Evergreen Class 12th Question Bank

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EVERGREEN SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS – CHEMISTRY
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 1

Subject : Chemisty
Class - 12
SECTION – A
Ans.1. It is due to heating during the day and cooling during the night i.e., due to annealing over a number
of years, glass acquires crystalline character.
Ans.2. The adsorption of gases on the surface of metals is called occlusion.
Or
The colloidal sol becomes unstable and gets coagulated.
Ans.3. Trans isomer does not show optical isomerism.
Ans.4. 2-Bromo-3-Chlorobutane.
Or
1-chloromethyl-3-(2, 2-dimethyl propyl) benzene.
Ans.5. Pyridine and other bases are used to remove the side product, i.e., HCl from reaction mixture.
SECTION – B
Ans.6. (a) Monomer :

Ethylene glycol : HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH
COOH COOH
Phthalic acid :
(b) Monomer :
Tetrafluoroethene : CF2 = CF2
Ans.7. (i) Proteins (ii) Elastomer.
Ans.8. A solution which obeys Raoult’s Law over the entire range of concentration is called ideal solution.
The important characteristics of an ideal solution are :
(i) The enthalpy of mixing of pure components to form the solution is zero, i.e., DHmix = 0.
(ii) The volume of mixing is zero, i.e., DVmix = 0.
Or
Azeotropes are binary liquid mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and
boil at a constant temperature. Maximum boiling azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from
Raoult’s Law. A mixture of 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass is an example of maximum
boiling azeotrope.
Ans.9. (i) A fuel cell is a device that converts the energy produced during the combustion of fuels like
hydrogen, methanol, methane etc. directly into electrical energy. One of the most successful
fuel cell is H2 – O2 fuel cell.
(ii) When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar
conductivity. It is represent by L°m .
L°m = (Lm), when C ¾® 0
1 e-mail : epildelhi@gmail.com
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Or
At anode : Zn(s) + 2OH- ¾® ZnO(s) + H2O(l ) + 2e-
–
At cathode : HgO(s) + H2O(l) +2e– ¾® Hg(l) + 2OH
Overall reaction : Zn(s) + HgO(s) ¾® ZnO(s) + Hg(l)
Ans.10. (i) It reacts with heavy water to form phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) and deuterium chloride
(DCl).
PCl5 + D2O ¾® POCl3 + DCl
(ii) Orthophosphorus acid on heating disproportionates to give orthophosphoric acid and
phosphine (PH3).
Heat
4H3PO3 ¾¾¾ ® PH3 + 3H3PO4
Ans.11. In Lanthanoids with increasing atomic number, atomic radii decreases by very small amount because
for every additional proton in nucleus corresponding electron goes to 4f subshell. Due to this the
attraction of nucleus for outermost electron increases and this decreasing nature is called lanthanoid
contraction.
Consequences of this are :
(i) Properties of second and third transition series are similar.
(ii) Basic strength decreases from Ca(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3.
(iii) Lanthanoid contraction makes separation of Lanthanoids possible.
Heat
Ans.12. (i) CH 3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH + HBr ¾¾¾
® CH3CH 2 CH 2CH 2 Br + H2O
(Butan-1-ol) (1-Bromobutane)
CH3 CH3
| |
Heat
(ii) CH3 - C - CH 2CH3 + HBr ¾¾¾ ® CH 3 - C - CH 2 CH3 + H2O
| |
OH Br
(2-Methylbutan-2-ol) (2-Bromo-2-methylbutane)
SECTION – C
Ans.13. An octahedral void is shown in figure given below. The shaded sphere represents an octahedral
void. Let the radius of the void be r. Cross-section of octahedron is represented by square ABCD.
Let the radii of the sphere used in packing be R.
Length, AB = Length BC = 2R
Length, AC = 2R + 2r D C
R
In DABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 r
R
2 2
(2R + 2r) = (2R) + (2R) = 8R2 2 r
R R
or 2R + 2r = 8 R A R R B
or 2r = 8 R - 2 R
r
or = 2 - 1 = 1·414 - 1 = 0·414
R
rvoid
Thus, for an octahedral void, = 0·414
R sphere
Or
4 3
Z´ pr
Z ´ Volume of one atom 3
Packing efficiency = ´ 100 = ´ 100
Volume of cubic unit cell a3
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For simple cubic lattice, a = 2r and Z = 1
4 3
1´ pr
3 p
\ Packing efficiency = 3
´ 100 = ´ 100 = 52.4%
(2r ) 6
Ans.14. According to Raoult’s Law,


pA -p wB ´ N A
 =
pA M B ´ wA

Here, pA = 3.165 kPa , MA = 18 g mol–1 , wA = 95 g
p =? , MB = 60.05 g mol–1 , wB = 5 g
3.165 - p 5 ´ 18
= = 0.015
3.165 60.05 ´ 95
p = 3.165 kPa – 0.015 × 3.165 kPa
p = 3.118 kPa
Or
p°s = 23.8 mm, wA = 50 g, MA = 60 g, wB = 850 g, MB = 18 g,
ps = ?, p°s – ps = ?
p °s – p s wA / M A
Now, p s° = w /M
B B
23.8 – ps 50 / 60
Þ =
23.8 850 / 18
Þ ps = 23.4 mm
Now, p°s – ps = 23.8 – 23.4 = 0.4 mm
k ´ 1000
Ans.15. Lmc =
M
5.25 ´ 10-5 S cm -1 ´ 1000 cm3L-1

=
2.5 ´ 10-4 mol L-1
= 210 S cm2 mol–1
L°m (HCOOH) = L°HCOO- + L°H +

= 50.5 S cm2 mol–1 + 349.5 S cm2 mol–1 = 400 S cm2 mol–1
L cm 210
Degree of dissociation, a = = = 0.525
L°m 400
= 52.5%
Ans.16. (i) Alcosol : It is a colloidal dispersion having alcohol as the dispersion medium. e.g., colloidon.
(ii) Aerosol : It is a colloidal dispersion of a solid or liquid in a gas. e.g., smoke, fog.
(iii) Hydrosol : It is a colloidal sol of a solid in water as the dispersion medium. e.g., starch sol.
Ans.17. (i) Dilute NaCN forms a soluble complex with Ag or Ag2S while the impurities remain unaffected
which are filtered off.
4Ag + 8NaCN + O2 + 2H2O ¾® 4Na[Ag(CN)2] + 4NaOH
or Ag2S + 4NaCN ¾® 2 Na[Ag (CN) 2 ] + Na2S
(Sodium
dicyanoargentate)
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(ii) The role of cryolite is two fold :

It lowers the melting point of the mixture to about 1140 K.
It increases the electrical conductivity of the mixture.
Ans.18. (i) As there is very little energy difference between 4s and 3d orbitals, electrons from both energy
levels can be used for a chemical bond formation. Therefore, all elements except Sc and Zn of
the first transition series show a number of oxidation states.
(ii) Atomic radii of the first transition series decreases from Sc to Cr, then remains almost till Ni
and then increases from Cu to Zn. The reason of this variation in atomic radii has been attributed
to the increase in nuclear charge in the beginning of the series. Towards the end of the series, the
repulsive attraction between electrons in d-orbitals become very dominant. As a result there is
expansion of electron cloud and atomic size increases.
(iii) Except Zn2+, all other divalent gaseous of the first series of the transition elements contain
unpaired electrons in their 3d-subshell and are, therefore, paramagnetic in nature.
Ans.19. [Co(NH3)6]3+
Co3+ = 3d 6
4s 4p
3d
d 2 sp 3
(i) d2sp3 (ii) Inner orbital complex
(iii) Diamagnetic (iv) Zero.
Or
(a) If D0 > P, then pairing will occur in the t2g orbitals and eg orbitals will remain vacant.
eg
4
d
t2g
(b) t2g4 egº

(c) d2sp3
alc. KOH HCl
Ans.20. (i) CH3CH 2 CH 2 - Cl ¾¾¾¾® CH3 – CH = CH2 ¾¾¾
® CH 3 - CH - CH 3
D
( n-propyl chloride) |
Cl
(iso-propyl chloride)
alc. KOH +B H
(ii) CH 3 - CH - CH 3 ¾¾¾¾® CH3 – CH = CH2 ¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3CH2CH2 – OH
2 6
D H 2O2 /OH -
| +SOCl2
Cl
(iso-propylchloride) CH3–CH2–CH2–Cl
(n-propyl chloride)
O
CH º C Na- + H 2SO4 ||
(iii) CH 3 - Br ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ¾¾¾¾
CH3 – C º CH HgSO ® CH 3 - C - CH 3
4
(Methyl (Acetone)
bromide)
Ans.21. (i) This is due to the ability of alcohols to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
(ii) Lower alcohols can form H-bonds with water whereas higher alcohols cannot due to larger
hydrocarbons part.
(iii) It is because nitro group is electron withdrawing which increases the acidic character whereas
–OCH3 group is electron releasing which decreases acidic character.
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Heat
® C6 H 5 N ® C + 3KCl + 3H 2O
Ans.22. (i) C6 H5 NH 2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH ¾¾¾
Aniline alc. (Phenyl
isocyanide)
+
(ii) C6 H5 NH 2 + H 2SO 4 ¾¾® C6 H5 NH3 HSO 4-
Aniline (conc.) (Anilinium hydrogen
sulphate)
(iii) C6H5NH2 + Br2(aq) ¾® C6H3(Br)3NH2 + 3HBr

Or
(a) In aniline, the lone pair of electrons on the N-atom is delocalised over the benzene ring. As a
result, electron density on the N-atom decreases. In contrast, in CH 3NH2, + I effect of CH3
increases the electron density on the N-atom. So, aniline is weaker base than methylamine and
hence its pkb value is higher than that of methylamine
(b) Due to the absence of H-bonding in trimethylamine.
(c) The basic strength of amines depends upon the stabilisation of their conjugate acids by a number
of factors such as H-bonding, steric hindrance, +I effect. All these factors are favourable for
(CH3)2NH. So, (CH3)2 NH is more basic than (CH3)3N.
O
Ans.23. (i) A nucleotide contains all the three basic components 5¢ O
–
of nucleic acid, i.e., a pentose sugar, a nitrogeneous O P O H2C Base
base and a phosphoric acid. When nucleoside is linked 4¢
– H H 1¢
to phosphoric acid at 5¢ position of sugar moiety, we O H H
get a nucleotide. 3¢ 2¢
OH OH
(Nucleotide)
(ii) A pair of stereoisomers such as a-D-(+)-glucose and b-D-(+)-glucose which differ in
configuration only around C1 are called anomers.
(iii) The amino acids which cannot be synthesised in our body and must be obtained through diet are
known as essential amino acids. e.g., valine.
Ans.24. (i) Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, fatigue and
mild mental diseases. e.g., iproniazid, luminal, equanil etc.
(ii) Food preservatives are the chemical substances which are added to food materials to prevent
their spoilage due to microbial growth and their nutritive value for long periods. They prevent
the rancidity of food and inhibit growth or kill microorganisms. e.g., sugar, vegetable oil.
(iii) Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents, which have all the properties of soaps but do not
contain any soap. They are effective in both hard and soft water. They are mainly classified as :
(a) Anionic detergents. e.g., sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate.
(b) Cationic detergents. e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.
(c) Non-ionic detergents. e.g., polythene glycol stearate.
SECTION – D
Ans.25. Suppose w.r.t. NO in m and order w.r.t. Cl2 is n.

