a type of writing movement that gives a great freedom
of movement. Also considered as the most skillful type
of movement.
A. finger movement
B. hand movement
C. forearm movement
D. whole arm movement
A traced forgery of signature is not really a writing
but a ___.
A. Retouching
B. Drawing
C. Patching
D. tremor of fraud
A traced forgery of signature is not really a writing
but a ___.
A. Retouching
B. Drawing
C. Patching
D. tremor of fraud
A sign of forgery in guided hand signature is;
A. Good pen control

B. Uneven alignment
C. abrupt change in direction
D. Slanting strokes
A sign of forgery in guided hand signature is;
A. Good pen control

B. Uneven alignment
C. abrupt change in direction
D. Slanting strokes
Forged signature made by free hand movement and constant
practice is called:
A. Traced forgery
B. Simulated forgery
C. Simple forgery
D. spurious signature
Forged signature made by free hand movement and constant
practice is called:
A. Traced forgery
B. Simulated forgery
C. Simple forgery
D. spurious signature
What type of forgery is made when the writer’s exerts no
effort to effect resemblance or facsimile between the
forged and the genuine signatures?
A. simple
B. simulated
C. Traced
D. spurious
What type of forgery is made when the writer’s exerts no
effort to effect resemblance or facsimile between the
forged and the genuine signatures?
A. simple
B. simulated
C. Traced
D. spurious
A type of forgery which involves fraudulent signature
executed by actually following the outline of a genuine
signature with a writing instrument?
A. carbon outline process

B. lasered
C. indention process
D. traced
A type of forgery which involves fraudulent signature
executed by actually following the outline of a genuine
signature with a writing instrument?

B. lasered
D. traced
An instrument used in examination of water markings and
fiber arrangement where the source of light is coming
either from the back or at the bottom of the paper
surface?
A. oblique light examination

B. side light
C. ultra-violet light
D. transmitted light
An instrument used in examination of water markings and
fiber arrangement where the source of light is coming
either from the back or at the bottom of the paper
surface?
A. oblique light examination

B. side light
C. ultra-violet light
D. transmitted light
It is a ruled plastic or glass plates used in
examination of handwriting slant.
A. Typewriting measuring test plates

B. handwriting slope measuring test plates
C. protractor
D. compass
It is a ruled plastic or glass plates used in
examination of handwriting slant.
A. Typewriting measuring test plates

B. handwriting slope measuring test plates
C. protractor
D. compass
Documents recover at the scene of the crime is best to
be preserve by placing them into a _______?
A. Paper envelope
B. plastic envelope
C. plastic transparent envelope
D. drawer
Documents recover at the scene of the crime is best to
be preserve by placing them into a _______?
A. Paper envelope
B. plastic envelope
C. plastic transparent envelope
D. drawer
One of the most expensive tools used in document
examination which is capable of showing three
dimensional enlargement of the specimen under
examination.
A. measuring test plates

B. magnifying lens
C. ultra-violet light gadget
D. stereoscopic microscope
One of the most expensive tools used in document
examination which is capable of showing three
dimensional enlargement of the specimen under
examination.
A. measuring test plates

B. magnifying lens
C. ultra-violet light gadget
D. stereoscopic microscope
It is an interruption in strokes cause by sudden removal
of the writing instrument to the paper surface.
A. pen emphasis
B. pen shading
C. pen pressure
D. pen lift
It is an interruption in strokes cause by sudden removal
of the writing instrument to the paper surface.
A. pen emphasis
B. pen shading
C. pen pressure
D. pen lift
It refers to the sudden increased in pressure or the
intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface
with an increase in speed.
A. pen pressure
B. pen emphasis
C. pen shading
D. retouching
It refers to the sudden increased in pressure or the
with an increase in speed.
A. pen pressure
B. pen emphasis
C. pen shading
D. retouching
A strokes which goes back over another writing stroke
designed to correct a defective portion of a writing
also known as patching.
A. Retouching
B. retracing
C. pen lifting
D. tremor
designed to correct a defective portion of a writing
also known as patching.
A. Retouching
B. retracing
C. pen lifting
D. tremor
It is the increase in the width of strokes or the
widening of the ink stroke brought about by the use of
flexible pen nib point.
A. pen emphasis
B. pen pressure
C. shading
D. retouching
It is the increase in the width of strokes or the
widening of the ink stroke brought about by the use of
flexible pen nib point.
A. pen emphasis
B. pen pressure
C. shading
D. retouching
It is the usual or the normal force applied by a writer
every time he executes a natural writing.
A. pen pressure
B. pen emphasis
C. retracing
D. retouching
It is the usual or the normal force applied by a writer
every time he executes a natural writing.
A. pen pressure
B. pen emphasis
C. retracing
D. retouching
It is the average limit of the pen or the reach of the
pen with the wrist at rest.
A. pen position
B. pen scope
C. skills
D. speed
It is the average limit of the pen or the reach of the
pen with the wrist at rest.
A. pen position
B. pen scope
C. skills
D. speed
It refers to the relative degree of writing proficiency
of the writer, which can be measured from his lowest to
the highest level.
A. skills
B. speed
C. pen scope
D. pen position
It refers to the relative degree of writing proficiency
of the writer, which can be measured from his lowest to
the highest level.
A. skills
B. speed
C. pen scope
D. pen position
Is the relative location of the pen in relation to the
paper surface which can also be a factor in the
determination of the nature of shading and or slant?
A. pen pressure
B. pen hold
C. pen scope
D. pen emphasis
Is the relative location of the pen in relation to the
paper surface which can also be a factor in the
determination of the nature of shading and or slant?
A. pen pressure
B. pen hold
C. pen scope
D. pen emphasis
which is slightly to occur due to lack of movement
control.
A. Retracing
B. retouching
C. patching
D. pen-lift
which is slightly to occur due to lack of movement
control.
A. Retracing
B. retouching
C. patching
D. pen-lift
It refers to the introductory backward strokes found in
many small letters.
A. Beard
B. Blunt
C. Buckle knot
D. Hitch
It refers to the introductory backward strokes found in
many small letters.
A. Beard
B. Blunt
C. Buckle knot
D. Hitch
It refers to the outer part of an upper curve, bend or
crook.
A. arc
B. humps
C. hook
D. hitch
It refers to the outer part of an upper curve, bend or
crook.
A. arc
B. humps
C. hook
D. hitch
It refers to an introductory up and down strokes which
can be observed in some capital letters.
A. hook
B. hitch
C. humps
D. beard
It refers to an introductory up and down strokes which
can be observed in some capital letters.
A. hook
B. hitch
C. humps
D. beard
It refers to the strokes added to the form of a letter
which merely serves as a decorative or ornamentation and
which are not necessary to the legibility of the letter.
A. Diacritics
B. rubric
C. embellishment
D. b and c
It refers to the strokes added to the form of a letter
which merely serves as a decorative or ornamentation and
which are not necessary to the legibility of the letter.
A. Diacritics
B. rubric
C. embellishment
D. b and c
A horizontal of loop strokes which are added to complete
certain letters such as A, H, f, D etc.
A. buckle knot
B. diacritics
C. Embellishment
D. rubric
A horizontal of loop strokes which are added to complete
certain letters such as A, H, f, D etc.
A. buckle knot
B. diacritics
C. Embellishment
D. rubric
It refers to the long initial or terminal strokes.
A. initial spur
B. emphasis
C. hook
D. space filler
It refers to the long initial or terminal strokes.
A. initial spur
B. emphasis
C. hook
D. space filler
A small rounded or circular strokes which serves as the
body of the letter.
A. staff
B. shank
C. stem
D. central part
A small rounded or circular strokes which serves as the
body of the letter.
A. staff
B. shank
C. stem
D. central part
It is an imaginary or real line in which the writing
rest.
A. Baseline
B. underline
C. foot
D. base
It is an imaginary or real line in which the writing
rest.
A. Baseline
B. underline
C. foot
D. base
It refers to the degree of writing inclination which is
relative to the baseline. It is otherwise known as the
slope of the writing.
A. slant
B. scale
C. proportion
D. alignment
It refers to the degree of writing inclination which is
relative to the baseline. It is otherwise known as the
slope of the writing.
A. slant
B. scale
C. proportion
D. alignment
Strokes added to complete certain letters such as i-dots
and t-bars.
A. buckle knot
B. diacritics
C. embellishment
D. flourish
Strokes added to complete certain letters such as i-dots
and t-bars.
A. buckle knot
B. diacritics
C. embellishment
D. flourish
A type of light examination in which the source of light
is coming from one side hitting the surface of the
paper/object at a very low angle. It is best used in
examination of indented writing as well as erasure.
A. direct light examination

B. side light examination
C. oblique light examination
D. transmitted light examination
A type of light examination in which the source of light
is coming from one side hitting the surface of the
paper/object at a very low angle. It is best used in
examination of indented writing as well as erasure.
A. direct light examination

B. side light examination
C. oblique light examination
D. transmitted light examination
An artificial light examination best used in deciphering
obliterated writing as well as addition.
A. ultra-violet light
B. transmitted light
C. infra-red light
D. oblique light
An artificial light examination best used in deciphering
obliterated writing as well as addition.
A. ultra-violet light
B. transmitted light
C. infra-red light
D. oblique light
It is the process of making clear what is otherwise is
illegible or that which is not visible to the naked eye.
A. restoration
B. decipherment
C. development
D. examination
It is the process of making clear what is otherwise is
illegible or that which is not visible to the naked eye.
A. restoration
B. decipherment
C. development
D. examination
An illegible form of writing characterized by partially
visible ink strokes brought by freshly applied ink
touching another sheet of paper.
A. invisible writing
B. obliterated writing
C. indented writing
D. contract writing
visible ink strokes brought by freshly applied ink
touching another sheet of paper.
B. obliterated writing
C. indented writing
D. contract writing
Substance used for blotting or smearing over an original
writing to make illegible or undecipherable.
A. ink eradicator
B. sympathetic ink
C. superimposing ink
D. invisible ink
Substance used for blotting or smearing over an original
writing to make illegible or undecipherable.
A. ink eradicator
B. sympathetic ink
C. superimposing ink
D. invisible ink
Stroke where the motion of the pen precedes the
beginning and continues beyond the end of a vanishing
point and are found on free natural writing and as a
rule are important indication of genuineness.
A. Ending stroke
B. Terminal stroke
C. Flying start and finish
D. Pen movement
Stroke where the motion of the pen precedes the
beginning and continues beyond the end of a vanishing
point and are found on free natural writing and as a
rule are important indication of genuineness.
A. Ending stroke
B. Terminal stroke
C. Flying start and finish
D. Pen movement
It is the process of blotting over or smearing over an
original writing.
A. Indention
B. obliteration
C. alteration
D. addition
It is the process of blotting over or smearing over an
original writing.
A. Indention
B. obliteration
C. alteration
D. addition
It is the process of making a critical study of a given
thing so as to discover facts about them.
A. examination
B. comparison
C. collation
D. evaluation
It is the process of making a critical study of a given
thing so as to discover facts about them.
A. examination
B. comparison
C. collation
D. evaluation
visible depression appearing underneath the original
writing.
B. indented writing
C. contact writing
D. obliterated writing
visible depression appearing underneath the original
writing.
B. indented writing
C. contact writing
D. obliterated writing
An artificial light examination best used is deciphering
erased writing, contact writing as well as invisible
writing.
A. transmitted light
B. infra-red light
C. oblique light
D. ultra-violet light
An artificial light examination best used is deciphering
erased writing, contact writing as well as invisible
writing.
A. transmitted light
B. infra-red light
C. oblique light
D. ultra-violet light
It refers to substance capable of bleaching an ink
strokes.
A. superimposing ink
B. sympathetic ink
C. ink eradicator
D. invisible ink
It refers to substance capable of bleaching an ink
strokes.
A. superimposing ink
B. sympathetic ink
C. ink eradicator
D. invisible ink
It is a critical side by side examination of two or more
specimen.
A. Examination
B. comparison (side by side examination)
C. Collation
D. evaluation
It is a critical side by side examination of two or more
specimen.
A. Examination
B. comparison (side by side examination)
C. Collation
D. evaluation
What is that indelible ink whose marking substance is
composed of mixture of aniline ink and graphite?
A. stencil
B. printers ink
C. nut gall ink
D. copy pencil
What is that indelible ink whose marking substance is
composed of mixture of aniline ink and graphite?
A. stencil
B. printers ink
C. nut gall ink
D. copy pencil
A type of conventional typewriter in which the
characters are normally space 12 in one horizontal inch.
A. pica (9, 10 and 11)

