Active and Reactive Power Flow and Control

Part I

J Mutale
Content

 Review of basic concepts of active and reactive

power flow
 Typical system active-reactive power relationship
 Devices and Methods for voltage and reactive
power control
 Devices and Methods for active power control
 Power flow exercise

2
Recap of purpose of power flow

Given loads and generation in a power system, load

flow computes voltages and branch flows in the system
enabling analyses of the behaviour of the system for
hypothetical situations as well as Initialising other
calculations
Some of the analyses enabled include the following:
 Effects of rearranging circuits and incorporating new circuits on
system loading
 Effects of temporary loss of generation and transmission
circuits on system loading
 Effects of injecting in-phase and quadrature voltages on system
loading
 Optimum system running conditions and load distribution
 Improvement from change of conductor size and system
voltages
3
Review of basic concepts of active and
reactive power flow/1
jX
V1  V 2
I
jX
I , P  jQ
S  V1 I
*

V1 V2
 V2
* *
V1
 V1
 jX
j (  1  2 )
V1  V1 V 2 e
2


 jX
j (  1   2 90 )
jV1 2  V 1 V 2 e

X
jV1 2  V 1 V 2  cos(  1   2  90 )  j sin(  1   2  90 ) 

X 4
Review of basic concepts of active and reactive
power flow/2

V1V2 V1 V1V2 cos( 1   2 )

2

S sin( 1   2 )  j
X X
V1V2
P sin( 1   2 )
X
V1 V1V2 cos( 1   2 )
2

Q
X

5
Control of active and reactive power

V1V2 V1
P sin(1 2 ) Q  (V1 V2 cos(1   2 ))
X X

V1V2 V1
P  ( 1   2 ) Q  (V1  V 2 )
X X

Active power affected Reactive power affected by

by the phase angle the difference in voltage
difference magnitudes
6
Powers and voltage drops

VS  VS 0 VR
P  jQ R  jX

S  P  jQ  VS  I
*
VR  VS  (R  jX)  I
* P  jQ
I 
VS
P  jQ P  jQ (R  jX)  (P  jQ)
I  VR  VS 
* VS
VS VS

RP  XQ XP  RQ
VR  VS  j
VS VS
7
Powers and voltage drops

RP  XQ XP  RQ
VR  VS  j
VS VS
 VS  VRe  jVIm

VS
VRe

VIm

VR
8
Powers and voltage drops

VS
 VRe

VIm

RP  XQ
 V Re  VR
VS
XP  RQ
   V Im 
VS

9
Simple power system

10
Phasor diagram




11
Power flow between two nodes

12
Phasor diagrams

Assuming X >> R

Machine 1 is in phase advance of

machine 2 and hence active power
flows from 1 to 2
In phase component of I is determined
by angle delta and hence P
13
Points to note

 By suitable adjustment of governor controls i.e.

amount of steam, water or gas admitted to the
turbine active power can be made to flow in either
direction
 Similarly, by suitable adjustment of AVR controls i.e.
machine terminal voltages, reactive power can be
made to flow in either direction always flowing to the
node with lower voltage
 Control of active and reactive power flow can be
undertaken quite independently of one another
Above conclusions enable optimum active power schedules to
be decided independently of optimum reactive power schedules

14
Maximum Power Transfer

V1 V 2
P sin(  1   2 )  Pmax sin(  1   2 )
X

 There is a limit to the amount of active power that

can be transmitted across a line
 This limit is not important for steady state analysis
but is critical for stability analysis
 The phase angle difference across a line is usually
much smaller than 90°

15
Active power transfer limit

16
 Transmitting Reactive Power

V1  V1 V 2 cos(  1   2 )
2

Q
X
 Unlike active power, reactive power cannot be transmitted
across long distances
- Transmitting Q entails a voltage drop that would
become unacceptable for long distances
- Since X >> R, the reactive losses are much larger than
the active losses and the transmission of Q would be
inefficient
 Need sources of Q around the network