Then rate will be
Rate = K[NO]m [Cl2]n
Substituting the values of experiment 1 to 3 in the rate expression, we have
0.60 = K(0.15)m (0.15)n ...(i)
1.20 = K(0.15)m (0.30)n ...(ii)
2.40 = K(0.30)m (0.15)n ...(iii)
Dividing eq. (iii) by (i), we have
2.40 K (0.30) m (0.15) n

=
0.60 K (0.15) m (0.30) n
Þ 4 = 2m
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or 22
= 2m or m = 2.
Dividing eq. (ii) by (i), we have
1.20 K (0.15)m (0.30) n
=
0.60 K(0.15) m (0.15) n
2 = 2n or n = 1
(i) Rate law expression is, Rate = K[NO]2[Cl]
(ii) 0.60 mol L–1 min–1 = K(0.15)2 (0.15)
Þ K = 177.77 mol–2 L2 min–1
(iii) Rate = 177.77 mol–2 L2 min–1 × (0.25 mol L–1)2 (0.25 mol L–1)
= 2.778 mol L–1 min–1
Or
(i) The reaction R ® P is a zero order reaction.
(ii) For reaction :
K
R ¾¾® P
- d [R]
Rate = =K
dt
d[R] = –Kdt ...(i)
Integrating both sides,
[R] = –Kt + C, where C = Constant of integration
At t = 0, [R] = [R0]
So, C = [R]0
Hence, [R] = –Kt + [R]0 ...(ii)
Kt = [R]0 – [R]
[R]0 - [R]
Þ t =
K
(iii) So, slope of curve from eq. (ii)
d [R]
Slope = = –K
dt
O
Ans.26. (a) (i) P

H3PO2
H H OH
(ii) No. of electrons around central atom = 5
F
ClF ClF3
F
(b) (i) Because of its small size, oxygen is capable of forming pp – pp bond and exists as diatomic
O2 molecule. The intermolecular forces in oxygen are weak van der Waal’s force, due to
which it is a gas at room temperature. On other hand, sulphur, due to its large size prefers
to form S – S single bond and form S8 molecule having puckered ring structure. Because
of larger size the force of attraction holding the S8 molecules together are much stronger.
Hence, S is solid at room temperature.
(ii) This is because in H 2O hydrogen bond formed is three dimensional whereas in
H – F it is linear.
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(iii) All halogens are coloured, this is due to absorption of radiation in visible region which
results in the excitation of outer electron to higher energy level while the remaining light is
transmitted. The colour of the halogen is the colour of transmitted light.
Or
(a) (i) When NaBr is heated with conc. H2SO4, HBr is first produced which is a reducing agent
and reduces H2SO4 to SO2 while HBr itself gets oxidised to Br2.
NaBr + H2SO4 ¾® NaHSO4 + HBr
2HBr + H2SO4 ¾® 2H2O + SO2 + Br2
But when NaCl is reacted, it forms HCl which is not a reducing agent, hence does not form
Cl2.
NaCl + H2SO4 ¾® NaHSO4 + HCl
HCl + H2SO4 ¾® No action
(ii) The minimum oxidation number of S is –2 while maximum is +6. In SO2, oxidation number
of S is +4, hence, it cannot only increase its oxidation number by losing electron but also
reduce its oxidation number by gaining electron. Hence, it is oxidising and reducing agent
both.
In contrast, in H2S, S has oxidation number of –2. Thus, it can only increase its oxidation
number by gaining electron. Hence, it is an reducing agent.
(iii) Greater the polarity of H – A bond, more easily the bond breaks and hence greater is its
acid strength. As the electronegativity of atom A increases as Cl > S > P, therefore, polarity
of bond decreases as HCl > HS > HP and acid strength as HCl > H2S > PH3.
(b) Total number of electron pairs around central atom 1.
Br –
b.p. = 2
= 5e– I
l.p. = 3
Br
Therefore, according to VSEPR theory, IBr2- should be negative. Now, a noble gas compound
having 10 electrons in the valence shell of central atom is XeF2 (8 + 2 × 1 = 10). As it has 2 bond
pairs and 3 lone pairs around Xe, therefore, IBr2–, XeF2 is also linear.
O é OMgBr ù OH
|| ê | ú + |
CH 3MgBr H O
Ans.27. (a) (i) CH3 - C - H ¾¾¾¾¾ ® êCH3 - C - H ú ¾¾¾®
3
CH 3 - CH - CH3
Ethanal ê | ú Propan-2-ol
êë CH3 úû
Zn - Hg
(ii) CH3CHO + 4[H] ¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3 - CH 3 + H2O
conc. HCl
Acetaldehyde Ethane
O OH O
C H CH CH2 C H CH = CH CHO
O
dil.
(iii) + CH 3 C H
NaOH
– H2 O
(b) (i) Benzoic acid being an acid reacts with NaHCO3 to produce brisk effervescence due to
evolution of CO2 while ethyl benzoate does not give this test.
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– +
COOH COO Na
+ NaHCO3 + CO2 + H 2O
Benzoic
acid
(ii) Propanal being an aldehyde reduces Tollen’s reagent to silver mirror but
butan-2-one being a ketone does not.
CH3CH 2 CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH– ¾® CH3CH2COO– + 2Ag ¯ + 4NH3

Propanal Silver + 2H 2 O
mirror
Or
(i) A is CH3CHO (Ethanal)
B is C6H5CHO (Benzaldehyde)
OH
NaOH
| - H 2O

(ii) 2CH 3CHO  
 CH 3 - CH - CH 2 CHO ¾¾¾® CH 3 - CH = CH - CHO
[A] But-2enal
–
CHO CH2OH COO
Alkali
2 +
[B]
(iii) Toluene
*****
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Subject : Chemisty
Class - 12
SECTION – A
Ans.1. Frenkel defect.

Or
Each lattice point represents one constituent particle of the solid.
Ans.2. An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium
are immiscible liquids. e.g., Milk is an emulsion of liquid fat dispersed in water.
(o/w type)
Ans.3. When a didentate or a polydentate ligand contains donor atoms positioned in such a way that when
they coordinate with the central metal ion, a five or a six membered ring is formed, the effect is
called chelate effect. This increases the stability of complex.
Ans.4. Propanal.
Ans.5. p-Nitroaniline < Aniline < p-Toluidine
Or
Because benzene diazonium chloride is highly reactive.
SECTION – B
Ans.6. (i) Homopolymers have only one type of monomers, while copolymers have two or more type of
monomers.
(ii) (a) Monomers : Phenol, formaldehyde.
(b) Neoprene : Isoprene.
Ans.7. (i) Monomers : Hexamethylamine, adipic acid.
(ii) It is a homopolymer.
Ans.8. (i) Mole fraction (x) : Mole fraction of a component of a solution is the ratio of number of moles
of that component to the total number of moles in solution.
(ii) Molality of a solution (m) : Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the
solute dissolved in 1000 grams (1 kg) of the solvent.
Ans.9. For zero order reaction : mol L–1s–1
For second order reaction : L mol–1s–1
Ans.10. (i) Nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule (N º N). Due to presence of a triple bond between
two N-atoms, the bond dissociation energy is large and bond length is small. In contrast white or
yellow phosphorus exists as a tetra-atomic molecule (P4). Since P-P single bond is much weaker
(213 kJ mol–1) than N º N bond, therefore, nitrogen is much less reactive than phosphorus.
(ii) Due to smaller size of F as compared to Cl, the N – F bond is much stronger than
N – Cl bond while bond dissociation energy of F2 is less than that of Cl2. Therefore, energy
released during the formation of NF3 molecule is more than the energy needed to break N2 and
F2 into individual atoms. So formation of NF3 is exothermic i.e., NF3 is an exothermic compound.
But energy released during formation of NCl3 molecule is less than the energy needed to break
N2 and Cl2 molecules into individual atoms. Thus, formation of NCl3 is endothermic reaction
i.e., NCl3 is an endothermic compound.
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Or
(a) Because O3 has higher energy content than O2 and hence decomposes to give O2 and atomic
oxygen.
O3 ® O2 + O
This liberated atomic oxygen brings about the oxidation.
(b) Because noble gases have only van der Waals radius while others have covalent radius and van
der Waals radius is always greater than covalent radius.
Ans.11. Potassium permanganate is prepared from the mineral, pyrolusite, MnO2. It involves following
two steps :
(i) Conversion of MnO2 into K2MnO4 : By fusion of finely powdered mineral with KOH or
K2CO3 in presence of air or oxidising agent KNO3 or KClO3 etc.
Fuse
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 ¾¾¾
® 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
Fuse
2MnO2 + 2K2CO3 + O2 ¾¾¾ ® 2K2MnO4 + 2CO2
(ii) Oxidation of K2MnO4 to KMnO4 :
Fused mass is extracted with water and CO2 or Cl2 or O3 is bubbled through solution.
3K2MnO4 + 2CO2 ¾® 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2K2CO3
2K2MnO4 + Cl2 ¾® 2KMnO4 + 2KCl
Reaction of acidified KMnO4 with oxalic acid :
CO2 is formed.
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 ¾® K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
C2H2O4 + O ¾® H2O + 2CO2] × 5
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5C2H2O4 ¾® K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
Or
K2Cr2O7 is a powerful oxidising agent in acidic medium. On reaction with dil. H2SO4, it gives
3 atoms of oxygen.
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 ¾® K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3O
or Cl2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– ¾® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
In other words, oxidation state of Cr changes from +6 to +3 by gain of electrons. Hence,
K2Cr2O7 acts as an oxidising agent.
(i) Reaction with KI : I2 is liberated.
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 ¾® K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3(O)
6KI + 3H2SO4 + 3(O) ¾® 3K2SO4 + 3I2 + 3H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6KI ¾® 4K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O

or Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6I– ¾® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2
(ii) Reaction with H2S : H2S is oxidised to sulphur.