B. elite (12, 13 and 14)
C. proportional spacing machine
D. computer
A type of conventional typewriter in which the
characters are normally space 12 in one horizontal inch.
A. pica (9, 10 and 11)

B. elite (12, 13 and 14)
C. proportional spacing machine
D. computer
Is a typeface defect in which the letters are printed to
the right or left of its proper position.
A. vertical mal alignment (above or below)

B. twisted letter (leans to the left or to the right)
C. horizontal mal alignment
D. off-its feet (uneven or unbalanced prints)
Is a typeface defect in which the letters are printed to
A. vertical mal alignment (above or below)

B. twisted letter (leans to the left or to the right)
C. horizontal mal alignment
D. off-its feet (uneven or unbalanced prints)
It refers to the process of making a sentence, paragraph
or a whole page be part of a document.
A. addition
B. insertion
C. interlineations
D. alteration
E. b and c
It refers to the process of making a sentence, paragraph
or a whole page be part of a document.
A. addition
B. insertion
C. interlineations
D. alteration
E. b and c
It is the process of removing a writing stroke done with
the aid of abrasive method.
A. erasure (efface)
B. chemical erasure (used ink eradicator)
C. mechanical erasure
D. efface
It is the process of removing a writing stroke done with
the aid of abrasive method.
A. erasure (efface)
B. chemical erasure (used ink eradicator)
C. mechanical erasure
D. efface
It refers to any form of abnormality in the printing of
the character which leads to its individuality.
A. defects
B. temporary defects
C. permanent defects
D. None of the above
It refers to any form of abnormality in the printing of
the character which leads to its individuality.
A. defects
B. temporary defects
C. permanent defects
Is a type of typeface defects which can easily be
corrected by either replacing the ribbon or cleaning the
machine.
A. defects
B. mal-alignment
C. temporary defects
D. permanent defects
Is a type of typeface defects which can easily be
corrected by either replacing the ribbon or cleaning the
machine.
A. defects
B. mal-alignment
C. temporary defects
D. permanent defects
translucent design in paper which is made by dandy roll
and easily detectable with the use of transmitted light.
A. wire marks
B. water marks
C. gauze mark
D. fluorescence prints
translucent design in paper which is made by dandy roll
and easily detectable with the use of transmitted light.
A. wire marks
B. water marks
C. gauze mark
D. fluorescence prints
illegible form of a writing with no readily visible ink
strokes done with the
A. used of sympathetic inks.
B. invisible writing (used sympathetic ink)
C. indented writing
D. contact writing d. obliterated writing
illegible form of a writing with no readily visible ink
strokes done with the
A. used of sympathetic inks.
B. invisible writing (used sympathetic ink)
C. indented writing
D. contact writing d. obliterated writing
It refers to the printing surface of the type bar of a
conventional typewriter.
A. type block
B. typeface
C. rotating head spear
D. Breech face
It refers to the printing surface of the type bar of a
conventional typewriter.
A. type block
B. typeface
C. rotating head spear
D. Breech face
It refers to the cylindrical backing of a typewriter
which absorbs the blow of the type bar.
A. Rotating head spear
B. carriage
C. platen
D. typeblock
It refers to the cylindrical backing of a typewriter
which absorbs the blow of the type bar.
A. Rotating head spear
B. carriage
C. platen
D. typeblock
form of a typeface defects where the characters are
leans to the left or to the right of their proper
position.
A. Horizontal mal alignment

B. vertical mal-alignment
C. off-its feet
D. twisted letters
form of a typeface defects where the characters are
leans to the left or to the right of their proper
position.
A. Horizontal mal alignment

B. vertical mal-alignment
C. off-its feet
D. twisted letters
form of a typeface defects in which the characters are
printed heavier in one side than the remainder of its
character. It is the unbalanced quality of prints.
A. Actual breakage
B. clogged typeface
C. off-its feet
D. twisted letters
form of a typeface defects in which the characters are
printed heavier in one side than the remainder of its
character. It is the unbalanced quality of prints.
A. Actual breakage
B. clogged typeface
C. off-its feet
D. twisted letters
It refers to the examination made to show the minute
details of small objects?
A. Physical examination
B. chemical examination
C. microscopic examination
D. ultra-violet light examination
It refers to the examination made to show the minute
details of small objects?
A. Physical examination
B. chemical examination
C. microscopic examination
D. ultra-violet light examination
It refers to any form of changes either an addition or a
deletion to the original content of a document.
A. erasure
B. addition
C. alteration
D. substitution
It refers to any form of changes either an addition or a
deletion to the original content of a document.
A. erasure
B. addition
C. alteration
D. substitution
refers to the weakness in strokes characterized by shaky
or wavering stroke which is perfectly apparent even
without the use of magnification.
A. tremor
B. genuine tremor
C. tremor of fraud
D. tremor of illiteracy
refers to the weakness in strokes characterized by shaky
or wavering stroke which is perfectly apparent even
without the use of magnification.
A. tremor
B. genuine tremor
C. tremor of fraud
D. tremor of illiteracy
An element of writing movement which is characterized as
either jerky, smooth or intermittent.
A. pressure
B. skills
C. rhythm
D. speed
An element of writing movement which is characterized as
either jerky, smooth or intermittent.
A. pressure
B. skills
C. rhythm
D. speed
Which of the following is the best means of developing
and photograph in obliterated and charred document?
A. Photography with panchromatic film
B. photography by transmitted light
C. photography by ultraviolet light
D. photography by infra-red light
Which of the following is the best means of developing
and photograph in obliterated and charred document?
A. Photography with panchromatic film
B. photography by transmitted light
C. photography by ultraviolet light
D. photography by infra-red light
witness who by reason of his special technical training
or experience is permitted to express opinion regarding
the issue, or a certain aspects of th issue, that is
involved in legal proceedings?
A. Ordinary witness
B. Police investigator
C. Microscope
D. Expert witness
witness who by reason of his special technical training
or experience is permitted to express opinion regarding
the issue, or a certain aspects of th issue, that is
involved in legal proceedings?
A. Ordinary witness
B. Police investigator
C. Microscope
D. Expert witness
Refers to any property, elements or features which serve
to individualized writing. It is otherwise known as
identifying details.
A. characteristics
B. individual characteristics
C. class characteristics
D. gross characteristics
Refers to any property, elements or features which serve
to individualized writing. It is otherwise known as
identifying details.
A. characteristics
C. class characteristics
D. gross characteristics
It is a process in which an illegible writing is made,
developed or brought back on the surface of the paper
itself.
A. fuming
B. Restoration
C. Decipherment
D. development
It is a process in which an illegible writing is made,
developed or brought back on the surface of the paper
itself.
A. fuming
B. Restoration
C. Decipherment
D. development
It refers to the characteristics in writing which can be
found not only in writing ofone person but in a group of
persons' writing.
A. characteristics
C. Personal characteristics
D. gross characteristics (class or general)
It refers to the characteristics in writing which can be
found not only in writing ofone person but in a group of
persons' writing.
A. characteristics
C. Personal characteristics
D. gross characteristics (class or general)
It is a method of tracing wherein the forger used a
considerable force (pressure)in outlining the forged
signature through the genuine signature leaving
depression marks which will later then traced.

B. laser method
D. projection or transmitted light process
It is a method of tracing wherein the forger used a
considerable force (pressure)in outlining the forged
signature through the genuine signature leaving
depression marks which will later then traced.

