4/7/2016

Internet Technology
Chapter 2: Internet Protocol Overview

2.1 TCP/IP & the IP Layer overview

2.2 IPv4 & IPv6 Address Type & Formats
2.3 IPv4 & IPv6 Header Structures
2.4 Internet RFCs

IP Overview

Continuing from TCP/IP & the IP layer overview…

1
 4/7/2016

IP Overview

IPv4 Address Types & Formats…

•Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast Address

•Class A, B, C, D, E

• Public / Routable / Global IP Address

• Private IP Address

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

• Subnetting – 3 levels of hierarchy

• VLSM /CIDR implementation with Packet Tracer

3

IP Overview

IPv4 Header Structure

• Packet capturing & analysis with Wireshark

2
 4/7/2016

The IP Protocol

The IPv4 (Internet Protocol) header.

The IP Protocol (2)

Some of the IP options.

5-54

3
 4/7/2016

IP Addresses

IP address formats.

IP Addresses (2)

Special IP addresses.

4
 4/7/2016

Subnets

A campus network consisting of LANs for various

departments.

Subnetting in Class C IP Address

/ Decimal Block Size Actual Size

/25 128 128 126
/26 192 64 62
/27 224 32 30
/28 240 16 14
/29 248 8 6
/30 252 4 2

10

5
 4/7/2016

Subnets (2)

A class B network subnetted into 64 subnets.

NAT – Network Address Translation

Placement and operation of a NAT box.

6
 4/7/2016

IPv6

Features of IPv6

•Larger addresses -128 bits long

• Extended address hierarchy of ISPs & within a given site

•Variable header format - defines a set of optional headers

•Facilities for many options

•Provision for protocol extension

•Support for auto configuration and renumbering

•Support for resource allocation – flow abstraction & differentiated service

•Security…

13

IPv6

Fig. General form of an IPv6 Datagram

•Base header required

•Extension headers optional

14

7
 4/7/2016

IPv6

15

Extension Headers

5-69

IPv6 extension headers.

8
 4/7/2016

IPv6

IPv6 Extension Headers

•Sender chooses zero or more extension headers
•Only those facilities that are needed should be included

IPv6 Fragmentation And Reassembly

•Like IPv4
– Ultimate destination reassembles
•Unlike IPv4
– Routers avoid fragmentation
– Original source must fragment

How Can Original Source Fragment?

•Option 1: choose minimum guaranteed MTU of 1280
•Option 2: use path MTU discovery

17

IPv6

IPv6 Address Types and Formats

•Three types
•Unicast - single host receives copy
• Multicast - set of hosts each receive a copy
• Anycast - set of hosts, one of which receives a copy(nearest in terms of routing distance)

•Note: no Broadcast, but special multicast addresses (e.g.‘‘all hosts on local network’’)

•Refer RFC 2373

18

9
 4/7/2016

IPv6

Unicast Address

Hierarchy
1.Top level- globally known public topology eg. ISPs & Exchanges

Exchange performs
• As NAP interconnecting ISPs & passing traffic betw. them
• Assign addresses to subscribers

2. Individual site level

3.Individual network interface

19

IPv6

Unicast Address Types

•Global Unicast Address

- Publicly Routable Addresses

•Link-local Address
-Restricted to a single network

•Unique-local or site-local Addresses

- Routable throughout private intranet or multiple local networks

20

10
 4/7/2016

IPv6

21

IPv6

22

11
 4/7/2016

IPv6

Shortened Exp.
2001:db8:3c4d:12::1234:56ab

2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab ?

23

IPv6

Special Addresses

•2000::/3 - Global Unicast range

•FC00::/7 - Unique Local range
•FF00::/8 - Multicast range
•FE80::/10 - Link-Local Unicast range
•2002:/16 - Transition System (6to4)
•::1 - Loopback Address

24

12
 4/7/2016

Auto configuration

Corp(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
Corp(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:3c4d:1::/64 eui-64

25

Migrating to ipv6

1. Dual Stacking
• Common strategy
• Communicating using either ipv4 or ipv6

26

13
 4/7/2016

Migrating to ipv6

2. 6to4 tunneling
• Carrying ipv6 data over still ipv4 network
• Communicating using either ipv4 or ipv6
• Encapsulation of ipv6 into ipv4 packet

27

Migrating to ipv6

28

14
 4/7/2016

Migrating to ipv6

3. NAT-PT
• Last resort
• Ipv4 hosts talk only with other Ipv4 hosts and
those with native ipv6 host with other IPv6 hosts
• No encapsulation- the data of the source pkt is removed
from one IP type & repackaged as the new destination
IP type

29

RFC

•Protocols documented in series of reports

•Documents known as Request For Comments (RFCs)

•Series of reports that include

– TCP/IP protocols
– The Internet
– Related technologies

•Checked and edited by IESG, but not peer-reviewed like scientific journals

•Contain:
– Proposals
– Surveys and measurements
– Protocol standards

30

15
 4/7/2016

RFC

• Numbered in chronological order

•Revised document reissued under new number

•Numbers ending in 99 reserved for summary of previous 100 RFCs

• Index and all RFCs available on-line

31

RFC

Requirements RFCs

•Host Requirements Documents

– Major revision/clarification of most TCP/IP protocols
– RFC 1122 (Communication Layers)
– RFC 1123 (Application & Support)
– RFC 1127 (Perspective on 1122-3)

•Router Requirements
– Major specification of protocols used in IP gateways (routers)
– RFC 1812 (updated by RFC 2644)

32

16
 4/7/2016

RFC

Special Subsets Of RFCs

•For Your Information (FYI)

– Provide general information
– Intended for beginners

•Best Current Practices (BCP)

– Engineering hints
– Reviewed and approved by IESG

33

17