K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 ¾® K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3O
H2S + O ¾® H2O + S] × 3
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2S ¾® K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O + 3S
Ans.12.Mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

Step 1 : Formation of protonated alcohol :
H
CH3 - CH2 - O -H + H +
+
CH3 - CH2 - O
H
Protonated ethanol
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Step 2 : Formation of carbocation :

H
+ Slow +
CH3- CH 2- O CH3- CH 2 + H 2O
H Ethyl carbocation
Step 3 : Elimination of proton to form ethene :
+ Fast
H - CH 2 - CH2 CH2 = CH2 + H +
Ethene
SECTION – C
Ans.13. 2 a = 4r
2 a 1.414 ´ 4.077 ´ 10 –8
r ==
4 4
–8
= 1.44 × 10 cm
Ans.14. Isotonic solution have same concentration in mol L–1.
For cane-sugar solution, we have
Concentration = 5g/100 cm3 (given) = 50 gL–1
40
= mol L-1 (Mol. mass of cane-sugar = 342 g mol–1)
342
For substance X, if M is mol. mass, then, we have
Concentration = 0.877 g/100 cm3 (given)
8.77
= 8.77 gL–1 = mol L-1
M
8.77 40
\ =
M 342
342 ´ 8.77
or M = = 74.98 g mol–1
40
2.303 a 2.303
Ans.15. t = log = log 10
k a / 10 k
2.303
= ´ 1 = 0.0384 sec.
60
Or
Let k1 = x, k2 = 4x, T1 = 293 K, T2 = 313 K
k2 Ea æ 1 1 ö
log k = 2.303R ç T – T ÷
1 è 1 2ø
4x Ea æ 1 1 ö
Þ log = çè – ÷ø
x 2.303 ´ 8.314 293 313
E a æ 313 – 293 ö
Þ log 4 = ç ÷
19.2 è 293 ´ 313 ø
Ea æ 20 ö
Þ 0.6020 = çè ÷
19.2 293 ´ 313 ø
0.6020 ´ 19.2 ´ 293 ´ 313
Þ Ea =
20
Þ Ea = 53000.46 Jmol–1
= 53.0046 kJmol–1
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Ans.16. (i) Dialysis : The process of separating the particles of colloids from those of crystalloids
(electrolytes) by diffusion of the mixture through a parchment or an animal membrane (SPM)
is known as dialysis.
(ii) Electrophoresis : The movement of colloidal particles towards oppositely charged electrode
under the influence of an electric field is called electrophoresis.
(iii) Tyndall effect : The scattering of light by the colloidal particles present in a colloidal solution
is called Tyndall effect.
Ans.17. (i) Role of Cryolite :
(a) It increases the electrical conductivity of alumina.
(b) It lowers the fusion temperature of alumina from 2323 K to about 1140 K.
(ii) Calcination is the process of converting an ore into its oxide by heating it strongly below its
melting point either in absence or limited supply of air. On the other hand, roasting is the
process of converting an ore into its metallic oxide by heating strongly at temperature insufficient
to melt in excess of air or oxygen.
(iii) Chromatography is the most modern and versatile method for separation and purification which
is based upon the principle that the different components of a mixture are adsorbed to different
extents on an adsorbent.
Or
Reactions taking place in different zones of blast furnance to obtain iron :
(i) Zone of combustion :
C(s) + O2(g) ¾® CO2(g), DH = –393.3 kJ
(ii) Zone of heat absorption :
CO2(s) + C(s) ¾® 2CO(g), DH = +163.2 kJ
(iii) Zone of slag formation :
1123 K
CaCO3(s) ¾¾¾¾
® CaO(s) + CO2(g)
1123 K
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) ¾¾¾¾ ® CaSiO3 ( s )
Calcium silicate
(slag)
(iv) Zone of reduction :
573- 673 K
2Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g)
773-873 K
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) ¾¾¾¾¾
® 3FeO(s) + CO2(g)
773-873 K
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) ¾¾¾¾¾
® 2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
1123 K
FeO(s) + CO(g) ¾¾¾¾
® Fe(s) + CO2(g)
> 1123 K
Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) ¾¾¾¾® 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g)
Ans.18. Disproportionation is a specific type of redox reaction in which a species is simultaneously oxidised
and reduced to form two different products.
Examples :
Reduction
Cl2 + 2NaOH ¾® NaCl + NaClO + H2O

O –1 +1
Oxidation
Ans.19. (i) hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride.
(ii) tetrachloridonickelate (II) ion.
(iii) potassium hexacyanoferrate (III).
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Ans.20. (i) 2-Bromobutane.

(ii) 1, 3-Dibromobenzene.
(iii) 3-Chloroprop-1-ene.
CH2Cl CH2OH
Ans.21. (i) + KOH (aq) + KCl
Benzyl Benzyl
chloride alcohol
O
H OMgBr H OH
+C2H5MgBr +H2O/H + OH
(ii) H - C - H C C + Mg
Formaldehyde
Dry ether
H C2H5 H C2H5 Br
Propan-2-ol
Mark H O
® CH3 - CH - CH3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ®
2
(iii) CH3 - CH = CH 2 + H2SO4 ¾¾¾¾ Boil –H 2SO4
addition
Propene |
OSO3H
CH3 - CH - CH3
|
OH
Pr opan - 2 -ol
Or
(a) Alkaline KMnO4.
(b) Conc. H2SO4 at 440K.
(c) Pyridinium chloro chromate (PCC).
OH
Ans.22. (i) CH3CH2Cl (ii) (iii) CH3CH2 – O – CH3
CH3
Ans.23. (i) Peptide linkage : A peptide linkage is an amide linkage formed between –COOH group of one
a-amino acid and –NH2 group of the other a-amino acid by loss of a molecule of water. e.g.,
O O
H2N – CH2 – C – OH + H HN – CH – COOH –H O H 2N – CH2 – C – NH – CH – COOH
Glycine 2
CH3 CH3
Alanine Peptide bond
(ii) Primary structure : Proteins may contain one or more polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide
chain has a large number of a-amino acids which are linked to one another in a specific
sequence. The specific sequence in which the various a-amino acids are present in a protein
are linked to one another is called its primary structure. Any change in primary structure creates
a different protein.
R H H O R'' H
C N C C
N C C N C
H O R¢ H H O
(iii) Denaturation : Each protein in a biological system has a unique three dimensional structure
and has specific biological activity. This is called the native form of protein. When a protein in
its native form is subjected to physical changes such as a change in temperature, pH etc. hydrogen
bonds are broken. Due to this unfolding of protein molecule occurs and the protein molecule
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loses its biological activity. This loss of biological activity is called denaturation. During
denaturation proteins, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins is destroyed but primary
structure remains intact. e.g., coagulation of white of an egg on boiling when soluble globular
protein gets converted into insoluble fibrous protein.
Or
(i) Vitamin ‘C’.
(ii) peptide linkage.
(iii) n-Hexane.
Ans.24.When two or more different monomers are allowed to polymerise together, the product formed is
called a copolymer and the process is called copolymerisation.
Examples :
(i) Formation of Buna-S :
CH = CH 2
Na, heat
nCH 2 = CH - CH = CH 2 + n
1, 3-Butadiene
Styrene
–[ CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH ]–n
Buna-S
(ii) Formation of Nylon 6, 6 :
nH 2 N( -CH 2 )6 - NH 2 + nHOOC - (CH 2 ) 4 - COOH ¾®
Hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid
–[ NH – (CH2)6 – NH – CO –CH
( 2)2 – CO –]n + (2n –1)H2O
Nylon-6, 6
SECTION – D
Q Q
Ans.25. E Q cell = E Sn 2+ / Sn - E Zn 2+ / Zn
= –0.14 – (–0.76) = –0.14 + 0.76
= 0.62 V
Here, n =2
DrG = –nFEQcell
Q
= –2 × 96500 × 0.62
= –119660 J mol–1
= –119.66 kJ mol–1
Or
(a) Conductivity (k) : Conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of all the ions
present in ICC solution of the electrolyte. Its units are ohm–1 cm–1 or Sm–1.
Molar conductivity (Ùm) : It is the conducting power of all the ions produced by one mole of
an electrolyte in a solution. Its units are ohm–1 cm2 mol–1 or S m2 mol–1.
Variation of conductivity with concentration : Conductivity of a solution decreases with
dilution because number of ions per unit volume decreases with dilution.
Variation of molar conductivity with concentration : Molar conductivity increases with
dilution. For strong electrolytes the increase is small and for weak electrolytes the increase is
large.
(b) E Q
cell = E
Q
- E Q 3+
Ag + /Ag Fe /Fe2 +
= 0.80 – 0.77 = 0.03 V
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DrGQ = –nFEQ cell

= –1 × 96500 × 0.03
= –2895 J mol–1
= – 2.895 kJ mol–1
Ans.26. (a) Because the electronic configuration of group 16 elements is less stable as compared to those
of group 15 elements. In group 15 elements, valence p-subshell is completely filled while in
group 16 elements it is neither half filled nor fully filled.
7N
e.g., (Group 15
element)
1s 2s 2p
8O
(Group 16 1s 2s 2p
element)
(b) (i) HF is formed.
CaF2 + H2SO4 ¾® CaSO4 + 2HF
(ii) Sulphuryl chloride is formed.
Charcoal
SO2 + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾ ® SO 2 Cl2
Sulphuryl chloride
(iii) NH3 is formed.
D
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ¾¾ ® 2NH3 + 2H2O + CaCl2
Or
(a) (i) BrF3 F Br (ii) XeO3 Xe
O
O
F
O
(b) (i) Both NH3 and PH3 contain a lone pair of electrons on N and P respectively. As size of P is
larger than N, the lone pair occupies a larger volume in PH3. Thus, electron density on
central atom in PH3 decreases and tendency to donate electron pair decreases and hence
basicity decreases. Thus, NH3 is more basic than PH3.
(ii) Halogens have general electronic configuration ns2np5. They need just one electron to acquire
nearest noble gas configuration. They have high –ve electron gain enthalpies and thus have
strong tendency to accept an electron. As a result, they act as strong oxidising agents.
O
F F
(ii) Xe sp3d 2
F F
Square pyramidal geometry
CH3 O
| ||
Ans.27. (a) (i) H 3C CHO (ii) H3C - C = CH - C - CH3
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(b) (i) NaHCO3 test : Benzoic acid being an acid produces brisk effervescence with NaHCO3 solution
while ethyl benzoate does not.
C6 H 5COOH + NaHCO3 ¾® C6H5COONa + CO2 + H2O
Benzoic acid
C6 H5 - COOC2H5 + NaHCO3 ¾® No effervescence