B. laser method
D. projection or transmitted light process
Refers to characteristics of writing which is
sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong
basis for the identity or non-identity of the writing.
A. writing habits
B. characteristics
C. significant writing habits
D. class characteristics
Refers to characteristics of writing which is
sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong
basis for the identity or non-identity of the writing.
A. writing habits
B. characteristics
C. significant writing habits
D. class characteristics
Any repeated element which serves to distinguishes.
A. writing habits
B. significant writing habits
C. exemplar
D. exhibit
Any repeated element which serves to distinguishes.
A. writing habits
B. significant writing habits
C. exemplar
D. exhibit
Questioned Document
SET 2
By
1. When did the Americans introduce the ball point pen in
the Philippines?
A. 1929
B. 1930
C. 1945
D. 1959
1. When did the Americans introduce the ball point pen in
the Philippines?
A. 1929
B. 1930
C. 1945
D. 1959
2. Legally speaking, what is the description of the act of
passing, delivering, or giving a counterfeit coin to
another person?
A. Counterfeiting
B. Falsification
C. Reproduction
D. Uttering
2. Legally speaking, what is the description of the act of
passing, delivering, or giving a counterfeit coin to
another person?
A. Counterfeiting
B. Falsification
C. Reproduction
D. Uttering
3. The ruled or imaginary line where the letters in the
handwriting rests is simply called -
A. alignment
B. baseline
C. line quality
D. pen position
3. The ruled or imaginary line where the letters in the
handwriting rests is simply called -
A. alignment
B. baseline
C. line quality
D. pen position
4. Preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually
occurs in capital letters
A. Ascender
B. Beaded
C. Bucklenot
D. Diacritic
4. Preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually
occurs in capital letters
A. Ascender
B. Beaded
C. Bucklenot
D. Diacritic
5. What technique should be applied in recording the
original appearance of a charred document that was
discovered at the crime scene?
A. Microphotography
B. Infrared photography
C. Ultraviolet photography
D. The golden rule in crime scene investigation
5. What technique should be applied in recording the
original appearance of a charred document that was
discovered at the crime scene?
A. Microphotography
B. Infrared photography
C. Ultraviolet photography
D. The golden rule in crime scene investigation
6. Who is the most influential document examiner in
America and sometimes regarded as the father of QDE?
A. Wilson Harrison
B. Alfred Dreyfus
C. Albert Osborn
D. Gilbert Thompson
6. Who is the most influential document examiner in
America and sometimes regarded as the father of QDE?
A. Wilson Harrison
B. Alfred Dreyfus
C. Albert Osborn
D. Gilbert Thompson
7. Which of the following deals primarily on the study
of handwriting based on 2 fundamental strokes - the
curve and the straight strokes?
A. Bibliomancy
B. Graphology
C. Graphometry
D. Grapho-analysis
7. Which of the following deals primarily on the study
of handwriting based on 2 fundamental strokes - the
curve and the straight strokes?
A. Bibliomancy
B. Graphology
C. Graphometry
D. Grapho-analysis
8. The art of handwriting is now known today as
A. paleography
B. graphology
C. calligraphy
D. cacography
8. The art of handwriting is now known today as
A. paleography
B. graphology
C. calligraphy
D. cacography
9. Paleography came from the Greek word ‘palaios’ which
literally means-
A. art
B. writing
C. to write
D. old
9. Paleography came from the Greek word ‘palaios’ which
literally means-
A. art
B. writing
C. to write
D. old
10. Which of the following is considered the earliest
material that served the purpose of paper during the
ancient times?
A. Cellulose from wood pulp
B. Vegetable fiber
C. Papyrus
D. Parchment
10. Which of the following is considered the earliest
material that served the purpose of paper during the
ancient times?
A. Cellulose from wood pulp
B. Vegetable fiber
C. Papyrus
D. Parchment
11. A figure resembling a hole or opening as part of the
letter
A. Ascender
B. Beaded
C. Bucklenot
D. Eyeloop
11. A figure resembling a hole or opening as part of the
letter
A. Ascender
B. Beaded
C. Bucklenot
D. Eyeloop
12. What ancient writing material was made of goatskin
or sheep skin?
A. Papyrus
B. Parchment
C. Vellum
D. Venom
12. What ancient writing material was made of goatskin
or sheep skin?
A. Papyrus
B. Parchment
C. Vellum
D. Venom
13. Which of these is the oldest ink that was developed?
A. Gallotanic ink
B. Logwood ink
C. Indian ink
D. Nigrosine
13. Which of these is the oldest ink that was developed?
A. Gallotanic ink
B. Logwood ink
C. Indian ink
D. Nigrosine
14. Which of these refers to the special way how various
hand muscles work together to produce written form of the
ideas conceived by the mind of the writer?
A. Muscle coordination
B. Motor coordination
C. Rhythm
D. Handwriting movement
14. Which of these refers to the special way how various
hand muscles work together to produce written form of the
ideas conceived by the mind of the writer?
A. Muscle coordination
B. Motor coordination
C. Rhythm
D. Handwriting movement
15. Which of these terms is used to describe a line,
sentence or paragraph that is inserted in between lines
or paragraphs written in a document?
A. Addition
B. Superimposition
C. Substitution
D. Interlineations
15. Which of these terms is used to describe a line,
sentence or paragraph that is inserted in between lines
or paragraphs written in a document?
A. Addition
B. Superimposition
C. Substitution
D. Interlineations
16. Who is regarded as the grandfather of modern
graphology?
A. Aristotle
B. Albert Osborne
C. Jean Hippolyte Michon
D. Camillo Baldi
16. Who is regarded as the grandfather of modern
graphology?
A. Aristotle
B. Albert Osborne
C. Jean Hippolyte Michon
D. Camillo Baldi
17. There are materials which contain marks, signs or
symbols, either visible or partially visible, that may
convey a meaning or message to someone. These are called
A. questioned documents
C. documents
D. handwritings
17. There are materials which contain marks, signs or
symbols, either visible or partially visible, that may
convey a meaning or message to someone. These are called
A. questioned documents
C. documents
D. handwritings
18. Any instrument executed in accordance with the
mercantile law that contains disposition of trade rights
and obligations is classified as
A. public document
B. commercial document
C. notarized document
D. official document
18. Any instrument executed in accordance with the
mercantile law that contains disposition of trade rights
and obligations is classified as
A. public document
C. notarized document
19. A document maybe questioned due to the following
reasons, unless
A. the circumstances regarding its production arouse
suspicion
B. the document raises skepticism
C. it is objectionable to someone
D. the document is irrefutable
19. A document maybe questioned due to the following
reasons, unless
A. the circumstances regarding its production arouse
suspicion
B. the document raises skepticism
C. it is objectionable to someone
D. the document is irrefutable
20. If a document is disputed by one or more persons
because of the materials used in their production, then
such document is considered
A. questioned document
B. holographic documents
C. disputed documents
D. falsified document
20. If a document is disputed by one or more persons
because of the materials used in their production, then
such document is considered
A. questioned document
B. holographic documents
C. disputed documents
D. falsified document
21. Based on the Supreme Court rulings, which of the
following legally constitutes a document?
A. Pamphlet or book that do not establish any

disposition or agreement
B. Draft of a payroll for a particular government agency
C. Blank forms of official documents
D. Neither one of the above
21. Based on the Supreme Court rulings, which of the
following legally constitutes a document?
A. Pamphlet or book that do not establish any

disposition or agreement
B. Draft of a payroll for a particular government agency
C. Blank forms of official documents
D. Neither one of the above
22. The legal classification of documents are the
following, except
A. official document
B. questioned document
C. commercial and private document
D. public document
22. The legal classification of documents are the
following, except
A. official document
C. commercial and private document
D. public document
23. Which of these refers to the art of determining the
character or disposition of person by analyzing his
handwriting?
A. Calligraphy
B. Graphology
C. Haplography
D. QD examination
23. Which of these refers to the art of determining the
character or disposition of person by analyzing his
handwriting?
A. Calligraphy
B. Graphology
C. Haplography
D. QD examination
24. When he investigates a questioned document, the
document examiner must follow the scientific method of
examination and the first official stage is –
A. scientific comparison
B. preliminary investigation
C. evaluation
D. analysis
24. When he investigates a questioned document, the
document examiner must follow the scientific method of
examination and the first official stage is –
A. scientific comparison
B. preliminary investigation
C. evaluation
D. analysis
25. A person, by reason of his special technical
training or experience, can be permitted to express his
opinion about scientific issues involved in a lawsuit.
Legally speaking, what is the best description of this
person?
A. Document examiner
B. Handwriting expert
C. Expert witness
D. Forensic scientist
25. A person, by reason of his special technical
training or experience, can be permitted to express his
opinion about scientific issues involved in a lawsuit.
Legally speaking, what is the best description of this
person?
A. Document examiner
B. Handwriting expert
C. Expert witness
D. Forensic scientist
26. A signature which is executed while the writer's hand
or arm is steadied in any by another person is classified
as –
A. model signature
B. disguised signature
C. fraudulent signature
D. guided signature
26. A signature which is executed while the writer's hand
or arm is steadied in any by another person is classified
as –
A. model signature
B. disguised signature
C. fraudulent signature
D. guided signature
27. Paleographers study writings found on ancient
documents made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, & wax-
tablets.
From what material is papyrus made of?
A. Calf skin
B. Sheep skin
C. Reed grass
D. Goatskin
27. Paleographers study writings found on ancient
documents made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, & wax-
tablets.
From what material is papyrus made of?
A. Calf skin
B. Sheep skin
C. Reed grass
D. Goatskin
28. What should be used to make the examiner discover or
see minute physical details of the writings in a
document which would not be possible by merely using his
naked eye?
A. Transmitted light examination

B. Infra-red light examination
C. Microscopic examination
D. Preliminary examination
28. What should be used to make the examiner discover or
see minute physical details of the writings in a
document which would not be possible by merely using his
naked eye?
A. Transmitted light examination

B. Infra-red light examination
C. Microscopic examination
D. Preliminary examination
29. In questioned document examination (and other forms
of criminalistic examinations), any significant property
or mark that serve as identifying detail of the specimen
is referred to as -
A. writing habits
C. signature
D. handwriting
29. In questioned document examination (and other forms
of criminalistic examinations), any significant property
or mark that serve as identifying detail of the specimen
is referred to as -
A. writing habits
C. signature
D. handwriting
30. Technically, what is the appropriate term for
blotting out or shearing over a word or letter in a
document to make the original handwriting invisible to
the naked eye?
A. Erasure
B. Shading
C. Obliteration
D. Retouching
30. Technically, what is the appropriate term for
blotting out or shearing over a word or letter in a
document to make the original handwriting invisible to
the naked eye?
A. Erasure
B. Shading
C. Obliteration
D. Retouching
31. What device can be used to show a tri-dimensional
enlargement of writings found in a document under
scrutiny?
A. Shadowgraph
B. Stereoscopic microscope
C. Ultra-violet lamp
D. Infra-red lamp
31. What device can be used to show a tri-dimensional
enlargement of writings found in a document under
scrutiny?
A. Shadowgraph
B. Stereoscopic microscope
C. Ultra-violet lamp
D. Infra-red lamp
32. What are the 3 stages involved in scientific document
examination?
A. Evaluation, Comparison & Analysis
B. Off-hand opinion, Evaluation & Decision
C. Theory, Comparison & Examination
D. Analysis, Comparison & Evaluation
32. What are the 3 stages involved in scientific document
examination?
A. Evaluation, Comparison & Analysis
B. Off-hand opinion, Evaluation & Decision
C. Theory, Comparison & Examination
D. Analysis, Comparison & Evaluation
33. What feature of the document can be used to indicate the
source or origin of paper?
A. Wire mark
B. Postmark
C. Watermark
D. Compression mark
33. What feature of the document can be used to indicate the
source or origin of paper?
A. Wire mark
B. Postmark
C. Watermark
D. Compression mark
34. A person who can write either with his left or right
hand is called
A. ambidextrous
B. analogous
C. bicephalous
D. dextrous or dexterous
34. A person who can write either with his left or right
hand is called
A. ambidextrous
B. analogous
C. bicephalous
D. dextrous or dexterous
35. What do we call with the result of the writer’s
muscular control & coordination as influenced by his age,
health, emotional condition, and personality that show
uniqueness of his writings?
A. Habits
B. General characteristics
C. Strokes
D. Individual characteristics
35. What do we call with the result of the writer’s
muscular control & coordination as influenced by his age,
health, emotional condition, and personality that show
uniqueness of his writings?
A. Habits
B. General characteristics
C. Strokes
D. Individual characteristics
36. If our hands have 3 groups of muscles that are used in
the act of writing, what muscles are used in pushing the
pen for the upward strokes of our handwriting?
A. Flexor muscles
B. Extensor muscles
C. Lumbricals
D. Biceps
36. If our hands have 3 groups of muscles that are used in
the act of writing, what muscles are used in pushing the
pen for the upward strokes of our handwriting?
A. Flexor muscles
B. Extensor muscles
C. Lumbricals
D. Biceps
37. What line of inquiry in QDE is intended to determine
the basic nature of the document whether it is authentic
or not?
A. Analyze the details

