King Abdulaiz University

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

MEP460 Heat Exchanger

Design

LMTD and Effectiveness-NTU Heat exchanger methods

Feb. 2018

1
Ch. 11 Incropera (Heat Exchangers)

1-Basic types of heat exchangers

2-LMTD method
3-Effectivness-NTU method
4-Compcat heat exchangers
5-Examples
 1-Basic types of heat exchangers

Classification according to flow arrangements

Parallel flow arrangement

Counter flow arrangement
Cross flow heat arrangement

Parallel flow arrangement

Counter flow arrangement
Cross flow heat arrangement

Both fluids are Unmixed

cross flow HX with fins

Mixed unmixed heat

exchanger with no fins
 Classification of heat exchangers according to
flow phase

Liquid to liquid HX Example Cooling of oil using sea water

Liquid to Gas HX Using exhaust gases to heat water

Gas to Gas HX Heating of air using exhaust gases

 Other very common types of heat
exchangers

a) Shell and tube heat exchangers

b) Compact heat exchangers
c) Plate heat exchangers
 a) Shell and tube heat exchangers

One shell pass and two tube passes Two shell passes and 4
tube passes
b) Compact heat exchangers

Surface area
density= 𝛼
A/V [m2/m3]
For compact
heat
exchangers
𝑚2
𝛼> 700 3
𝑚
c) Plate and frame (Gasketed) heat exchangers
c) Plate and frame heat exchangers
 Overall heat transfer coefficient
′′ ′′
1 1 𝑅𝑓𝑖 𝑅𝑓𝑜 1
= + + 𝑅𝑤 + +
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑖 𝜂𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜂𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜂 𝑜 𝐴 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝜂 𝑜 𝐴 𝑜
 2-Logarethmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD method
𝑇𝑐𝑜

𝑇ℎ𝑖 𝑇ℎ𝑜

𝑇𝑐𝑖
Hot fluid 𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ (ℎℎ𝑖 − ℎℎ𝑜 ) 𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝,ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

Cold fluid 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐 (ℎ𝑐𝑜 − ℎ𝑐𝑖 ) 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝,𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 ) 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝,ℎ heat capacity rate [W/K] of the hot fluid

𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝,𝑐 heat capacity rate [W/K] of the cold fluid

Temperature distribution
2-Logarethmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD method
Heat transfer for a small element of thickness
dx and heat transfer area of dA

Parallel heat exchanger arrangement

2-Logarethmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD method

Δ𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 𝑑𝑞 = −𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝,ℎ 𝑑𝑇ℎ = −𝐶ℎ 𝑑𝑇ℎ

𝑑 Δ𝑇 = 𝑑𝑇ℎ − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝,𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑑𝑇𝑐

𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴(𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝑑 Δ𝑇 = − −
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
2-Logarethmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD method
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑑Δ𝑇 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝑑 Δ𝑇 = − − = −𝑈𝑑𝐴 +
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 Δ𝑇 𝑞 𝑞
1 1
𝑑 Δ𝑇 = −𝑑𝑞 +
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝑑Δ𝑇 𝑈𝑑𝐴
=− 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
Δ𝑇 𝑞
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴Δ𝑇
1 1
𝑑 Δ𝑇 = −𝑈𝑑𝐴Δ𝑇 + Δ𝑇2 𝑈𝐴
𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
ln = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
Δ𝑇1 𝑞
𝑑Δ𝑇 1 1
= −𝑈𝑑𝐴 +
Δ𝑇 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 Δ𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 Δ𝑇1 = (𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝑇𝑐𝑜 )

𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) Δ𝑇2 − Δ𝑇1

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
ln(Δ𝑇2 Δ𝑇1 )
𝑞
𝐶ℎ =
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚

𝑞 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

𝑞 Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
𝐶𝑐 =
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 LMTD
2-Logarethmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD method

In general 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚
Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚 is called
Logarithmic Mean
Temperature Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚 = Δ𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝐶𝐹 𝐹
Difference=LMTD

F is the correction factor

F=1 for the following cases:

a) Pure counter current flow

b) Pure parallel flow
c) Evaporators (phase change)
d) Condensers (phase change)

For other geometries, see the next slides

 LMTD correction factor

Ref.: Cengle heat transfer an engineering approach, 2nd edition

 LMTD correction factor

Ref.: Cengle heat transfer an engineering approach, 2nd edition

 LMTD correction factor

Ref.: Cengle heat transfer an engineering approach, 2nd edition

 LMTD correction factor

Ref.: Cengle heat transfer an engineering approach, 2nd edition

Special Cases
 LMTD Method
SIZING PROBLEMS:
• Calculate q and the unknown outlet
temperature.
• Calculate DTlm and obtain the correction factor
(F) if necessary
• Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient.
• Determine A.