Ethyl benzoate
(ii) Tollens’ reagent test : Benzaldehyde being an aldehyde reduces Tollens’ reagent to produce
a shining silver mirror but acetophenone being a ketone does not.
+
C6 H5CHO + 2[Ag(NH3 )2 ] + 3OH- ¾® C6H5COO– + 2H2O + 2Ag ¯ + 4NH3
Benzaldehyde Tollens' reagent Silver
mirror
Tollens' reagent
C6H5COCH 3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾® No action.
Acetophenone
(iii) NaHCO3 test : Benzoic acid decomposes NaHCO3 to evolve CO2 but phenol does not.
C6 H5COOH + NaHCO3 ¾® C 6 H 5COONa + CO2+ H2O
Benzoic acid Sodium benzoate
NaHCO
C6 H 5OH ¾¾¾¾
3
® No evolution of CO2
Phenol
Or
CH3 CH3
(a) (i) C = NOH (ii) C = NNHCONH2
CH3 H
ZnHg, conc. HCl
(b) (i) CH 3 - CHO + 4[H] ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3 - CH3 + H2O
Ethanal Ethane
OH
CH3 a |
(ii) C = O + H – CH2 – CHO
Dil. NaOH CH3 - CH - CH 2 - CHO
H 3-Hydroxybutanol
Ethanal (2 Moles)
Ni or Pt or Pd CH 3CH 2OH
(iii) CH3CHO + H2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾®
Ethanol
*****
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Subject : Chemisty
Class - 12
SECTION – A
Ans.1. Metals are malleable and ductile whereas ionic solids are hard and brittle.
x x 1
Ans.2. = kP1/n or log = log k + log P
m m n
where m is the mass of absorbent and x is the mass of the absorbate, P is the pressure of the gas and
n is an integer.
Or
Firstly, the gaseous reactants molecules diffuse towards the surface of the solid catalyst. Here, they
get adsorbed which then react to form products. Now, diffussion away of the product molecules
from the surface is required.
Ans.3. Yes, metal carbonyls are called organometallic because C atom of CO is linked to the metal atom. In
fact, the metal-carbon bonds have both s and p character.
Ans.4. An equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers is called racemic mixture. A racemic mixture is
optically inactive due to external compensation.
Or
Cl
C2H5
Ans.5. (C6H5)2NH < C6H5NH2 < C6H5N(CH3)2 < CH3NH2

SECTION – B
Ans.6. (a) Nucleotide : It is a phosphate ester of nucleoside. It is made-up of three parts : phosphoric acid,
pentose sugar and N-base.
(b) Anomers : The stereoisomeric forms of a compound are called anomers. Example : D–(+)-
glucose has two anomers as a – D – (+)-glucose and b – D – (+)-glucose.
Ans.7. RNA
DNA
1. It has double strand 1. It has single strand
helix structure. helix structure.
2. It contains deoxy 2.It contains ribonucleic
ribonucleic acid. acid.
Ans.8. For a solution of volatile liquids Raoult’s Law, is given as

p = pA + pB
If solute (component B) is non-volatile, then
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 
p = pA = pA xA or p = pA (1 - xB )
   
p = pA - pA xA or pA xB = pA - p

pA -p

= xB
pA
Thus, relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of non-volatile solute.
Or
It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component in the
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction. According to Raoult’s Law, for a volatile
component, A of the solution,

pA µ xA or pA = pA xA

where pA is vapour pressure of pure component A. Thus, the similarity between Raoults Law and
Henry’s Law is that both states that the partial vapour pressure of the volatile component of gas is
directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Ans.9. Kohlrausch’s Law states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as
the sum of the individual contributions of cation and anion of the electrolyte.
In general, if an electrolyte on dissolution gives V+ cations and V– anions, then its limiting molar
conductivity is given by,
° °
L°m = V+ l + + V- l -
where l°+ and l°- are the limiting molar conductivities of cations and anions respectively..
Conductivity of a solution decreases with dilution. This is due to the fact that the number of ions per
unit volume that carry the current in a solution decreases with dilution.
Ans.10. HCl can be oxidised to Cl2 by a number of oxidising agents like MnO2 and KMnO4
MnO2 + 4HCl ¾® MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
Cl2 can be reduced to HCl by reacting with H2 in the presence of diffused sunlight.
H2 + Cl2 ¾® 2HCl
Or
(i) P4 + 8SOCl2 ® 4PCl3 + 4SO2 + 2S2Cl2
(ii) XeF6 + 3H2O ® XeO3 + 6HF
Ans.11. Interstitial compounds are those in which small atoms occupy the interstitial sites in the crystal
lattice. Interstitial compounds are well known for transition metals because small sized atoms of H,
B, C, N etc., can easily occupy positions in the voids present in the crystal lattices of transition
metals.
Ans.12. With HCl – ZnCl2 (Lucas Reagent) :
Anhyd.
(i) CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2 - OH + HCl ¾¾¾¾
® No reaction at room temperature
(conc.) ZnCl2
(Butan-1-ol)
CH3 CH 3
| |
Anhyd.
(ii) CH3 - C - CH 2 CH3 + HCl ¾¾¾¾ ® H2O + CH 3 - C - CH 2 CH 3
(conc.) ZnCl2
| |
OH Cl
(2-Methylbutan-2-ol) (2-Chloro-2-Methylbutane)
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SECTION – C
Ans.13. 98 Ni atoms, are associated with 100 O atoms. Out of 98 Ni atoms, suppose Ni present as Ni 2+ = x.
Then Ni present as Ni3+ = 98 – x
Total charge on x Ni2+ and (98 – x) Ni3+ should be equal to charge on 100 O2– ions.
Therefore, x × 2 + (98 – x) × 3 = 100 × 2
or 2x + 294 – 3x = 200
or 94 = x
94
\ Fraction of Ni present of Ni2+ = ´ 100 = 96%
98
4
Fraction of Ni present as Ni3+ = ´ 100 = 4%
98
Or
a
(a) For a fcc unit cell, r =
2 2
a = 2 2r = 2 × 1.414 × 125
= 353.5 pm
(b) Volume of unit cell = a3
= (353.5 × 10–10 cm)3
= 442 × 10–25 cm3
1 cm3
No. of unit cell =
442 ´ 10 -25 cm3
= 2.26 × 1022 unit cells
Ans.14. According to Raoult’s Law

pA -p wB M
= ´ A
 MB wA
pA
Here,  = 3.64 kPa , w = 30 g, M = 18 g mol–1

pA B A
p = 2.8 kPa, wA = 90 g, MB = ?
Substituting the values in equation,
3.64 - 2.80 30 ´ 18
=
3.64 M B ´ 90
30 ´ 18 ´ 3.64
Þ MB =
90 ´ 0.84
= 26 g mol–1
Ans.15. According to electrochemical theory of rusting the impure iron surface behaves like small
electrochemical cell in the presence of water containing dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide. In
this cell pure iron acts as anode and impure iron surface acts as cathode. Moisture having dissolved
CO2 or O2 acts as an electrolyte.
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The reactions are given below,

°
At anode : Fe ¾® Fe2+ + 2e– ; E Fe 2 + /Fe = –0.44 V
1
At cathode : 2H + + O2 + 2e - ¾® H2O ; E ° + = 1.23 V
2 H /O 2 /H 2O
1
Overall reaction : Fe + 2H+ + O ¾®Fe2+ + H2O ; E °cell = 1.67 V
2 2
The Fe2+ ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to Fe3+ ions, which comes out in the form
of hydrated ferric oxide (rust).
1
2Fe2+ + O + 2H2O ¾® Fe2O3 + 4H+
2 2
Fe2O3 + xH2O ¾® Fe2O3 . xH2O (rust)
Ans.16. Multimolecular colloids : In this type of colloids, colloidal particles are aggregates of atoms or
molecules each having size less than 1 nm. e.g., sulphur sol, gold sol etc. Multimolecular colloids
are generally lyophobic in nature.
Macromolecular colloids : In this type of colloids, colloidal particles are themselves large molecules
of colloidal dimensions. e.g., starch, proteins etc. Macromolecular colloids are generally lyophilic
in nature.
Associated colloids : There are certain substances which at low concentrations behave as normal
electrolytes, but at higher concentrations exhibit colloidal behaviour due to the formation of
aggregates. Such colloids are known as associated colloids. e.g., soaps and detergents.
Ans.17. (i) Zone refining : It is based on the principle that impurities are more soluble in the molten state
than in the solid state of the metal. The impure metal is heated with the help of a circular mobile
heater at one end. This results in the formation of a molten zone or melt. As the heater is moved
along the length of the rod, the pure metal crystallises out of the melt and impurities pass into
the adjacent molten zone. This process is repeated several times till impurities are driven out.
(ii) Column chromatography : It is based on the principle that different components of the mixture
are differently adsorbed on an adsorbent. The mixture to be separated is put in liquid or gaseous
medium which is moved through the adsorbent. Different components are adsorbed at different
levels of the column. The adsorbed components are removed by using solvents. Chromatography
is used for the purification of the elements which are available in minute quantities and the
impurities are not very different in chemical properties from the element to be purified.
Or
(i) (a) Impurities of S, P, Si, Mn etc. present in pig iron are removed by making their volatile
oxide or by the formation of slag.
(b) Cr, Ni, Mn etc. are added to obtain steel.
(ii) Reduction of ZnO with coke is carried out to get metallic Zn.
ZnO + C ® Zn + CO
(iii) Titanium first reacts with I2 to get a volatile compound, which upon heating give pure Titanium.
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Ans.18. S.No. Characteristics Lanthanoids Actinoids

(i) Electronic configuration [Xe]4f 1 – 14 5d 0 – 1 6s2 [Rn]5f 1 – 14 6d 0 – 1 7s2
(ii) Oxidation states Besides +3 oxidation state Besides +3 oxidation state
lanthanoids show +2 and +4 actinoids show higher oxidation
oxidation state only in a few state of +4, +5, +6, +7 also
cases. because of smaller energy gap
between 5f, 6d and 7s subshell.
(iii) General chemical These are less reactive These are highly reactive
reactivity of elements metals. metals.
Compounds are less basic. Compounds are more basic.
Do not form oxocation. Form oxocation.
3–
Ans.19. (i) [Co (C2O4)3]
Atomic orbitals of
3+
Co ions 3d 4s 4p
2
d sp 3 hybridised
3+
orbitals of Co
3–
[Co (C2O4)3]
Six pairs of electrons from
2–
three C2O4 ions
This complex is inner orbital complex. It is octahedral complex with d2sp3 hybridisation. As there is
no orbital which contains unpaired electron, the complex is diamagnetic.
(ii) [CoF6]3–
Atomic orbitals
3+ 3d 4s 4p 4d
of Co ions
sp 3d 2 hybridised
orbitals of Co3+ 3d sp2d 2 hybrid 4d
3–
[CoF6]
[Outer orbital or
high spin Six pairs of 4d
3d
complex] electrons from
six F – ions
sp3d2 hybridisation leads to octahedral geometry. Paramagnetic, as there are four unpaired electrons.
CCl4 KOH (alc.) D
Ans.20. (i) CH3 CH = CH2 + Br2 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 C CH
– 2KBr Propyne
Propene – 2H2O
Br Br
1, 2-Dibromopropane
SOCl2 , Pyridine Hg 2F2