B. Ascertain the facts
C. Qualify the case
D. Recognize the characteristics
37. What line of inquiry in QDE is intended to determine
the basic nature of the document whether it is authentic
or not?
A. Analyze the details

B. Ascertain the facts
C. Qualify the case
D. Recognize the characteristics
38. What handwriting is made by a person with the
intention of hiding his identity by deliberate altering
his normal habits of writing?
A. Forgery
B. Normal writing
D. Tremulous writing
38. What handwriting is made by a person with the
intention of hiding his identity by deliberate altering
his normal habits of writing?
A. Forgery
B. Normal writing
D. Tremulous writing
39. What is the modern term of a handwriting specimen
obtained personally from a known source that can be used
by the examiner as the basis for his ID or non-ID of the
writings found in a QD?
A. Handwriting standards
B. Samples
C. Collected standard
D. Exemplar
39. What is the modern term of a handwriting specimen
obtained personally from a known source that can be used
by the examiner as the basis for his ID or non-ID of the
writings found in a QD?
A. Handwriting standards
B. Samples
C. Collected standard
D. Exemplar
40. Questioned document examination often involves
comparing questioned handwriting with known
handwriting to determine
A. authentic document
B. the falsification committed
C. the writer's identity
D. any sign of forgery
40. Questioned document examination often involves
comparing questioned handwriting with known
handwriting to determine
A. authentic document
B. the falsification committed
C. the writer's identity
D. any sign of forgery
41. A genuine signature which has been used to prepare
imitated or traced signature is known as
A. exemplars
C. model signature
D. formal signature
41. A genuine signature which has been used to prepare
imitated or traced signature is known as
A. exemplars
C. model signature
D. formal signature
42. What handwriting movement is usually used by children
and barely literate people? The thumb, index and middle
finger are the ones in actual motion while the person is
writing.
A. Finger movement
B. Hand movement
C. Forearm movement
D. Whole arm movement
42. What handwriting movement is usually used by children
and barely literate people? The thumb, index and middle
finger are the ones in actual motion while the person is
writing.
A. Finger movement
B. Hand movement
C. Forearm movement
D. Whole arm movement
43. The top portion of a letter forming an upper loop
A. Ascender
B. Beaded
C. Bucklenot
D. Diacritic
43. The top portion of a letter forming an upper loop
A. Ascender
B. Beaded
C. Bucklenot
D. Diacritic
44. If cases are lost mostly not in the court room but at
the prosecutor’s office when the documentary exhibits are
presented for the first time, what then is considered the
key to successful questioned document examination?
A. Logical progress of inquiry

B. Scientific evaluation of the documents
C. Analysis of handwriting characteristics
D. Preliminary examination of documentary exhibits
44. If cases are lost mostly not in the court room but at
the prosecutor’s office when the documentary exhibits are
presented for the first time, what then is considered the
key to successful questioned document examination?
A. Logical progress of inquiry

B. Scientific evaluation of the documents
C. Analysis of handwriting characteristics
D. Preliminary examination of documentary exhibits
45. A gap occurring between a continuous stroke
without lifting the pen
A. Foot
B. Hiatus
C. Hump
D. Ligature
45. A gap occurring between a continuous stroke
without lifting the pen
A. Foot
B. Hiatus
C. Hump
D. Ligature
46. The bottom part of the letter which rests on the base
line
A. Foot
B. Hiatus
C. Hump
D. Ligature
46. The bottom part of the letter which rests on the base
line
A. Foot
B. Hiatus
C. Hump
D. Ligature
47. Due to brain infection caused by a head injury,
Brenda lost the ability to write in an orderly fashion
although she can still manage to manipulate writing
materials. Brenda is suffering from –
A. agraphia
B. aphasia
C. Alzheimer’s disease
D. dyslexia
47. Due to brain infection caused by a head injury,
Brenda lost the ability to write in an orderly fashion
although she can still manage to manipulate writing
materials. Brenda is suffering from –
A. agraphia
B. aphasia
C. Alzheimer’s disease
D. dyslexia
48. Which of these refers to the act of the author in
with increasing pressure while writing?
A. Pen emphasis
B. Pen hold
C. Pen lift
D. Pen pressure
48. Which of these refers to the act of the author in
with increasing pressure while writing?
A. Pen emphasis
B. Pen hold
C. Pen lift
D. Pen pressure
49. There is interruption in a stroke caused by removing
the writing instrument from the paper. This is described
as -
A. pen hold
B. pen lift
C. retouching
D. tremor
49. There is interruption in a stroke caused by removing
the writing instrument from the paper. This is described
as -
A. pen hold
B. pen lift
C. retouching
D. tremor
50. The existence of more movement impulse in the
questioned signature as compared with the standard
signature indicates what?
A.Poor line quality
B.Forgery
C.Traced
D.Poor pen lift
50. The existence of more movement impulse in the
questioned signature as compared with the standard
signature indicates what?
A.Poor line quality
B.Forgery
C.Traced
D.Poor pen lift
51. In handwriting examination, the imaginary line upon
which the writing rests is called what line?
A.Note
B.Vase
C.Base
D.Stroke
51. In handwriting examination, the imaginary line upon
which the writing rests is called what line?
A.Note
B.Vase
C.Base
D.Stroke
52. One of the ways in determining the date of the
manufacture of the paper is by the?
A.Secret code
B.Copyright
C.Production code
D.Watermark
52. One of the ways in determining the date of the
manufacture of the paper is by the?
A.Secret code
B.Copyright
C.Production code
D.Watermark
53. Which of the following government issued I.D. cards on
documents had an edge over the others with respect to the
authenticity, acceptability and legality? The document
with:
A.Signature and thumbmark
B.Signature only
C.Thumbmark only
D.Photo and signature
53. Which of the following government issued I.D. cards on
documents had an edge over the others with respect to the
authenticity, acceptability and legality? The document
with:
A.Signature and thumbmark
B.Signature only
C.Thumbmark only
D.Photo and signature
54. The document examiner’s work is basically that of
comparing the questioned document to that of the:
A.Official specimen
B.Certified copies
C.Admissible specimen
D.Standard specimen
54. The document examiner’s work is basically that of
comparing the questioned document to that of the:
A.Official specimen
B.Certified copies
C.Admissible specimen
D.Standard specimen
55. A document duly signed or notarized by a former RTC
judge is what kind of document?
A.Private
B.Personal
C.Official
D.Public
55. A document duly signed or notarized by a former RTC
judge is what kind of document?
A.Private
B.Personal
C.Official
D.Public
56. In questioned documents, the retouching or going back
over to a defective portion of a writing stroke is called?
A.Slicing
B.All of these
C.Embracing
D.Patching
A.Slicing
B.All of these
C.Embracing
D.Patching
57. In questioned signature document examinations, the
number of standard specimen required is at least how many?
A.10
B.6
C.8
D.7
57. In questioned signature document examinations, the
number of standard specimen required is at least how many?
A.10
B.6
C.8
D.7
58. To a biologist, it is a microscope: to a document
examiner, it is?
A.Telescope
B.Cameras
C.Stethoscope
D.Magnifying glasses
58. To a biologist, it is a microscope: to a document
examiner, it is?
A.Telescope
B.Cameras
C.Stethoscope
D.Magnifying glasses
59. In questioned documents inquiry, the addition of
writing and other materials between lines or paragraphs or
the addition of whole pages to a document is called?
A.Insertion or interlineation
B.Attribution
C.Supplication
D.Contrition
59. In questioned documents inquiry, the addition of
writing and other materials between lines or paragraphs or
the addition of whole pages to a document is called?
A.Insertion or interlineation
B.Attribution
C.Supplication
D.Contrition
60. Basically, the main job of a document examiner is to
compare the questioned document with the?
A.Stolen but readable documents
B.Stolen but recovered documents
C.Highly suspected altered documents
D.Standard documents
60. Basically, the main job of a document examiner is to
compare the questioned document with the?
A.Stolen but readable documents
B.Stolen but recovered documents
C.Highly suspected altered documents
D.Standard documents
61. When there is alteration or erasure in a document such
document is questionable. When such change is effected in
order to speak the truth, then such action is?
A.Disputable
B.Questionable
C.Fraudulent
D.Alright
61. When there is alteration or erasure in a document such
document is questionable. When such change is effected in
order to speak the truth, then such action is?
A.Disputable
B.Questionable
C.Fraudulent
D.Alright
62. There are several classes of questioned documents but
MOST disputed documents are documents with:
A.Questioned signature;
B.Questioned typewriting;
C.Forgery;
D.Alternations;
62. There are several classes of questioned documents but
MOST disputed documents are documents with:
A.Questioned signature;
B.Questioned typewriting;
C.Forgery;
D.Alternations;
63. In typewriting examination, the first step to consider
in the procurement of typewriting exemplars is to?
A.Study the questioned typewriting
B.Prepare the exemplars
C.Locate the typewriter used
D.Acquisition of similar typewriter
63. In typewriting examination, the first step to consider
in the procurement of typewriting exemplars is to?
A.Study the questioned typewriting
B.Prepare the exemplars
C.Locate the typewriter used
D.Acquisition of similar typewriter
64. In typewriter examination, the type race detects in
which the letters are printed to the right or to the left
of its proper position is termed as what?
A.Horizontal malalignment
B.Off-beat alignment
C.Twisted print
D.Vertical malalignment
64. In typewriter examination, the type race detects in
which the letters are printed to the right or to the left
of its proper position is termed as what?
A.Horizontal malalignment
B.Off-beat alignment
C.Twisted print
D.Vertical malalignment
65. The type of forgery which is made when the writer
exerts no much efforts to effect resemblance of facsimile
between the forged and genuine signature is called?
A.Traced
B.Spurious
C.Simulated
D.Simple
65. The type of forgery which is made when the writer
exerts no much efforts to effect resemblance of facsimile
between the forged and genuine signature is called?
A.Traced
B.Spurious
C.Simulated
D.Simple
A.All of these
B.Embracing
C.Slicing
D.Patching
A.All of these
B.Embracing
C.Slicing
D.Patching
67. In questioned document, any stroke which goes back over
another writing strokes is called?
A.Retracing
B.Restroking
C.Retouching
D.Reforming
67. In questioned document, any stroke which goes back over
another writing strokes is called?
A.Retracing
B.Restroking
C.Retouching
D.Reforming
68. Which of the following documents is the other term of
questioned document?
A.Disputed
B.Guided
C.Blurred
D.Cased
68. Which of the following documents is the other term of
questioned document?
A.Disputed
B.Guided
C.Blurred
D.Cased
69. A document examination that uses invisible radiation
beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) is
called?
A. infra-red examination
B. radiation
C. ultra-violet examination
D. hazy sunlight examination
69. A document examination that uses invisible radiation
beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) is
called?
A. infra-red examination
B. radiation
C. ultra-violet examination
D. hazy sunlight examination
70. In questioned document examination, good open control
is a sign of forgery in guided?
A. markings C. missile
B. forgery D. hand signature
70. In questioned document examination, good open control
is a sign of forgery in guided?
A. markings C. missile
B. forgery D. hand signature
71. Can there be a conclusive and legally valid findings in
a questioned document case if no original copy was produced
for comparison?
A. yes C. it depends
B. no D. oftentimes
71. Can there be a conclusive and legally valid findings in
a questioned document case if no original copy was produced
for comparison?
A. yes C. it depends
B. no D. oftentimes
72. In questioned document examination, the other term of
burned document is?
A. blackened document
B. charred document
C. none of these
D. poisoned document
72. In questioned document examination, the other term of
burned document is?
A. blackened document
B. charred document
C. none of these
D. poisoned document
73. In writing controversy, it refers to the obscuring of
writing by superimposing ink, pencil or other writing
material. It is called what kind of writing?
A. Obliterated C. Slanted
B. Indented D. Illegible
73. In writing controversy, it refers to the obscuring of
writing by superimposing ink, pencil or other writing
material. It is called what kind of writing?
A. Obliterated C. Slanted
B. Indented D. Illegible
74. As a possible future expert in questioned document,
you must know the acknowledged “Father of Questioned
document” and he is?
A. John Hansbury C. Albert Osborn
B. John Adams D. Dr. Hans Gross
74. As a possible future expert in questioned document,
you must know the acknowledged “Father of Questioned
document” and he is?
A. John Hansbury C. Albert Osborn
B. John Adams D. Dr. Hans Gross
75. The dates of the standard specimen should be how many
years before and after the questioned document?
A. two C. five
B. three D. seven
75. The dates of the standard specimen should be how many
years before and after the questioned document?
A. two C. five
B. three D. seven
76. With a very clear machine copy (powder) of a questioned
document and as good as original and with several (more
than 20) standards, as a document examiner, can you have a
definitive and legally accepted opinion?
A. yes C. seldom
B. sometimes D. no
76. With a very clear machine copy (powder) of a questioned
document and as good as original and with several (more
than 20) standards, as a document examiner, can you have a
definitive and legally accepted opinion?
A. yes C. seldom
B. sometimes D. no
77. The assumption is, “no two writers write exactly
alike”. Every person has his/her own way/manner of holding
pen, so the resultant effect is to produce an entirely
different?
A. replica of writing C. modes of quantity
B. observations D. strokes or writing
77. The assumption is, “no two writers write exactly
alike”. Every person has his/her own way/manner of holding
pen, so the resultant effect is to produce an entirely
different?
A. replica of writing C. modes of quantity
B. observations D. strokes or writing
78. In questioned document inquiry, when we speak of
insertion or interlineation in a document, it refers to the
addition of?
A. paper marks C. forgery
B. standards D. writing
78. In questioned document inquiry, when we speak of
insertion or interlineation in a document, it refers to the
addition of?
A. paper marks C. forgery
B. standards D. writing
79. What is this natural phenomenon that even expert
document examiners cannot give an opinion as regards a
questioned document case without it?
A. Natural talent C. Eclipse
B. Light D. Acquired knowledge
79. What is this natural phenomenon that even expert
document examiners cannot give an opinion as regards a
questioned document case without it?
A. Natural talent C. Eclipse
B. Light D. Acquired knowledge
80. A sign of forgery in guided hands signature is:
a. Bad shading c. good pen control
b. Irregular alignment d. discounted stroke
80. A sign of forgery in guided hands signature is:
a. Bad shading c. good pen control
b. Irregular alignment d. discounted stroke
81. In question document inquiry, it is a kind of movement
wherein the writer uses his/her entire arm in writing
without rest and is usually employed in large writing. What
kind of writing is it?
A. Muscular C. finger
B. Forearm D. whole arm
81. In question document inquiry, it is a kind of movement
wherein the writer uses his/her entire arm in writing
without rest and is usually employed in large writing. What
kind of writing is it?
A. Muscular C. finger
B. Forearm D. whole arm
82. In questioned signature cases, there are two forging
methods and these are tracing and?
A. Shading C. simulating
B. Copying D. imitating
82. In questioned signature cases, there are two forging
methods and these are tracing and?
A. Shading C. simulating
B. Copying D. imitating
83. In homicide or murder, the cause of death and existence
of the Victim is a MUST. In Questioned document
examination, which of the following is indispensable?
A. Officially prepared document
B. Computer printout
C. Newly discovered documents
D. Standard documents
83. In homicide or murder, the cause of death and existence
of the Victim is a MUST. In Questioned document
examination, which of the following is indispensable?
A. Officially prepared document
B. Computer printout
C. Newly discovered documents
D. Standard documents
84. Involuntary divergence of the pen line from the
natural direction in the formation of letters.
a. Tremor
b. Hiatus
c. Shading
d. loose writing
84. Involuntary divergence of the pen line from the
natural direction in the formation of letters.
a. Tremor
b. Hiatus
c. Shading
d. loose writing
85. Regarded as a special form of pen lift disguise in
which a perceptible group appears in the writing.
a. Diacritic
b. Hiatus
c. Hesitation
d. Tremor
85. Regarded as a special form of pen lift disguise in
which a perceptible group appears in the writing.
a. Diacritic
b. Hiatus
c. Hesitation
d. Tremor
86. A typewriter defect that can be corrected by
a. Transitory defect
b. Typeface defect
c. Alignment defect
d. Permanent defect
86. A typewriter defect that can be corrected by
a. Transitory defect
b. Typeface defect
c. Alignment defect
d. Permanent defect
87. To be able to make a positive identification of a
person, document examiner must be able to observe the
–
a. Characteristics of his handwriting