The LMTD method is not as easy to use for

performance analysis….
Example 1.11
Example 1.11
Example 1.11
Example 1.11
Example 1.11
 𝜖 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈 Method
Define the maximum and minimum heat capacity rate
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑟 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
Define the maximum possible heat

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 Δ𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

𝑞 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜖
Heat Exchanger effectiveness 𝜖=
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝐴
NTU =Number of heat transfer units
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝜖 = 𝑓(𝐶𝑟 , 𝑁𝑇𝑈)

𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝑓(𝐶𝑟 , 𝜖)
 𝜖 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈 Method
Consider counter current
heat exchanger
Assume Ch=Cmin
𝑞 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )
𝜖= =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

From LMTD analysis

Effectiveness  as a function of Cr and NTU
NTU relations as a function of  and Cr for different heat exchangers
𝜖 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜖 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈
 𝜖 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈

Cross flow heat exchanger

Cross flow heat exchanger
One fluid mixed and the
Both fluid un-mixed
other un-mixed
 𝜖 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
• Calculate the capacity ratio Cr = Cmin/Cmax and NTU =
UA/Cmin from input data
• Determine the effectiveness from the appropriate charts
or -NTU equations for the given heat exchanger and
specified flow arrangement.
• When  is known, calculate the total heat transfer rate
• Calculate the outlet temperature.
Example 11.3
Example 11.3
Example 11.3
Example 11.3
Example 11.3
 MEP460
Heat Exchanger Design

Compact heat exchangers

Ch. 11 Incropera, 6th Edition

Feb. 2018
Compact heat exchangers
Surface heat transfer area over volume 𝛼
Tube fin compact heat exchangers
Tube fin compact heat exchangers
Plat fin compact heat exchangers
Heat transfer and pressure drop for tube
fin heat exchangers
′′ ′′
1 1 𝑅𝑓𝑖 𝑅𝑓𝑜 1
= + + 𝑅𝑤 + +
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑖 𝜂𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜂𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜂 𝑜 𝐴 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝜂 𝑜 𝐴 𝑜

Overall surface efficiency 𝜂𝑜

𝐴𝑓
𝜂𝑜 = 1 − (1 − 𝜂𝑓 )
𝐴
𝜂𝑓 is the fin efficiency

Chapter 8 can be used to find the heat transfer

coefficient inside pipes or ducts

For ho outside (gas) heat transfer coefficient use

Kays & London book in compact heat exchangers
 Definitions
Frontal area Afr

Free Flow area Aff

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑓𝑓

𝜎= =
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑓𝑟

Fin area/total area=Af/Ao

𝛼= Surface area/Volume
 Definitions

Colburn jH factor 𝑗𝐻 = 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 2 3

𝑁𝑢 ℎ ℎ
Stanton Number 𝑆𝑡 = = =
𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑝 𝐺

𝜌𝑉𝐴𝑓𝑟 𝑚 𝑚
Mass velocity [kg/(m2.s) 𝐺 = 𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐴𝑓𝑓
= =
𝐴𝑓𝑓 𝜎𝐴𝑓𝑟

𝐿 𝑉2
Friction factor f Δ𝑃 = 𝑓 𝜌
𝐷 2

𝑅𝑒 = 𝐺𝐷ℎ /𝜇
 Pressure drop gas side

A: heat transfer area 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑜

𝑣𝑚 =
Afr Frontal area 2
Aff Free flow area 𝐴 𝛼𝑉
=
𝐴𝑓𝑓 𝜎𝐴𝑓𝑟
𝑣𝑖 specifc volume at inlet
𝑣𝑜 specific volume at outlet 𝜎=
𝐹𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
𝐴𝑓
𝑣𝑖 +𝑣𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
𝑣𝑚 mean specific volume = 𝐴
2
𝛼=
𝑉
Surface information(CF-7.0-5/8J)

Circular fin on circular tubes

Typical data for tube fin heat exchangers (8.0-3/8T)

Continuous fin on circular tubes

Surface information

Hydraulic
diameter Dh

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑓𝑓

𝜎= =
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑓𝑟
𝐴
Surface density 𝛼=
𝑉

𝐹𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑓
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
Surface information
Evaluating overall heat transfer coefficient

′′ ′′
1 1 𝑅𝑓𝑖 𝑅𝑓𝑜 1
= + + 𝑅𝑤 + +
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑖 𝜂𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜂𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜂 𝑜 𝐴 𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝜂 𝑜 𝐴 𝑜

ln(𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 )
𝑅𝑤 =
2𝜋𝑘𝐿
Neglecting fouling resistances

1 1 𝐴𝑜 𝑙𝑛(𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 ) 1
= + +
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑖 (𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑜 ) 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 ℎ𝑜 𝜂𝑜
1 1 𝐷𝑖 𝑙𝑛(𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 ) 1
= + +
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑖 (𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑜 ) 2𝑘 (𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑜 ) ℎ𝑜 𝜂𝑜

Need to know the heat transfer area ratio

 Ratio of inside to outside heat transfer area
𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿 Inside heat transfer area

𝐴𝑜,𝑝 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐿 Outside heat transfer area

without fins
𝐴𝑖 𝐷𝑖
=
𝐴𝑜,𝑝 𝐷𝑜
𝐷𝑖 Di Do
𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴𝑜,𝑝
𝐷𝑜

𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴𝑢𝑓 + 𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴𝑜,𝑝 + 𝐴𝑓
Neglecting the area occupied by Fins
fins. i.e. Auf=Aop

𝐴𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝐴𝑓
𝐴𝑜,𝑝 = 𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑓 = ∗ 1−
𝐴𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝐴𝑜
Example 11.6 Continue
Example 11.6 Continue
Example 11.6 Continue

𝐺𝐷ℎ
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Example 11.6 Continue
Example 11.6 Continue
Example 11.6 Continue