(ii) CH 3CH 2OH ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ¾® CH3CH 2 Cl ¾¾¾¾®
- Hg 2Cl2
CH 3CH 2 F
- SO 2 Ethyl fluoride
Ethanol - HCl Ethyl chloride
CH MgBr
(iii) CH3 - Br + KCN ¾® CH 3CN ¾¾¾¾¾¾3
® CH 3 - C = O
H + /H 2O
Bromomethane Acetonitrile - NH3
|
- Mg(OH)Br CH3
Propanone
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Ans.21. (i) The molecules of butane are held together by weak van der Waal’s forces of attraction while
these of propanol are held together by stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
d+ d– d+ d– d+ d–
H O H O H O
C3 H 7 C3H 7 C 3H7
Hence, the boiling point of propanol is much higher than that of butane.
(ii) Alcohols can form H bonds with water and break the H-bonds already existing between water
molecules. Hence, they are soluble in water.
d– d+ d– d+ d–
R O H O H O
H H R
In contrast, hydrocarbons cannot form H-bonds with water and hence are insoluble in water.
O
NaCN - ||
OH
Ans.22. (i) CH 3 CH 2 I ¾¾¾ ¾
® CH 3 CH 2 CN ¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH 3 - CH 2 - C - NH 2
Partial
(Iodoethane) (Propanenitrile) hydrolysis (Propanamide)
A B
NaOH +
¾¾¾¾ ® CH3 - CH 2 - NH 2
Br2
(Ethanamine)
C
KCN LiAlH HNO

(ii) CH3CH 2 Br ¾¾¾® CH 3CH 2 CN ¾¾¾¾
4
® CH 3CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ¾¾¾¾
2
®
(Bromoethane) (Propanenitrile) (Propane-1-amine)
A B
+
[CH3CH 2 CH 2 N º NCl - ] ¾¾¾
H 2O
® CH 3CH 2 CH 2 OH
(Propanol)
C
NH3 NaOBr NaNO
(iii) CH3COOH ¾¾¾ ® CH3CONH 2 ¾¾¾¾
® CH3 NH 2 ¾¾¾¾ 2
® CH3OH
D HCl
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanamide) (Methanamine) (Methanol)
A B C
Or
(i) CH3CH2CH2OH + SOCl2 ® CH3CH2 CH2Cl + HCl + SO2
Peroxide
(ii) CH3CH2CH = CH2 + HBr CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
Br
(iii) CH3 CH = C (CH 3) 2 + HBr CH3 CH 2 – C – (CH 3)2
Ans.23. Those properties of a solution which depends only upon the number of solute particles are called
colligative properties. Osmotic pressure is used to calculate the molecular mass of macromolecules.
Ans.24. (i) Antacids : Chemical substances which remove excess acid in the stomach and raise the pH to
appropriate level. e.g., sodium hydrogen carbonate, a mixture of aluminium and magnesium
hydroxide, rantidine etc.
(ii) Disinfectants : These are chemical substances which kill microorganisms or stop their growth
but are harmful to human tissues. e.g., phenol, chlorine in concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in
aqueous solution.
(iii) Enzymes : Enzymes are globular proteins with high molecular mass ranging from 15000 to
1000000 g mol–1, which form colloidal solution in water. A number of reactions that occur in
the body of animals and plants to maintain the life processes are catalysed by enzymes, therefore,
enzymes are termed as biochemical catalysts.
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Or
(i) Tranquilizers.
(ii) Because aspartame decompose at cooking temperature.
(iii) Because pickels contain salt or sorbic acid as food preservatives.
SECTION – D
-d [R]
Ans.25. (a) (i) Rate = = K [A]2 [B]
dt
(ii) When concentration of A is tripled
Rate = K[3A]2 [B] = 9K[A]2[B]
i.e., Rate of reaction will become 9 times.
(iii) When concentration of both A and B is doubled
Rate = K[2A]2 [2B] = 8K [A]2 [B]
i.e., Rate of reaction becomes 8 times.
(b) For a first order reaction
2.303 [R]
k= log 0
t [R]
[R]0 100 10
When t = 40 minutes, = =
[R] 100 - 30 7
2.303 10
k= log = 8.91 × 10–3 min–1
40 7
0.693 0.693
t½ = =
k 8.91 ´ 10 -3
t½ = 77.78 min.
Or
1 d [C] 1
(a) (i) Rate = = × 1.3 × 10–4 mol L–1 S–1 = 0.43 × 10– 4 mol L–1 S–1
3 dt 3
- d [A] 2 d [C]
(ii) Rate = = ´
dt 3 dt
2
= ´ 1.3 ´ 10 -4 = 0.86 × 10–4 mol L–1 S–1.
3
(b) [R]0 = 0.25 M
t = 2 min = 2 × 60 = 120 sec
k = 5 × 10–4 S–1
For first order reaction,
2.303 [R ]
k = log 0
t [R]
2.303 0.25
5 × 10– 4 = log
120 [R]
0.25
log = 0.026
[R]
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0.25
= antilog (0.026)
[R]
[R] = 0.235 M
0.693 0.693
t½ = = = 1386 sec.
k 5 ´ 10 -4
Ans.26. (a) A = NO2(g), B = N2O4(g)
D
MNO3 + H2SO4 ¾¾® MHSO4 + HNO3
D
4HNO3 ¾¾® 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2
Nitrogen
dioxide
(Brown gas)
D
Cu + 4HNO3 ¾¾® Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
Copper
turnings
Cool
2NO2 
 
 N 2O4
(Brown gas) D (Colourless)
(b) (i) Bond dissociation enthalpy decreases as the bond distance increases from F 2 to I2 because
of the corresponding increase in the size of the atom as we move from F to I. The F – F
bond dissociation enthalpy is, however, smaller than that of Cl – Cl and even smaller than
that of Br – Br. This is because F atom is very small and hence the three lone pairs of
electrons on each F atom repel the bond pair holding the F atoms in F2 molecule. Hence,
the bond dissociation enthalpy increases in the order :
I2 < F2 < Br2 < Cl2
(ii) As the size of atom increases from F to I, the bond dissociation enthalpy of H – X bond
decreases from HF to HI. Therefore, the acid strength increases in the opposite order :
HF < HCl < HBr < HI.
(iii) As we move from NH3 to BiH3, the size of central atom increases. Consequently, the
electron density on the central atom decreases and hence the basic strength decreases as
we move from NH3 to BiH3.
Therefore, the basic strength increases in the order :
BiH3 < SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3 < NH3
Or
(a) (i) Shorter the bond length, higher is the bond dissociation enthalpy of hydrogen halide. As
the atomic size decreases down the group the E – H bond length increases and hence the
bond dissociation enthalpy increases in reverse order :
HI < HBr < HCl < HF
(ii) H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
The increase in acidic character from H2O to H2Te is due to decrease in bond enthalpy for
dissociation of H – E (E = O, Se, S, Te) bond down the group.
(b) (i) X2 = Cl2
(ii) 8NH3 + 3Cl2 ¾® 6NH4Cl + N2
(Excess)
NH3 + 3Cl2 ¾® NCl3 + 3HCl

(Excess)
(iii) 2NaOH + Cl2 ¾® NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
(Cold and
dilute)
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Ans.27. (a) (i) This is due to steric and electronic reasons. Sterically, the presence of two relatively large
substituents in ketones hinders the approach of nucleophile to carbonyl carbon than in
aldehydes having only one such substituent. Electronically, two alkyl groups reduce the
positivity of the carbonyl carbon more effectively in ketones than in aldehydes.
(ii) This is because for aldol condensation to take place, at least one a-hydrogen should be
available, which is not present in (CH3)3C – CHO.
(iii) This is due to more extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds do not break completely even in
the vapour phase.
(b) (i) Acetophenone and Benzophenone :
Acetophenone responds to iodoform test and gives a yellow precipitate on addition of
NaOH and I2, but benzophenone does not.
COCH3 COONa
I2/NaOH
+ 3NaOI + 2NaOH + CHI3
Heat
(yellow ppt.)
Iodoform
(ii) Benzaldehyde and Ethanal :

Ethanal reacts with NaOI to form yellow ppt. of iodoform while benzaldehyde does not.
CH3CHO + 3I2 + 3NaOH ¾® HCOONa + CHI3 ¯ + 3NaI + 3H2O
(Yellow
ppt.)
Or
(a) (i) Resonating structures of carboxylate ion are more stable than phenoxide ion.
(ii) Negative charge is dispersing on two electronegative oxygens in carboxylate ion whereas
it is on one oxygen atom in phenoxide ion.
(b) (i) Propanone to propane :
O
||
Clemmenson reduction
CH3 - C - CH 3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3CH2CH3
Zn (Hg) + HCl
Propanone
(ii) Benzoyl chloride to benzaldehyde :
H2/Pd-BaSO4
COCl Boiling xylene CHO
(iii) Ethanal to but-2-enal :
Dil. NaOH 4 3 2 1
2CH3CHO ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
(aldol condensation)
® CH3 - CHOH - CH 2 - CHO
(3-Hydroxy butanal)
H O + /Heat
¾¾¾¾¾
3
® CH3 - CH = CH - CHO
- H 2O
(But-2-enal)
*****
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Subject : Chemisty
Class - 12
SECTION – A
Ans.1. If the reaction is an elementary reaction order is same as molecularity.

Ans.2. Medicines are more effective in colloidal form because of large surface area and are easily assimilated
in this form.
Or
Aspirin has anti-blood clotting action also.
Ans.3. There will be ‘cis’ and ‘trans’ isomers. ‘Cis’ will also show optical isomerism.
Ans.4. Alcohol is made unfit for drinking by mixing copper sulphate and pyridine and is called denatured
alcohol.
Or
Ans.5. Oil in water emulsion : Milk, vanishing cream.