b. Writing position of the writer
c. Manner on how the writer moves the pen
d. Distinguishing individual features of his handwriting
87. To be able to make a positive identification of a
person, document examiner must be able to observe the
–
a. Characteristics of his handwriting

b. Writing position of the writer
c. Manner on how the writer moves the pen
d. Distinguishing individual features of his handwriting
88. Writing characterized by too much freedom of
movement and lack of regulation which is usually tall
letters.
a. Loss writing
b. Restrained writing
c. Genuine writing
d. Regulated writing
88. Writing characterized by too much freedom of
movement and lack of regulation which is usually tall
letters.
a. Loss writing
b. Restrained writing
c. Genuine writing
d. Regulated writing
89. Contemporary handwriting standards means that the
age of the standard should be within –
a. 5 years prior to the date of the questioned document

b. 10 years prior to the date of the questioned document
c. 8 years prior to the date of the questioned document
d. 12 years prior to the date of the questioned document
89. Contemporary handwriting standards means that the
age of the standard should be within –
a. 5 years prior to the date of the questioned document

b. 10 years prior to the date of the questioned document
c. 8 years prior to the date of the questioned document
d. 12 years prior to the date of the questioned document
90. The identification of handwriting is based on the
proposition that –
a. People are all alike

b. People are with different handwriting
c. People are all different
d. All of the foregoing
90. The identification of handwriting is based on the
proposition that –
a. People are all alike

