Unit 4

Further Mechanics
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚, 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝜃 = =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑟 𝑑𝑝 𝑑(𝑚𝑣)
𝜃 2𝜋 𝐹∝ = = 𝑚𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜔 = 𝑡
= 𝑇
= 2𝜋𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝐹 × 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝑝
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 = 1 𝑝2
𝜔
𝑟𝜃 2𝜋𝑟
𝐸𝑘 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑡
= 𝜔𝑟 = 𝑇
= 2𝜋𝑟𝑓 ℎ ℎ
De Broglie wavelength¸𝜆 = 𝑝 =
𝑚𝑣 2 √2𝐸𝑘 𝑚 Hot Tips!!!
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑟
= 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
𝑣2 Centripetal force is always the inward resultant force acting on an
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎 = = 𝜔2 𝑟 object. Centrifugal force can be considered as reaction force to
𝑟
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑣 centripetal force and acts outward from the center.
Electric fields
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝐸𝑄 𝑄
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐶 = 𝑉
𝐸𝑄
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑎 = 1 𝑄2
𝑚 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐸 = 2 𝐶𝑉 2 = 2𝐶
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑, 𝐸𝐾 = 𝑉𝑄 𝑡 𝑡

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐸 = 𝑑 = 𝑄

𝑉 𝐹 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑜 𝑒 −𝜏 = 𝑄𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
𝑡 𝑡
𝑘𝑄 𝑄 1 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 −𝜏 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑟12 2 , 𝐾 = 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑡 𝑡
𝐾𝑄 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 −𝜏 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐸 = 2
𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶

Magnetic fields
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑁𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴𝑁
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 sin 𝜃 ∆(𝑁𝜙) ∆(𝐵𝐴𝑁)
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑓, 𝜀 = ∆𝑡
= ∆𝑡
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑃 𝑚𝑣 𝑞 2𝑣 For Transformer, = , 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝐵𝑞𝑣 = , 𝑟 = 𝐵𝑞 = , = 𝐵2 𝑟 2
𝑟 𝐵𝑞 𝑚

Particle Physics
𝑚𝑣 2𝜋𝑚
𝑟= , 𝑇= 𝐵𝑞
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑚 × √1 − 𝑐 2
𝑣2
𝐵𝑞 𝐵𝑞
𝐵𝑞
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑚 1𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−13 𝐽
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 1𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝐶 2 = 1.78 × 10−30 𝐾𝑔
Standard Model
 Unit 5
Thermal Physics
∆𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, Δ𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡), 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
1 3 1 2
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝑚 < 𝑐 2 > = 2 𝑘𝑇 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤(𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡), 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇, 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡), 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
1 2 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇, 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

Nuclear Decay
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴 =
𝑑𝑁
= −𝜆𝑁 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, Δ𝐸 = Δ𝑚𝑐 2
𝑑𝑡
−𝜆𝑡 1𝑢 = 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 𝑒
1𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 ∗ 10−13 𝐽
𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑖 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑙𝑛2
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒, 𝑡1 = 𝜆
2

Oscillation
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = −𝑘∆𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = −𝐴𝜔
𝑎=
𝐹
=
−𝑘Δ𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝐴𝜔2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑙
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = −𝐴𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −𝐴𝜔2 cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 𝐾
𝐾
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = − 𝑚 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡) 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝑓 = 1/𝑇
𝑘 = 𝜔2 𝑚
Astrophysics and Cosmology
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑊𝑖𝑒𝑛′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤, 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2.898 × 10−3 𝑚𝐾
𝐺𝑚 𝐿
Stefan Boltzmann Law

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑔 = − 𝑟2

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤, 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥, 𝐹 =
4𝜋𝑑 2
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 ∆𝜆 ∆𝑓 𝑣
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = − 𝑟2
𝐷𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡, 𝑧 = = =𝑐
𝜆 𝑓
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜎𝑇 4 × 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 = 𝐻𝑜 𝑑
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠) = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜎𝑇 4
𝑟
Trigonometric parallax angle tan 𝜃 = 𝑑

1 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 3600 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 3.26 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
1𝐴𝑈 = 1.5 × 1011 𝑚
1𝐿𝑌 = 3 × 108 × 365 × 24 × 3600 = 9.46 × 1015 𝑚