Water in oil emulsion : Butter, cold cream.
SECTION – B
Ans.6. (a) Sweetening agent : Chemical substances which are sweet in taste and do not add calories to the
body and even excreated through urine. Example : Aspartame.
(b) Analgesics : Medicines which are used to reduce pain without any mental confusion. Example:
Ibuprofen.
Ans.7. (i) Because soap reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions of hard water to form insoluble ppt.
2C17H35 COONa + Ca2+ ® (C17H35COO)2 Ca + 2Na+
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ ® (C17H35COO)2 Mg + 2Na+
(ii) Chloroxylenol and Terpineol.
Ans.8. (i) Hexagonal Monoclinic
1. It is primitive type. 1. It is primitive and end-centred.

2. In content of axial distances a = b ¹ c. 2. In content of axial distances a ¹ b ¹ c.
3. Its axial angles are a = b = 90°, g = 120°. 3. Its axial angles are a = g = 90°, b ¹ 90°.
(ii) Face-centred End-centred
1. Lattice points are at the corners and centre 1. Lattice points are at the corners and
of each face. centres of two end faces.
2. Number of atoms per unit cell is 4. 2. Number of atoms per unit cell is 2.
Ans.9. (i) Van’t Hoff factor is the ratio of normal molecular mass to observed molecular mass or the ratio
of observed colligative property to calculated colligative property.
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(ii) Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component to the sum of
moles of all components in the solution.
Or
Azeotrope : The liquid mixture, having a definite composition and boiling like a pure liquid is
called azeotrope.
Negative deviation form maximum boiling azeotrope.
Example : chloroform + diethylether
Ans.10. (i) ClO2 is a powerful oxidising agent and chlorinating agent.
(ii) It is an excellent bleaching agent.
Ans.11. Similarities :
(i) Both of them mainly show an oxidation state of +3.
(ii) Actinoids show actinoid contraction like lanthanoid contraction is exhibited by lanthanoid.
Differences :
(i) Members of lanthanoid exhibit less number of oxidation states than the corresponding members
of actinoid series.
(ii) Lanthanoid contraction is smaller than the actinoid contraction.
Ans.12. (i) This is due to inability of alkyl halide molecule to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with
water molecules.
(ii) Due to presence of achiral carbon butan-2-ol is an optically active compound.
OH
|
*
CH3 - CH 2 - C - CH3
|
H
Or
(i) Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass :
Chloromethane < Bromomethane < Dibromomethane < Bromoform.
(ii) Branched compounds have lower boiling points :
Isopropyl chloride < 1-chloropropane < 1-chlorobutane.
SECTION – C
Ans.13. For fcc lattice,

Z =4
Here, r = 11.2 g cm–3
a = 4 × 10–8 cm
NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
r ´ a2 ´ NA
So, atomic mass, M =
Z
11.2 ´ (4 ´ 10-8 )3 ´ 6.022 ´ 1023
=
4
= 107.9 g mol –1
Or
Given Z = 2 (bcc), a = 288 pm = 288 × 10–10cm, r = 7.2 gcm–3, M = 208 g
Z×M
r=
a3 ´ N
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BOOKS
2 ´ 208
Þ 7.2 =
(288 ´ 10 –10 )3 ´ N
2 ´ 208
Þ N=
7.2 ´ (288 ´ 10 –10 )3
Þ N = 24.17 × 1023 atoms
Ans.14. Vapour pressure of pure water = 1 atm (at 100°C) = 1.013 bar
Vapour pressure of solution (pS) = 1.004 bar
Mass of solute = 2 g = wB
Mass of solution = 100 g
Mass of solvent = 100 – 2 = 98 g = wA
According to Raoult’s Law for dilute solution
pA - pS wB M
= xB = ´ A
pA MB wA
1.013 - 1.004 2 ´ 18
\ =
1.013 M B ´ 98
Þ MB = 41.35 g mol–1
Ans.15. Given T1 = 295 K
Let k1 = K
T2 = 305 K
and k2 = 2K
k Ea é T2 - T1 ù
Accordingly, log 2 = ê ú
k1 2.303 R ë T1T2 û
2K Ea é 305 - 295 ù
log =
K 2.303 R êë 305 ´ 295 úû
log 2 ´ 2.303 ´ 8.314 ´ 305 ´ 295

Þ Ea =
10
Ea = 51.855 kJ mol–1.
Ans.16. (i) The zig-zag path motion of the colloidal particles due to unbalanced bombardment by the particles
of dispersion medium is called Brownian movement.
(ii) The process of converting a precipitate into a colloidal Ans. by shaking it with dispersion medium
in the presence of small amount of suitable electrolyte is called peptization.
(iii) A large number of small molecules of a substance on dissolution aggregate together to form
species having size in the colloidal range. Such species are called multimolecular colloids.
Ans.17. (i) Refining of zinc is done by distillation as zinc is a low boiling metal.
(ii) Silica acts as a flux to remove iron oxide impurity as slag FeSiO3, in the metallurgy of copper.
FeO + SiO 2 ¾® FeSiO3
Impurity Flux Slag
(iii) Wrought iron is the purest form of commercial iron.

Ans.18. (i) Zinc atom has completely filled d-orbitals (3d104s2) in its ground state as well as in its oxidised
state. Hence, it is not considered as a transition element.
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(ii) It is so because :
High charge and small size of ions of transition metals.
Presence of vacant orbitals which can accept lone pairs of electrons from ligands.
(iii) Mn has half-filled d-orbital as [Ar] 3d5 and hence very stable. Due to this the third ionisation
2+
energy of Mn is very high. Thus, the much large third ionisation energy of Mn is mainly
responsible for this.
Ans.19. (i) Hydration isomerism is shown by complex [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3.
4
(ii) If D0 > P, electronic configuration is t2g eg0 .
(iii) Co3+ : 3d 6 4s0

3–
[CoF6] :
sp3d 2
Hybridisation : sp3d2
Shape : Octahedral.
Ans.20. (i) CH 3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl + KOH ¾® CH 3CH 2 CH = CH 2 + KCl + H2O
n-butyl chloride But-1-ene
Dry
(ii) Br + Mg MgBr
ether
Bromobenzene
OH
+
H
(iii) Cl + NaOH
Chlorobenzene
Ans.21. (i) o-nitrophenol has intramolecular H-bonding and thus does not allow to loose electrons. Hence,
p-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-nitrophenol.
H Hydrogen bonding
O O
N
+ O
(ii) The bond angle is slightly higher due to repulsive interaction between the two bulky alkyl
groups.
(iii) NaOCH3 is a strong nucleophile and a strong base. Thus, elimination reaction predominates
over substitution reaction.
Or
(i)
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(ii) CH3 CH3 CH3

dry ether
C = O + CH 3 Mg Br C
CH3
CH3 OMgBr
H+/H2O
CH3 CH3
C + Mg(OH) Br
CH3 OH
Conc. H2SO4
(iii) CH3 – CH = CH 2 CH3 – CH – CH 3
D , H 2O
OH
CuCN H O/H+ NH
Ans.22. (i) C6H5N2Cl ¾¾¾® C6H5CN ¾¾¾¾
2
® C6H5COOH ¾¾¾
3
® C6H5CONH2
D
Fe/HCl NaNO + HCl H2O/H+

® C6H5NH2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾
(ii) C6H5NO2 ¾¾¾¾ 2
® C6 H 5 N + º NCl-
273 K D
C6H5OH
Fe/HCl
® C6 H5 N + º NCl
HNO - C5H5 OH
® C6H5NH2 ¾¾¾¾
(iii) C6H5NO2 ¾¾¾¾ 273 K
2
N=N OH
Or
(i) R - CONH 2 + Br2 + 4NaOH ¾® R - NH 2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O
Acid amide 1° amine
Example :
CONH2 NH2
+ Br2 + 4KOH + K2CO3 + 2KBr + 2H 2O
+ –
NH2 N NCl
273 K
(ii) + NaNO2 + 2HCl + NaCl + 2H2O
Aniline Benzene diazonium

chloride
O O O
C C – + C
(iii) NH KOH N K R–X N R
C C C
O O O
Phthalamide
+
H2O/H
COOH + R–NH2
COOH 1º amide
Phthalic acid
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Ans.23. (i) The polymers derived from unsaturated hydrocarbons are called polyolefins.
Example : Polypropene.
(ii) The polymers having large number of amide linkage in the chain are called polyamides.
Example : Nylon-6.
(iii) The poly condensation products of dicarboxylic acids and diols are called polyesters.
Example : Dacron.
Or
(i) Monomer : Tetrafluoroethene
Taflon is a addition polymer.
(ii) Monomer : Phenol and formaldehyde
Bakelite is a condensation polymer.
(iii) Monomer : Isoprene
Natural rubber is an addition polymer.
Ans.24. (i) Vitamin C
(ii) Peptide linkage
(iii) n-Hexane is formed
CHO
| HI
(CHOH)4 ¾¾
D
® CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
|
CH 2 OH
SECTION – D
Ans.25. (a) The cell is :

Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)
(i) Anode (zinc electrode) will be negatively charged.
(ii) Electrons and ions
(iii) The reaction occurring :
At anode : Zn(s) ¾® Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
At cathode : Ag+(aq) + e– ¾® Ag+(s)
(b) For hydrogen electrode :
1
H+ + e– ¾® H2
2
 0.0591 1
E H + /H = E H + /H - log +
2 2 n [H ]
Here, n=1
1
log = pH = 10.
[H + ]
EH + /H = 0
2
\ E H + /H = 0 – 0.0591 × 10 = – 0.591 V.
2
Or
3
(a) Al2O3(2Al3+ + 3O2–) ¾® 2Al + O , n = 6e–
2 2
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2 4 2
Al2O3 ¾® Al + O2, n = × 6 = 4e–
3 3 3
So, DrG = 960 × 1000 = 960000 K
Hence, DrG = – nFEcell
-D r G -960000
Ecell = = = –2.487 V..
nF 4 ´ 96500
\ Minimum potential difference needed to reduce Al2O3 is –2.487 V.
(b) (i) The alkalinity of the solution prevents the availability of H+ ions.
(ii) Zinc has low reduction potential than iron. Therefore, zinc coating acts as anode and the
exposed iron part acts as cathode. If zinc coating is broken, zinc still undergoes oxidation
protecting iron from rusting. No attack occurs on iron till zinc is corroded.
Ans.26. (a) (i) H2S2O7 (ii) HClO3
H
O O O
S S Cl
O O O
OH OH
O
(b) (i) Due to resonance, N – O bond length is the average of single and double bond whereas
N – OH bond is purely single bond.
(ii) PCl5 has triagonal bipyramidal structure in which the three equitorial P – Cl bonds are
equivalent, while the two axial bonds are longer than equitorial bonds. This is because
axial bond pair suffer more repulsion than equitorial bonds.
(iii) This is because I – Cl bond has lower bond dissociation enthalpy than I – I bond.
Or
(a) White or yellow phosphorus is more reactive than the other allotropes because it is less stable
due to angular strain in P4 molecule of white phosphorus where the angles are only 60°.
(b) Nitrogen oxides emitted from the exhaust system of supersonic jet aeroplanes are responsible
for depletion of ozone layer.
NO + O3 ¾® NO2 + O2
(c) Bond dissociation enthalpy of F2 is lower than Cl2 due to small size of fluorine and relatively
large electron to electron repulsion among the lone pairs in F2 molecule where they are much
closer to each other than in case of Cl2.
(d) Helium, as it is non-inflammable and light gas.
(e) XeF2 + PF5 ¾® [XeF]+ [PF6]–
O
||
Zn - Hg
Ans.27. (a) (i) CH 3 - C - CH 3 + 4[H] ¾¾¾¾¾ ® CH3 - CH 2 - CH3 + H 2 O
conc. HCl
Propane
O
H
+ CH3
(ii) CH3 C CH3 + H2 NNHCONH2 CH = NNHCONH2+H 2O
CH3
O é CH 3 ù OH
|| ê | ú + |
H3O
(iii) CH3 - C - CH3 + CH3 - MgBr ¾® êCH 3 - C - CH3 ú ¾¾¾® CH3 - C - CH3
ê | ú |
êë OMgBr úû CH3
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(b) CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH < CH3COOH