b. People are with different handwriting
c. People are all different
d. All of the foregoing
91. One that is executed in accordance with the Code of
Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of
commercial rights or obligations.
A. Commercial document
B. Holographic wills
C. Notarial wills
D. Private document
91. One that is executed in accordance with the Code of
Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of
commercial rights or obligations.
A. Commercial document
B. Holographic wills
C. Notarial wills
D. Private document
92. The term _______ include the addition of writing
and other material between lines or paragraphs
or the addition of whole page to a document.
A. Insertion or interlineations
B. Integration
C. Obliteration
D. None of these
92. The term _______ include the addition of writing
and other material between lines or paragraphs
or the addition of whole page to a document.
A. Insertion or interlineations
B. Integration
C. Obliteration
D. None of these
93. In questioned document examination, what is an “OFF-
HAND OPINION”?
A. A conclusion that is not based on scientific
examination
B. A mere speculation of facts contained in the document
C. A scientific findings as to the content of document
D. All of these
93. In questioned document examination, what is an “OFF-
HAND OPINION”?
A. A conclusion that is not based on scientific
examination
B. A mere speculation of facts contained in the document
C. A scientific findings as to the content of document
D. All of these
94. It is a kind of handwriting that is characterized by
being connected in which one letter is joined to the next.
A. Script
B. Block
C. Vigorous
D. Cursive
94. It is a kind of handwriting that is characterized by
being connected in which one letter is joined to the next.
A. Script
B. Block
C. Vigorous
D. Cursive
95. A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual
writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity. The
results, regardless of their effectiveness are termed as
___.
A. Down stroke
B. Gestalt
D. Graphology
95. A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual
writing habits in hopes of hiding his identity. The
results, regardless of their effectiveness are termed as
___.
A. Down stroke
B. Gestalt
D. Graphology
96. The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen
and the angle at which he holds it is called
A. Pen lift
B. Pen hold
C. Print script
D. Pren pressure
96. The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen
and the angle at which he holds it is called
A. Pen lift
B. Pen hold
C. Print script
D. Pren pressure
97. The element of the writing movement which is marked by
regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as
smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality.
A. Shading
B. Simplification
C. Slope slant
D. Rhythm
97. The element of the writing movement which is marked by
regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as
smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality.
A. Shading
B. Simplification
C. Slope slant
D. Rhythm
98. What do we call the series of lines or curves written
in a single letter; one of the lines of an alphabet or
series of lines or curves within a single letter; the path
traced by the pen on the paper?
A. Pen lift
B. Slope
C. Delta
D. Stroke
98. What do we call the series of lines or curves written
in a single letter; one of the lines of an alphabet or
series of lines or curves within a single letter; the path
traced by the pen on the paper?
A. Pen lift
B. Slope
C. Delta
D. Stroke
99. One is not a type of handwriting "Standards"
A. Collected Standards
B. Requested standards
C. Post litem motan exemplars
D. None of these
99. One is not a type of handwriting "Standards"
A. Collected Standards
B. Requested standards
C. Post litem motan exemplars
D. None of these
100. The act/process of making the content/s of a document
not the intended content.
A. falsification
B. counterfeiting
C. forgery
D. erasure
100. The act/process of making the content/s of a document
not the intended content.
A. falsification
B. counterfeiting
C. forgery
D. erasure
Questioned Document
SET 3
By
1. is the introductory background stroke added to the
beginning of many capital letters? It is also seen
occasionally in introductory strokes of some small
letters.
A. Buckle knot
B. Hitch
C. Beard
D. Hook
1. is the introductory background stroke added to the
beginning of many capital letters? It is also seen
occasionally in introductory strokes of some small
letters.
A. Buckle knot
B. Hitch
C. Beard
D. Hook
2. A kind of document which is executed by a private
person without the intervention of a notary public, or of
competent public official, by which some disposition of
A. commercial document
B. official document
C. public document
D. private document
2. A kind of document which is executed by a private
person without the intervention of a notary public, or of
competent public official, by which some disposition of
A. commercial document
B. official document
C. public document
D. private document
3. synonymous with the term “alignment defect”.
A. Malalignment
B. Maliganant
C. Malignant
D. Mainamale
3. synonymous with the term “alignment defect”.
A. Malalignment
B. Maliganant
C. Malignant
D. Mainamale
4. is a distinct or peculiar character. It is used in
describing handwriting to refer to any identifying
factor, which is related to the writing movement itself.
A. Characteristics
B. Quality
C. Writing habit
D. All of the above
4. is a distinct or peculiar character. It is used in
describing handwriting to refer to any identifying
factor, which is related to the writing movement itself.
A. Characteristics
B. Quality
C. Writing habit
D. All of the above
5. The study of handwriting to determine one's
personality traits is called
A. handwriting analysis
B. graphology
C. dactyloscopy
D. fecalysis
5. The study of handwriting to determine one's
personality traits is called
A. handwriting analysis
B. graphology
C. dactyloscopy
D. fecalysis
6. A document in which some issues have been raised or is
under scrutiny.
A. Void Document
B. Illegal Document
C. Forged Document
D. Questioned Document
6. A document in which some issues have been raised or is
under scrutiny.
A. Void Document
B. Illegal Document
C. Forged Document
D. Questioned Document
7.Standards which are prepared upon the request of the
investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the
questioned document.
A. relative standards
B. collected standards
C. extended standards
D. requested standards
7.Standards which are prepared upon the request of the
investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the
questioned document.
A. relative standards
B. collected standards
C. extended standards
D. requested standards
8.Any
8.Anystroke which which
stroke goes backgoes
over another
back writing stroke.
over another
A. natural
writing variation
stroke.
B. rhythm
A.natural
C. retracing
variation
B.rhythm
D. shading
C.retracing
D.shading
8.Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke.
A. natural variation
B. rhythm
C. retracing
D. shading
9.A document which is being questioned because of its
origin, its contents or the circumstances or the stories of
its production.
A. disputed document
B. standard document
C. requested document
D. questioned document
9.A document which is being questioned because of its
origin, its contents or the circumstances or the stories of
its production.
A. disputed document
B. standard document
C. requested document
D. questioned document
10.An instrument that can be legally used in comparison
with a questioned document, its origin is known and can be
proven.
A. simulated document
B. forged document
C. standard document
D. compared document
10.An instrument that can be legally used in comparison
with a questioned document, its origin is known and can be
proven.
A. simulated document
B. forged document
D. compared document
11.Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is
adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the
A. disguised document
D. requested document
11.Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is
adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the
A. disguised document
D. requested document
12. is the act of making a close and critical study of
any material and with questioned documents is the
process necessary to discover the facts about them.
Various types are undertaken, including microscope
visual, photographic chemical, ultraviolet and infrared
examination.
A. Identification
B. Comparison
C. Examination
D. All of the above
12. is the act of making a close and critical study of
any material and with questioned documents is the
process necessary to discover the facts about them.
Various types are undertaken, including microscope
visual, photographic chemical, ultraviolet and infrared
examination.
A. Identification
B. Comparison
C. Examination
D. All of the above
13.A document which contains some changes either as an
A. inserted document
B. altered document
C. disputed document
D. obliterated document
13.A document which contains some changes either as an
A. inserted document
B. altered document
C. disputed document
D. obliterated document
14. What is known as the blotting out or shearing over
the writing to make the original invisible to as an
addition?
A. Obliteration
B. Obscuration
C. Forged
D. None of these
14. What is known as the blotting out or shearing over
the writing to make the original invisible to as an
addition?
A. Obliteration
B. Obscuration
C. Forged
D. None of these
15.A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife,
razor blade or picking instrument.
A. mechanical erasure
B. electronic erasure
C. magnetic erasure
D. chemical erasure
15.A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife,
razor blade or picking instrument.
A. mechanical erasure
B. electronic erasure
C. magnetic erasure
D. chemical erasure
16.It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized
by widening of the ink stroke.
A. Shading
B. pen lift
C. pen emphasis
D. pen pressure
16.It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized
by widening of the ink stroke.
A. Shading
B. pen lift
C. pen emphasis
D. pen pressure
17. A kind of document executed by a person in authority
and by private parties but notarized by competent
officials.
A. private document
C. public document
17. A kind of document executed by a person in authority
and by private parties but notarized by competent
officials.
A. private document
C. public document
18.In the study of questioned documents, what do you call
the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass
through or which prevents dark objects from being seen
through the paper?
A. Opacity
B. Watermarks
C. Skid marks
D. Invisibility
18.In the study of questioned documents, what do you call
the quality of paper that does not allow light to pass
through or which prevents dark objects from being seen
through the paper?
A. Opacity
B. Watermarks
C. Skid marks
D. Invisibility
19.What is the oldest ink material known?
A. Ball point pen ink
B. Chinese Ink
C. Aniline Ink
D. White Ink
19.What is the oldest ink material known?
A. Ball point pen ink
B. Chinese Ink
C. Aniline Ink
D. White Ink
20.One in which the facts appearing therein may not be
true, and are contested either in whole or part with
respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin.
B. Illegal document
C. Falsified document
D. Disputed facts
20.One in which the facts appearing therein may not be
true, and are contested either in whole or part with
respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin.
B. Illegal document
C. Falsified document
D. Disputed facts
21.Are
21.Arecondensed and compact
condensed and setcompact
of authentic specimens
set of
which, if adequate and proper,should
authentic specimens which, if adequate
contain a cross section of the material from a known and
proper,should
source for questionedcontain
document a cross section of
examination.
the material
A. Basis products from a known source for
questioned
B. Standards document examination.
C. Handwriting
A.Basis products
D. Signatures
B.Standards
C.Handwriting
D.Signatures
21.Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens
which, if adequate and proper,should
contain a cross section of the material from a known
source for questioned document examination.
A. Basis products
B. Standards
C. Handwriting
D. Signatures
22. the quality of the nib pen that varies with the
different pens and can be measured by the amount of
pressure necessary to cause a spreading of the nibs or a
given degree of shading.
A. Flexibility of pen point
B. Capability of pen point
C. Variety of pen point
D. Quality of pen point
22. the quality of the nib pen that varies with the
different pens and can be measured by the amount of
pressure necessary to cause a spreading of the nibs or a
given degree of shading.
A. Flexibility of pen point
B. Capability of pen point
C. Variety of pen point
D. Quality of pen point
23. described a photographic court exhibits which is
designed to be held and examined by the individual juror
or pair of jurors.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
23. described a photographic court exhibits which is
designed to be held and examined by the individual juror
or pair of jurors.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
24.When a document is issued and notarized by a
notary public or competent public official with
solemnities required by law, it is called
A. Official document
B. Public document
C. Commercial document
D. Private Document
24.When a document is issued and notarized by a
notary public or competent public official with
solemnities required by law, it is called
A. Official document
B. Public document
C. Commercial document
D. Private Document
25. In this kind of document examination, the document is
viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the
light passing through the paper. Documents are subjected
to this type of examination to determine the presence of
erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of
alterations.
A. Microscopic examination
B. Ultra violet examination
C. Photographic examination
D. Transmitted light examination
25. In this kind of document examination, the document is
viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the
light passing through the paper. Documents are subjected
to this type of examination to determine the presence of
erasures, matching of serrations and some other types of
alterations.
A. Microscopic examination
B. Ultra violet examination
C. Photographic examination
D. Transmitted light examination
26. Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost
unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed
mental impression of certain idea with script form?
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
26. Is a result of bodily movement, which is almost
unconscious of fixed muscular habit, reacting from fixed
mental impression of certain idea with script form?
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
27. is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the
line of writing.
A. Base
B. Rest
C. Foot
D. All of the above
27. is the base or bottom of a letter that lies on the
line of writing.
A. Base
B. Rest
C. Foot
D. All of the above
28. means that there is argument or controversy over the
document.
A. Questioned Document
B. Disputed Document
C. Disguised Writing
D. All of the above
28. means that there is argument or controversy over the
document.
A. Questioned Document
B. Disputed Document
C. Disguised Writing
D. All of the above
29. Any property or mark which distinguishes and in
document examination commonly called to as the identifying
details si called
A. Standard
B. Characteristics
C. Attribute
D. Form
29. Any property or mark which distinguishes and in
document examination commonly called to as the identifying
details si called
A. Standard
B. Characteristics
C. Attribute
D. Form
30. In the study handwriting, the movement of the pen
toward the writer is called
A. Downstroke
B. Backstroke
C. Sidestroke
D. None of these
30. In the study handwriting, the movement of the pen
toward the writer is called
A. Downstroke
B. Backstroke
C. Sidestroke
D. None of these
31.It
31.Itisisa asignature,
signature,signedsigned
at a particular time
at a particular and
place, under particular conditions, while the signer was
time
at particular andage, inplace, under
a particular particular
physical and mental
conditions,
condition, using while
particular the signer
implements, and withwasa
particular reason and
at particular purpose
age, in for recording his name.
a particular physical
andA. Fraudulent
mental Signature
condition, using particular
B. Freehand forged signature
implements, and with a particular reason and
C. Guided Signature
purpose for recording his name.
D. Evidential Signature
A.Fraudulent Signature
B.Freehand forged signature
C.Guided Signature
D.Evidential Signature
31.It is a signature, signed at a particular time and
place, under particular conditions, while the signer was
at particular age, in a particular physical and mental
condition, using particular implements, and with a
particular reason and purpose for recording his name.
A. Fraudulent Signature
B. Freehand forged signature
C. Guided Signature
D. Evidential Signature
32.The following are characteristics of forgery except
one:
A. Presence of Natural Variation
B. Multiple Pen Lifts
C. Show bad quality of ink lines
D. Patchwork Appearance
32.The following are characteristics of forgery except
one:
A. Presence of Natural Variation
B. Multiple Pen Lifts
C. Show bad quality of ink lines
D. Patchwork Appearance
33.A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or
printing.
A. Pen
B. Ink
C. Coal
D. Chalk
33.A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or
printing.
A. Pen
B. Ink
C. Coal
D. Chalk
34. is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial
stroke.
A. Pen emphasis
B. Initial emphasis
C. Letter emphasis
D. All of the above
34. is the greater pressure on strokes or the initial
stroke.
A. Pen emphasis
B. Initial emphasis
C. Letter emphasis
D. All of the above
35.In 1884, who was this insurance agent in New York who
patented the first practical fountain pen containing its
own ink reservoir
A. Lewis Waterman
B. John Loud
C. Peter Reynolds
D. Henry Ball
35.In 1884, who was this insurance agent in New York who
patented the first practical fountain pen containing its
own ink reservoir
A. Lewis Waterman
B. John Loud (Ball Point Pen)
C. Peter Reynolds
D. Henry Ball
36.The art of beautiful writing is known as
A. Drafting
B. Calligraphy
C. Art appreciation
D. Gothic
36.The art of beautiful writing is known as
A. Drafting
B. Calligraphy
C. Art appreciation
D. Gothic
37.The name of a person written by him/her in a document as
a sign of acknowledgement.
A. Opinion
B. Document
C. Signature
D. Handwriting
37.The name of a person written by him/her in a document as
a sign of acknowledgement.
A. Opinion
B. Document
C. Signature
D. Handwriting
38. is the term applied to the irregular thickening,
which is formed when the writing shows down or stops
down while a penman takes stocks of the position.
A. Hesitation
B. Hiatus
C. Hitch
D. All of the above
38. is the term applied to the irregular thickening,
which is formed when the writing shows down or stops
down while a penman takes stocks of the position.
A. Hesitation
B. Hiatus
C. Hitch
D. All of the above
39. is small looped form by strokes that exerted in
divergent direction as in “b”, “c”, “f”, “k”, “p”, “r”,
“s”, and “z”.
A. Eye loop
B. Eyelet
C. Ductus
D. A and B
39. is small looped form by strokes that exerted in
divergent direction as in “b”, “c”, “f”, “k”, “p”, “r”,
“s”, and “z”.
A. Eye loop
B. Eyelet
C. Ductus
D. A and B
40. It works on a very simple principle, a tiny rotating
ball pick-up a supply of a link by contact with that
contained in a reservoir and then transmits it to the
paper.
A. Ball pen
B. Fountain pen
C. Plume
D. Ballpoint pen
40. It works on a very simple principle, a tiny rotating
ball pick-up a supply of a link by contact with that
contained in a reservoir and then transmits it to the
paper.
A. Ball pen
B. Fountain pen
C. Plume
D. Ballpoint pen
41. a disconnected style of writing in which each letter
is written separately is a form of hand lettering of
hand printing.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
41. a disconnected style of writing in which each letter
is written separately is a form of hand lettering of
hand printing.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
42. are characterized by writing are all capital letters
or printed.
A. Cursive
B. Block style
C. Capslock
D. Lettering
42. are characterized by writing are all capital letters
or printed.
A. Cursive
B. Block style
C. Capslock
D. Lettering
43. include characters which write improperly in the
following respects twisted letter; horizontal mal
alignment, vertical mal alignment, and a character ‘
off- its feet”.
A. Lining
B. Alignment
C. Base
D. All of the above
43. include characters which write improperly in the
following respects twisted letter; horizontal mal
alignment, vertical mal alignment, and a character ‘
off- its feet”.
A. Lining
B. Alignment
C. Base
D. All of the above
44. are writing executed in condition not normal to
individual writer such as standing position, lying,
walking, on a moving vehicle, under pressure, threat and
similar condition.
A. Hard Writing Condition
B. Abnormal Writing condition
C. Normal Writing Condition
D. All of the above
44. are writing executed in condition not normal to
individual writer such as standing position, lying,
walking, on a moving vehicle, under pressure, threat and
similar condition.
A. Hard Writing Condition
B. Abnormal Writing condition
C. Normal Writing Condition
D. All of the above
45. is fully rounded oval or circular form in a letter
complete in an “o’ or modified “ B”, “D’, “P” and “ R”.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
45. is fully rounded oval or circular form in a letter
complete in an “o’ or modified “ B”, “D’, “P” and “ R”.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
46. is the horizontal loop that are often used to
complete such as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
46. is the horizontal loop that are often used to
complete such as “ A”, “B”. “H” and “K”.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
47. It is characterized as bad writing.
A. Caligraphy
B. Cocography
C. Cocagraphy
D. Cacography
47. It is characterized as bad writing.
A. Caligraphy
B. Cocography
C. Cocagraphy
D. Cacography
48. is the art of beautiful writing.
A. Calligraphy
B. Caligraphy
C. Kaligraphy
D. Kalligraphy
48. is the art of beautiful writing.
A. Calligraphy
B. Caligraphy
C. Kaligraphy
D. Kalligraphy
49. inks in the carbon class consist of a finely ground
carbon particles.
A. Black ink
B. Carbon ink
C. Ink
D. Carbon trace
49. inks in the carbon class consist of a finely ground
carbon particles.
A. Black ink
B. Carbon ink
C. Ink
D. Carbon trace
50. a writing habit in any expected elements of defect,
which may serve as identifying characteristics in
individuals writing.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
50. a writing habit in any expected elements of defect,
which may serve as identifying characteristics in
individuals writing.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
51. is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest.
A. Restingline
B. Footline
C. Letterline
D. Baseline
51. is the ruled or imaginary line which letter rest.
A. Restingline
B. Footline
C. Letterline
D. Baseline
52. means critical comparison or side-by-side
examination.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
52. means critical comparison or side-by-side
examination.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
53. is the beginning and ending stroke of letter both
small and capital in which the pen touched the paper
without hesitation, beard, hitch or knob.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
53. is the beginning and ending stroke of letter both
small and capital in which the pen touched the paper
without hesitation, beard, hitch or knob.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
54. is that act of setting of two or more items side by
side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers
not only a visual but also the mental act which the
elements of one item are related to the counterparts of
the other.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
54. is that act of setting of two or more items side by
side to weight their identifying quantities. It infers
not only a visual but also the mental act which the
elements of one item are related to the counterparts of
the other.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
55. a scientific conclusion results from relating
observe facts by logical common sense reasoning in
accordance with establish rules of laws.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
55. a scientific conclusion results from relating
observe facts by logical common sense reasoning in
accordance with establish rules of laws.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Identification
D. Conclusion
56. The document examiners conclusions are so derived.
It is common to refer his conclusions by the legal term
________
A. Expertise
B. Opinion
C. Testimony
D. Amicus curae
56. The document examiners conclusions are so derived.
It is common to refer his conclusions by the legal term
________
A. Expertise
B. Opinion
C. Testimony
D. Amicus curae
57. the process of making out what is illegible or what
has been effaced. It refers to the process of reaching
or making out the material, which is illegible without
actually developing or restoring the original writing on
the documents, itself.
A. Decipherment
B. Encryptment
C. Cipherment
D. All of the above
57. the process of making out what is illegible or what
has been effaced. It refers to the process of reaching
or making out the material, which is illegible without
actually developing or restoring the original writing on
the documents, itself.
A. Decipherment
B. Encryptment
C. Cipherment
D. All of the above
58. is the lower portion of the letter of lower loop
such as “g”, “j”, “Q”, “Y”, and “P”.
A. Diacritic
B. Descender
C. Ascender
D. Display
58. is the lower portion of the letter of lower loop
such as “g”, “j”, “Q”, “Y”, and “P”.
A. Diacritic
B. Descender
C. Ascender
D. Display
59. describes a gently enlarged photographic court
exhibit which is made to such size that it must be
placed an easel the jury box.
A. Display exhibit
B. Bromide enlargements
C. A and B
D. Evidence document
59. describes a gently enlarged photographic court
exhibit which is made to such size that it must be
placed an easel the jury box.
A. Display exhibit
B. Bromide enlargements
C. A and B
D. Evidence document
60.Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is
established.
A. Certificate
B. Subpoena
C. Warrant
D. Document
60.Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is
established.
A. Certificate
B. Subpoena
C. Warrant
D. Document
61. it is one that contains some changes either as
A. Altered Document
B. Insertion of inteleanation
C. Disputed document
D. Question Document
61. it is one that contains some changes either as
A. Altered Document
B. Insertion of inteleanation
C. Disputed document
D. Question Document
62. the disconnected or non-continuous stroke between
two letters.
A. Ductus Broken
B. Junction Broken
C. A and B
D. Broken line
62. the disconnected or non-continuous stroke between
two letters.
A. Ductus Broken
B. Junction Broken
C. A and B
D. Broken line
63. any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the
action of the typefaces striking through carbon paper.
A. Ink Impression
B. Letter impression
C. Carbon impression
D. All of the above
63. any typewriting which is placed on the paper by the
action of the typefaces striking through carbon paper.
A. Ink Impression
B. Letter impression
C. Carbon impression
D. All of the above
64. is the parts of the letter ordinarily form by small
circle that usually lies on the line of writing as
bodies of “ a”, “o”, “ d”, “g”, “p” and “q’.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
64. is the parts of the letter ordinarily form by small
circle that usually lies on the line of writing as
bodies of “ a”, “o”, “ d”, “g”, “p” and “q’.
A. Buckle knot
B. Blunt
C. Body
D. Bowl
65. the cylinder which serves as the backing for the
paper and which absorbs the blow of the typeface.
A. Plate
B. Platen
C. Flate
D. Flaten
65. the cylinder which serves as the backing for the
paper and which absorbs the blow of the typeface.
A. Plate
B. Platen
C. Flate
D. Flaten
66.A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to
characterize known material.
A. Basis
B. Exemplar
C. Xerox copies
D. Reproduced
66.A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to
characterize known material.
A. Basis
B. Exemplar
C. Xerox copies
D. Reproduced
67. the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing
from the document,
A. Erasure
B. Obliteration
C. Alteration
D. All of the above
67. the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing
from the document,
A. Erasure
B. Obliteration
C. Alteration
D. All of the above
68. A legal term used to described a witness who by
reason of his special technical training and experience
is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue
or certain aspect of the issue, that is involved in a
lawsuit.
A. Medical Jurist
B. Expert Witness
C. Question document examiner
D. All of the above
68. A legal term used to described a witness who by
reason of his special technical training and experience
is permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue
or certain aspect of the issue, that is involved in a
lawsuit.
A. Medical Jurist
B. Expert Witness
C. Question document examiner
D. All of the above
69.The
69.Theprocess of makingof
process out making
what is illegible
out or what has
what is
been effaced.
illegible or what has been effaced.
A. Comparison
A.Comparison
B. Collation
B.Collation
C. Obliteration
D. Decipherment
C.Obliteration
D.Decipherment
69.The process of making out what is illegible or what has
been effaced.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Obliteration
D. Decipherment
70.In document examination, what is the relation of parts
of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in
words to the baseline?
A. Proportion
B. Alignment
C. Lining
D. Letter forms
70.In document examination, what is the relation of parts
of the whole of writing or line of individual letters in
words to the baseline?
A. Proportion
B. Alignment
C. Lining
D. Letter forms
71. a writing wherein the most part specifically the
upper and lower strokes forms an angle or wedge.
A. Side style of writing
B. Downward style of writing
C. Angular style of writing
D. Up style of writing
71. a writing wherein the most part specifically the
upper and lower strokes forms an angle or wedge.
A. Side style of writing
B. Downward style of writing
C. Angular style of writing
D. Up style of writing
72. the two divisions or points which form the writing
portion of the pen.
A. Hiatus
B. Pen ductus
C. Pen lift
D. Pen nibs
72. the two divisions or points which form the writing
portion of the pen.
A. Hiatus
B. Pen ductus
C. Pen lift
D. Pen nibs
73. the continuous line that join two letters.
A. Ductus ink
B. Junction ink
C. A and B
D. Continuous line
73. the continuous line that join two letters.
A. Ductus ink
B. Junction ink
C. A and B
D. Continuous line
74. any abnormality or maladjustments in a typewriter
which is reflected in its work and which led to its
individualization and identification.
A. Misalignment
B. Defects
C. Disputes
D. Abnormal writing
74. any abnormality or maladjustments in a typewriter
which is reflected in its work and which led to its
individualization and identification.
A. Misalignment
B. Defects
C. Disputes
D. Abnormal writing
75. may be regarded as a special form of penlift
distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in
writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by failure
of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing
movement.
A. Hesitation
B. Hiatus
C. Hitch
D. All of the above
75. may be regarded as a special form of penlift
distinguishable in that a perceptible gap appear in
writing, through sometimes hiatus are caused by failure
of ink to register on a paper due to speed of writing
movement.
A. Hesitation
B. Hiatus
C. Hitch
D. All of the above
76. the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make
the original invisible or undecipherable.
A. Shearing
B. Alteration
C. Obliteration
D. All of the above
76. the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make
the original invisible or undecipherable.
A. Shearing
B. Alteration
C. Obliteration
D. All of the above
77.It is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false
coins and banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy
of; or imitate; to make a spurious semblance of, as money
or stamps, with the intent to deceive or defraud.
A. Counterfeiting
B. Falsification
C. Forgery
D. Fake money bills
77.It is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false
coins and banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy
of; or imitate; to make a spurious semblance of, as money
or stamps, with the intent to deceive or defraud.
A. Counterfeiting
B. Falsification
C. Forgery
D. Fake money bills
78. any document completely prepared, written and
designed by the person himself without the assistant of
a lawyer.
A. Private document
B. Holographic document
C. Prepared document
D. Written document
78. any document completely prepared, written and
designed by the person himself without the assistant of
a lawyer.
A. Private document
B. Holographic document
C. Prepared document
D. Written document
79. a minute and involuntary talon like formation often
found at the commencement of an initial upstrokes on at
the end of terminal strokes.
A. Buckle knot
B. Beard
C. Hitch
D. Hook
79. a minute and involuntary talon like formation often
found at the commencement of an initial upstrokes on at
the end of terminal strokes.
A. Buckle knot
B. Beard
C. Hitch
D. Hook
80. an alignment defect in which the character prints to
A. Vertical Malalignment
B. Horizontal Malalignment
C. Side Malalignment
D. All of the above
80. an alignment defect in which the character prints to
A. Vertical Malalignment
B. Horizontal Malalignment
C. Side Malalignment
D. All of the above
81. is a rounded outer side of the top of the bend,
crook to, curve in small letter such as “h”, “m”, and
“n”.
A. Hitch
B. Hook
C. Hump
D. Buckle knot
81. is a rounded outer side of the top of the bend,
crook to, curve in small letter such as “h”, “m”, and
“n”.
A. Hitch
B. Hook
C. Hump
D. Buckle knot
82. characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to
an individual writer or characteristics which are highly
D. All of the above
82. characteristics highly individualize or perculiar to
an individual writer or characteristics which are highly
D. All of the above
83. is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop
such as letter “ b”, “n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in
the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’.
A. Beard
B. Knot
C. Arc
D. All of the above
83. is the bend, crook or curved on inner side of a loop
such as letter “ b”, “n” and “ p”. It is any arcaded in
the body of letters “ c’. “ a’ and “ o’.
A. Beard
B. Knot
C. Arc
D. All of the above
84. a stroke connecting two letters.
A. Buckle
B. Ligature
C. Majuscule
D. Ead
84. a stroke connecting two letters.
A. Buckle
B. Ligature
C. Majuscule
D. Ead
85. it is the condition of the pen itself. Good lines
quality is characterized by smoothness or writing,
regularity of curves and shaded.
A. Pen Quality
B. Ink Quality
C. Line Quality
D. All of the above
85. it is the condition of the pen itself. Good lines
quality is characterized by smoothness or writing,
regularity of curves and shaded.
A. Pen Quality
B. Ink Quality
C. Line Quality
D. All of the above
86. a capital letter.
A. Majuscule
B. CAPITAL
C. CAPSLOCK
D. Minuscule
86. a capital letter.
A. Majuscule
B. CAPITAL
C. CAPSLOCK
D. Minuscule
87.It is the result of a very complicated series of
facts, being used as whole, combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long,
continued painstaking effort. Some defined it as “visible
speech.”
A. Typewriting
B. Money Bills
C. Handwriting
D. All of these
87.It is the result of a very complicated series of
facts, being used as whole, combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long,
continued painstaking effort. Some defined it as “visible
speech.”
A. Typewriting
B. Money Bills
C. Handwriting
D. All of these
88. a small letter.
A. Miniletter
B. Minutae
C. Minuscule
D. Opuscule
88. a small letter.
A. Miniletter
B. Minutae
C. Minuscule
D. Opuscule
89. a signature which has been used in imitation or
traced forgery.
A. Sample signature
B. Exemplar Signature
C. Model Signature
D. All of the above
89. a signature which has been used in imitation or
traced forgery.
A. Sample signature
B. Exemplar Signature
C. Model Signature
D. All of the above
90. it is the most important elements of handwriting.
A. Pen
B. Ink
C. Hand
D. Movement
90. it is the most important elements of handwriting.
A. Pen
B. Ink
C. Hand
D. Movement
91. is a result of a very complicated series of act,
being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long
continued painstaking effort.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
91. is a result of a very complicated series of act,
being as a whole, a combination of certain forms of
visible mental and muscular habit acquired by long
continued painstaking effort.
A. Hand Writing
B. Hand Exhibit
C. Habit Lettering
D. Habit
92. this are normal and natural deviation found between
repeated specimen of an individual handwriting.
92. this are normal and natural deviation found between
repeated specimen of an individual handwriting.
93. an instrument in a stroke caused by removing the
writing instrument from the paper.
A. Hiatus
B. Pen ductus
C. Pen lift
D. Pen nibs
93. an instrument in a stroke caused by removing the
writing instrument from the paper.
A. Hiatus
B. Pen ductus
C. Pen lift
D. Pen nibs
94. an examination with the illumination so controlled
that it gaze or strikes the surface of the document from
one side at a very low angle.
A. Oblique Lighting examination
B. Side lighting examination
C. A and B
94. an examination with the illumination so controlled
that it gaze or strikes the surface of the document from
one side at a very low angle.
A. Oblique Lighting examination
B. Side lighting examination
C. A and B
95. the application of chemicals on the paper to
determine its component whether or not it come from the
same source.
A. Chemical analysis
B. Source analysis
C. Paper analysis
D. Component analysis
95. the application of chemicals on the paper to
determine its component whether or not it come from the
same source.
A. Chemical analysis
B. Source analysis
C. Paper analysis
D. Component analysis
96. is the quantitative description of the hardness or
softness of a pencil, that is how a dark stroke is
capable of making.
A. Pencil number
B. Pencil quality
C. Pencil grade
D. All of the above
96. is the quantitative description of the hardness or
softness of a pencil, that is how a dark stroke is
capable of making.
A. Pencil number
B. Pencil quality
C. Pencil grade
D. All of the above
97.There is freehand invitation and is considered as the
most skilful class of forgery
A. simulated or copied forgery
B. simple forgery
C. traced forgery
D. carbon tracing
97.There is freehand invitation and is considered as the
most skilful class of forgery
A. simulated or copied forgery
B. simple forgery
C. traced forgery
D. carbon tracing
98. is a defect in which the character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the
right or left.
A. Rebound
B. Rebutting
C. Dual imprint
D. Shading imprint
98. is a defect in which the character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slightly offset to the
right or left.
A. Rebound
B. Rebutting
C. Dual imprint
D. Shading imprint
99. the professional experience, education and ability
of a document examiner combine to make-up his
qualifications.
A. Eligibility
B. Qualification
C. Integrity
D. All of the above
99. the professional experience, education and ability
of a document examiner combine to make-up his
qualifications.
A. Eligibility
B. Qualification
C. Integrity
D. All of the above
100. Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of
known origin.
A. Letters
B. Samples
C. Exemplars
D. Documents
100. Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of
known origin.
A. Letters
B. Samples
C. Exemplars
D. Documents