(c) On adding Tollen’s reagent, CH3CH2CHO forms silver mirror while CH3CH2COCH3 does not.
CH3CH2CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH– ¾® CH3CH2COO– + 4NH3 + 2H2O + 2Ag ¯

Silver
mirror
Or
CHO COONa
(a) A = B=
OH
CH2OH CH CH3
C= D=
(b) (i) C6H5COCH3 being a methyl ketone gives iodoform test while C6H5COCH2CH3 does not.
C6H5COCH3 + 3NaOI ¾® C6H5COONa + CHI3 + 2NaOH

(yellow
ppt.)
(ii) Benzoic acid gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3 solution whereas phenol does not.
C6H5COOH + NaHCO3 ¾® C6H5COONa + CO2 + H2O
O
C H
OH
(c)
*****
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Subject : Chemisty
Class - 12
SECTION – A
Ans.1. (i) Pseudo unimolecular

(ii) Order of reaction = 1
Ans.2. The process of separation of the constituent liquids of an emulsion is called demulsification. It can
be done by centrifuging or boiling.
Ans.3. In CuSO4.5H2O, water acts as ligand due to which crystal field splitting occurs and d-d transition is
possible, thus showing colour unlike anhydrous CuSO4.
Or
Because Zn has completely filled d-orbitals.
Ans.4. Propane-1, 2, 3-triol.
Ans.5. Electrophoresis is due to charge on colloidal particles, the charged particles move towards one of the
electrodes in electric field.
Or
The ratio of distance between the electrodes (l) and area of cross-section of electrodes (a) of a cell is
called cell constant (G).
l
G=
a
Its unit is Cm–1.
SECTION – B
Ans.6. (a) Antifertility drugs : Drugs which control fertility in human body also we can say birth control
will occur. Example : Mifepristone.
(b) Antiseptics : Chemical substances which prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them
but are not harmful to the living tissues. Example : Bithionol.
Ans.7. (i) Ranitidine.
(ii) Broad spectrum antibiotics : Antibiotics which are used for wide range of diseases are called
broad spectrum antibiotics : Example : Chloramphenicol.
Ans.8. (i) Ge is Group 14 element while Zn is Group 13, an electron deficient hole is created. Thus, p-type
semiconductor.
(ii) B is Group 13 element and Si is Group 14, there will be a free e–. Thus, n-type semiconductor.
Or
+ –
(i) Four NaCl units : 4Na ions and 4Cl ions.
(ii) One CsCl unit : One Cs+ ion and one Cl– ion.
Ans.9. It states that “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (P) is directly proportional to the mole
fraction of gas (x) in the solution.
P = KHx, KH ¾® Henry law constant
The solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increases in temperature because it is an exothermic
process.
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Ans.10. (i) This is because BiH3 is the least stable among the hydrides of Group 15.
(ii) N2 is less reactive at room temperature because of strong pp-pp overlap resulting into the triple
bond (N º N), consequently high bond enthalpy.
Ans.11. (i) Mn3+ is less stable and changes to Mn2+ which is more stable due to half filled d-orbital
configuration. That is why, Mn3+ undergoes disproportionation reaction.
(ii) Co(II) has 3 unpaired electrons. In presence of strong ligands, two unpaired electrons pair up
and third unpaired electron shift to higher energy level where it can be lost easily and hence
oxidised to Co(III).
Or
As the atomic number increases the number of electrons in 3d orbitals also increases from
1 to 5. +2 oxidation state is attained by loss of the two 4s electrons by these metals. As the number of
d-electrons in +2 state increases from Ti to Mn, the stability of +2 state increases.
Ans.12. (i) It is so because the new intermolecular attractions between haloalkanes and organic solvent
molecules have much the same strength as ones being broken in the separate haloalkanes and
solvent molecules.
(ii) It is so because alkyl chlorides are more stable and more volatile than bromides and iodides.
SECTION – C
Ans.13. For bcc structure,

3
d = a
2
2 2 2
or a = d= ´d= ´ 365.9 = 422.5 pm
3 1.732 1.732
For bcc structure, Z = 2
For sodium, M = 23
Z´M
Density, r = 3
a ´ NA
2 ´ 23
r = -10
(422.5 ´ 10 cm)3 ´ (6.023 ´ 10 23 )
r = 1.013 g cm–3
Or
Diameter = 245 pm
245
\ Radius = = 122.5 pm
2
In a bcc structure,
3 4
r = a Þ a= r
4 3
4 ´ 122.5
a = = 282.91 pm
3
Z´M
r =
a3 ´ N A
2 ´ 52
r = -10 3
(282.91 ´ 10 ) ´ (6.02 ´ 1023 )
r = 7.63 g cm–3
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80
Ans.14. ps = 80% of p° = ´ p° = 0.80 p°
100
wB
nB = mol
40
114g
nC8H18 = = 1 mol
114g mol -1
p ° - ps
Now, = xB
p°
wB
p° - 0.80 p° nB
\ = = 40
p° nB + nC 8 H 18 wB
+1
40
wB
40
or 0.2 = w
B +1
40
æw ö wB
or 0.2 ç B + 1÷ =
è 40 ø 40
0.8 wB
or = 0.2
40
Þ wB = 10 g
Ans.15. For a first order reaction :
2.303 [R]0
k = log
t [R]
When t = 40 minutes,
[R ]0 100 100 10
= = =
[R ] 100 - 30 70 7
2.303 10
k = log
40 7
2.303
k = log 1.428
40
2.303
k = ´ 0.1548
40
k = 8.91 × 10–3 min–1
0.693
t1/2 =
k
0.693
t1/2 =
8.91 ´ 10 -3
t1/2 = 77.78 min
Ans.16. (i) Multimolecular because sulphur molecules associate together to form multimolecular colloids.
(ii) Macromolecular because protein molecules present in the white of the egg are macromolecules
soluble in water.
(iii) Associated because RCOO– ions associate together to form micelles.
Or
(i) A reaction in which the physical state of reactants and the catalyst is same is called homogenous
catalysis.
2SO2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) ¾¾¾
NO( g )
D
® 2SO3 ( g )
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(ii) The process of conversion of a colloidal solution into a precipitate in the presence of an electrolyte
is called coagulation.
Colloidal solution ¾¾¾¾
Electrolyte
® Precipitate
(iii) When certain substances having big size molecules are dissolved in a suitable liquid, they form
a solution in which the dispersed particles have size in the colloidal range. Such substances are
called macromolecular colloids.
Example : Nylon, polystyrene etc.
Ans.17. (i) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) ¾® 2Na[Al(OH)4](aq)
2Na[Al(OH)4](aq) + 2CO2(g) ¾® Al2O3.xH2O(s) + 2NaHCO3(aq)
1470 K
Al2O3.xH2O(s) ¾¾¾¾
® Al2O3(s) + xH2O(g)
870 K
(ii) Zr(s) + 2I2(g) ¾¾¾® ZrI4(g)
2075 K
ZrI4(g) ¾¾ ¾¾ ¾¾ ¾® Zr(s) + 2I2(g)
Tungsten filament
(iii) 4Au(s) + 8CN– + 2H2O + O2 ¾® 4[Au(CN)2]– + 4OH–

2[Au(CN)2]– + Zn ¾® 2Au(s) + [Zn(CN)4]2–
Ans.18. (i) The chemical activity of transition metals is attributed to the following :
(a) Because of their variable oxidation states transition metals form unstable intermediate
compounds and provide a new path with lower activation energy for the reaction.
(b) In some cases, transition metal provides a suitable large surface area with free vacancies on
which reactants are absorbed.
(ii) This is due to filling of 4f-obritals which have poor shielding effect or due to lanthanoid
contraction.
(iii) This is due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals in actinoids.
Ans.19. (i) Hydration isomerism is shown by complex [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3.
(ii) If D0 > P, electronic configuration becomes t24g eg0 .