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PAIMALAN I RAMOS

Criminologist Licensure Examination

Sir Raymart S. Paimalan

Sir Charlemagne James P. Ramos

in order for an ordinary witness to be qualified to express his

The questioned documents may be

A. Document which is more than 5 years before and after.

A. Document which is more than 5 years before and after.

A. Written official acts, or records of the official

A. Written official acts, or records of the official

A. By anyone who saw the document executed or written;

A. By anyone who saw the document executed or written;

A. Request for standard specimen

A. Request for standard specimen

A. Good pen control

A. Good pen control

A. carbon outline process

A. carbon outline process

A. oblique light examination

A. oblique light examination

A. Typewriting measuring test plates

A. Typewriting measuring test plates

A. measuring test plates

A. measuring test plates

A. direct light examination

A. direct light examination

A. pica (9, 10 and 11)

A. pica (9, 10 and 11)

A. vertical mal alignment (above or below)

A. vertical mal alignment (above or below)

A. Horizontal mal alignment

A. Horizontal mal alignment

A. carbon outline process

A. carbon outline process

A. Pamphlet or book that do not establish any

A. Pamphlet or book that do not establish any

A. Transmitted light examination

A. Transmitted light examination

A. Analyze the details

A. Analyze the details

A. Logical progress of inquiry

A. Logical progress of inquiry

a. Characteristics of his handwriting

a. Characteristics of his handwriting

a. 5 years prior to the date of the questioned document

a. 5 years prior to the date of the questioned document

a. People are all alike

a. People are all alike

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