(iii) Co3+ : 3d 64s0
3–
[CoF6 ]
3d 4s 4p 4d
3 2
sp d hybrid
Hybridisation = sp3d2
Shape = Octahedral
Or
(i) Tetra aqua dichloride chromium (III) chloride.
(ii) (a) [Fe F6]4–
¯
x + 6(–1) = – 4
x =2
Fe(26) = [Ar] 3d6 4s2
Fe2+ (24) =
No. of unpaired electrons = 4
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(b) [Fe (CN)6 ]4–

¯
x + 6(–1) = –4
x=2
Fe(26) = [Ar] 3d6 4s2
Fe2+ (24) =
[Fe (CN)6]4– =
No. of unpaired electrons = 0
(iii) Ionisation isomerism.
Ans.20. (i) Since I– ion is a better leaving group than Br– ion hence, CH3I reacts faster than CH3Br in SN2
reaction with OH– ion.
(ii) (±) 2-Butanol is a racemic mixture, i.e., there are two enantiomers in equal proportions. The
rotation by one enantiomer will be cancelled by the rotation due to the other isomer, making the
mixture optically inactive.
(iii) In CH3X, C is sp3 hybridised while in halobenzene it is sp2. This sp2 hybridised C is more
electronegative due to greater S character and hold electron pair of C – X bond more tightly
than sp3 hybridised C with less S character. Thus, C – X bond length in CH3 – X is bigger than
C – X in halobenzene.
–
OH O Na+ OH
CHO +
CHO
CHCl3 + NaOH H3O
Ans.21. (i)
340 K
(Phenol) (2-hydroxy
benzaldehyde)
+ -
(ii) CH3 - CH 2 - Br + Na O - CH 2 - CH 3 ¾® CH3 - CH 2 - O - CH 2 - CH 3 + NaBr
(Ethyl (Sodium (Diethyl ether)
bromide) ethoxide)
OH ONa OH OH
COONa +
COOH
NaOH 400 K H
(iii)
5 atm
CO2
(Phenol) (2 hydroxy
benzaldehyde)
Or
(i) methyl tert-butyl ketone < acetone < acetaldehyde.
(ii) 4-methoxy benzoic acid < benzoic acid < 3, 4 - dinitro benzoic acid.
(iii) (CH3)2 CHCOOH < CH3CH(Br) CH2COOH < CH3CH2CH (Br) COOH.
+ –
NO 2 NH2 N NCl CN COOH
+
(i) Fe/HCl NaNO2/HCl CuCN/KCN H3O
Ans.22. (i) (ii) NaOH
(Nitrobenzene) (Aniline) (Benzoic acid)
EV ERG RE EN
BOOKS
COOH COCl CONH2 NH2

PCl5 2NH3 Br2 – KOH
(ii)
(Benzoic (Benzamide) (Aniline)

acid)
CH2Cl CH2CN CH2CH2NH2
KCN LiAlH4
(iii)
Heat
(Benzyl (2-Phenyl
chloride) ethanamine)
Ans.23. (i) These are the polymers having the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction between the
polymer chains. Elastomers thus possess an elastic character. e.g., buna-S, buna-N etc.
(ii) The condensation polymers are formed by the repeated condensation reaction between different
monomer units with elimination of small molecules such as water, nylon 6 etc.
(iii) Addition polymers are formed by repeated addition of same or different monomer molecules.
Polythene is an example of addition polymer.
CHO
|
HI
Ans.24. (i) (CHOH) 4 ¾¾® CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH3
| ( n-hexane)
CH 2 OH
CHO COOH
| |
Br2
(ii) (CHOH) 4 ¾¾¾® (CHOH) 4
Water
| |
CH 2 OH CH 2 OH
(Gluconic acid)
CHO COOH
| |
HNO
(iii) (CHOH) 4 ¾¾¾3¾® (CHOH)4
| |
CH 2 OH COOH
(Saccharic acid)
SECTION – D
Ans.25. (a) (i) EAg + /Ag = 0.81V
(ii) E °cell = E °cathode - E anode
= E + - EMg 2+ /Mg
Ag /Ag
= 0.81 – (–2.36)
E °cell = 3.17 V
EV ERG RE EN
BOOKS
(b) At anode : Mg ¾® Mg2+

+ 2e–
At cathode : [Ag+ e–
+ ¾® Ag] × 2
Mg + 2Ag+ ¾® Mg2+ + 2Ag ; n = 2
° 0.059 [Mg 2+ ]
Ecell = E cell - log
n [Ag + ]2
0.059 0.1
= 3.17 - log -4 2
2 (10 )
= 3.17 – 0.0295 log 107
= 3.17 – 0.21
Ecell = 2.96V
(c) (i) Mg | Mg (0.1 M) || Ag+ (0.0001 M) | Ag
2+
(ii) Yes, as the cell potential is positive.

Or
(a) E °cell = E °Ca 2 + / Ca - E Au 3 + / Au
= (–2.87) – (1.50)
E °cell = – 4.37V
Dr G °cell = – 6 × 96500 × (– 4.37 V)

= 2530.23 kJ mol–1.
Since Dr G °cell is positive therefore, reaction is non-spontaneous.

Au3+/Au half cell will be an oxidising agent while Ca2+/Ca half cell will be a readucing agent.
°
(b) E cell for reaction of tarnished silver ware with aluminium pan is
(–0.71V) – (–1.66V) = 0.95 V
°
Tarnished silver ware, therefore, can be cleaned by placing it in an aluminium pan as E cell is
positive.
Ans.26. (a) (i) The bond enthalpy of F2 is lower than that of Cl2 because F atom is very small and hence
the three lone pairs of electrons on each F atom repel the bond pair holding the F-atoms in
F2 molecule resulting lower bond enthalpy than Cl2.
(ii) Unlike NH3, PH3 molecules are not associated through hydrogen bonding in liquid state.
That is why the boiling point of PH3 is lower than NH3.
F
(b) (i) BrF3 Br F Slightly bent ‘T’
F
O
O O
P P
(ii) (HPO3)3 HO OH
O O
P
O OH
EV ERG RE EN
BOOKS
Fe Fe
(iii) XeF4 Xe Square planar
Fe Fe
Or
(a) (i) P4 + 8SOCl2 ¾¾® 4PCl3 + 4SO2 + 2S2Cl2
(ii) 6XeF4 + 12H2O ¾¾® 4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
(b) (i) The stability of +5 oxidation state decreases down the group in Group 15 of the periodic
table. The +3 oxidation state becomes more and more common on moving down the group
from N to Bi. This is because of inert pair effect.
(ii) Solid PCl5 behaves as an ionic compound because it is a salt containing the tetrahedral
cation [PCl4]+ and octahedral anion [PCl6]–.
(iii) Halogens are strong oxidising agents because they have high electron affinities, so they
pick up electrons from other substances.
Ans.27. (a) (i) This is due to steric and electronic reasons. Sterically, the presence of two relatively large
substituents in ketones hinders the approach of nucleophile to carbonyl carbon than in
aldehydes having only one such substituent. Electronically two alkyl groups reduce the
positivity of the carbonyl carbon more effectively in ketones than in aldehydes.
(ii) This is due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids.
(iii) Due to greater electronegativity of oxygen than carbon, the C atom of C = O group
acquires a partial positive charge in aldehydes and ketones and hence readily undergo
nucleophilic addition reactions.
(b) (i) Acetaldehyde reacts with NaOI to form yellow ppt. of iodoform while benzaldehyde does
not.
CH3 – CHO + 3NaOI ¾¾® HCOO– Na+ + CHI3 + 2NaOH

Iodoform
(yellow ppt.)
(ii) Propane gives orange red ppt. with 2, 4-DNP reagent while propanol does not.
CH3 – COCH3 + 3NaOI ¾¾® CHI3 + CH3 – COO–Na+ + 2NaOH

Iodoform
(yellow ppt.)
Or
+
OH
(a) (i) O + H2N OH N OH + H2O
Cyclohexanone
oxime
- +
(ii) 2C6H5CHO + NaOH ¾¾® C6 H 5 – CH2OH + C6 H 5COO Na
Benzyl Sodium
alcohol benzoate
Cl /P
(iii) CH3COOH ¾¾¾®
2
Cl - CH 2 - COOH + HCl
2-chloro
ethanoic acid
(b) (i) Benzoic acid being an acid reacts with NaHCO3 solution to give brisk effervescence due
to evolution of CO2 while benzaldehyde does not respond to this test.
EV ERG RE EN
BOOKS
COOH COONa
+ NaHCO3 + CO 2 + H 2O
Benzoic Sodium
acid Benzoate
(ii) Propanal being an aldehyde reduces Tollens reagent to silver mirror but propanone being a
ketone does not.
CH3CH2CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH– ¾® CH3CH2COO– + 2Ag ¯ + 4NH3 + 2H2O

(Silver
mirror)
*****

Evergreen Class 12th Question Bank

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EV ERG RE EN

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 1

Ans.6. (a) Monomer :

L°m = (Lm), when C ¾® 0

For simple cubic lattice, a = 2r and Z = 1

Ans.14. According to Raoult’s Law,

5.25 ´ 10-5 S cm -1 ´ 1000 cm3L-1

L°m (HCOOH) = L°HCOO- + L°H +

(ii) The role of cryolite is two fold :

(b) t2g4 egº

(iii) C6H5NH2 + Br2(aq) ¾® C6H3(Br)3NH2 + 3HBr

Ans.25. Suppose w.r.t. NO in m and order w.r.t. Cl2 is n.

2.40 K (0.30) m (0.15) n

Ans.26. (a) (i) P

CH3CH 2 CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH– ¾® CH3CH2COO– + 2Ag ¯ + 4NH3

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 2

Ans.1. Frenkel defect.

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5C2H2O4 ¾® K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2

K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6KI ¾® 4K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O

(ii) Reaction with H2S : H2S is oxidised to sulphur.

K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2S ¾® K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O + 3S

Ans.12.Mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

Step 2 : Formation of carbocation :

Cl2 + 2NaOH ¾® NaCl + NaClO + H2O

Ans.20. (i) 2-Bromobutane.

Ans.21. (i) + KOH (aq) + KCl

Ans.22. (i) CH3CH2Cl (ii) (iii) CH3CH2 – O – CH3

DrGQ = –nFEQ cell

(a) (i) BrF3 F Br (ii) XeO3 Xe

Square pyramidal geometry

C6 H5 - COOC2H5 + NaHCO3 ¾® No effervescence

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 3

Ans.5. (C6H5)2NH < C6H5NH2 < C6H5N(CH3)2 < CH3NH2

Ans.8. For a solution of volatile liquids Raoult’s Law, is given as

Here,  = 3.64 kPa , w = 30 g, M = 18 g mol–1

The reactions are given below,

Ans.18. S.No. Characteristics Lanthanoids Actinoids

SOCl2 , Pyridine Hg 2F2

KCN LiAlH HNO

NH3 + 3Cl2 ¾® NCl3 + 3HCl

(ii) Benzaldehyde and Ethanal :

(iii) Ethanal to but-2-enal :

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 4

Ans.1. If the reaction is an elementary reaction order is same as molecularity.

Ans.5. Oil in water emulsion : Milk, vanishing cream.

1. It is primitive type. 1. It is primitive and end-centred.

(ii) Face-centred End-centred

Ans.13. For fcc lattice,

log 2 ´ 2.303 ´ 8.314 ´ 305 ´ 295

(iii) Wrought iron is the purest form of commercial iron.

(iii) Co3+ : 3d 6 4s0

(ii) CH3 CH3 CH3

Fe/HCl NaNO + HCl H2O/H+

+ Br2 + 4KOH + K2CO3 + 2KBr + 2H 2O

Aniline Benzene diazonium

Ans.25. (a) The cell is :

(b) CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH < CH3COOH

CH3CH2CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH– ¾® CH3CH2COO– + 4NH3 + 2H2O + 2Ag ¯

C6H5COCH3 + 3NaOI ¾® C6H5COONa + CHI3 + 2NaOH

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 5

Ans.1. (i) Pseudo unimolecular

Ans.13. For bcc structure,

(iii) 4Au(s) + 8CN– + 2H2O + O2 ¾® 4[Au(CN)2]– + 4OH–