17
Control of voltage drop in
reactive and resistive circuits

Reactive circuits
Voltage drop is influenced by the amount of reactive
power being transported

Resistive circuits
Voltage drop is influenced by the amount of active power
being transported

18
Voltage stability & voltage collapse

Illustration of voltage collapse (Created by Chad Thompson and Pete Sauer of The
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
URL: www.pserc.wisc.edu/Sauer_DCVoltage_Collapse_PSERC_Sep16.ppt )
Voltage Collapse Animation (AC) (Created by Peter W. Sauer Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana –Champaign
URL: http://www.pserc.wisc.edu/Sauer_ACVoltage_Collapse_PSERC.pdf)
19
System reactive power requirements

There are three main components to system

reactive requirements

 Reactive component of the load

 Series elements of the network between generation
and load
 Shunt elements of the network between generation
and load

20
Reactive component of the load

 Usually inductive i.e. consumes reactive power

 Proportion of MVar to MW varies but is in the region
of 0.3MVar per MW
 Ratio varies with system loading and under light load
conditions could be zero or even slightly capacitive

21
Series elements of the network between
generation and load
 These are reactive losses in transformers, cables
and lines
 They are inductive and hence consume MVars

22
Shunt elements of the network between
generation and load
 These are reactive losses for transformers and
hence inductive but
 Reactive gains for lines and cables since shunt
capacitance constitutes a generation of reactive
power on the system
R X

B B

23
Typical system active-reactive power
relationship

24
Devices and methods for voltage and
reactive power control
 Synchronous generators
 Synchronous compensators
 FACTS (SVCs)
 Reactors
 Capacitors
 Tap changing transformer
 Transformer tap staggering
 Circuit switching

25
Synchronous generators

 A Synchronous generator is capable of absorbing as

well as producing reactive power
 Changes to output voltage are by adjusting level of
excitation of the generator field circuit
 In modern generators the output voltage is controlled
by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) so as to
remain at a constant preset point

26
Synchronous compensators

 Synchronous compensators are synchronous machines

connected to the system for purposes of reactive power control
 Like synchronous generators they are capable of absorbing as
well as producing reactive power depending on the level of
excitation
 When fitted with AVR a synchronous condensor will
automatically absorb reactive power under light load
conditions and generate reactive power under heavy load
conditions
 These machines are normally connected to the system via
transformer tertiary windings
Two main disadvantages of Synchronous compensators are:
1. They contribute to short circuit currents and
2. They are expensive
27
FACTS devices

 Static Var compensators – these devices consist of

reactor and capacitors and the static equivalent of
synchronous condensors
 Statcoms

28
Reactors

 Reactors consume reactive power

 They can be shunt or series connected
 Series connected reactor is used to limit fault current
 Shunt connected reactors consume reactive power
for voltage control

29
Capacitors

 Capacitors generate reactive power

 They can be shunt or series connected
 Series connected capacitor is intended to improve
stability of a long transmission line and increase its
power transfer capability by reducing effective circuit
reactance
 Shunt connected capacitor is used for reactive
compensation in order to improve voltage profiles
and reduce system losses
 They can be applied as permanently connected or
thyristor controlled units

30
 Tap changing transformers

 Transformers provide a means of control of real and

reactive power
 Reactive power control is by in phase taps

31
Transformer tap staggering

 Tap staggering of parallel transformers results in a

circulating current which causes inductive losses
 Method has the disadvantage that it increases
system losses

32
Circuit switching

 This method entails switching out lines or cables in

order to reduce circuit capacitance and thus reduce
voltage
 This is usually done under light load conditions when
all other means have been exhausted
 This action is taken only if system reliability is not
compromised
R X
Heavy load:
I 2
X  BV 2
B B
Light load:
I 2
X  BV 2

33
Devices and methods for active power
control
 Generator governor control
 Quadrature boosters
 Series compensation

34
Generator governor control

 By suitable adjustment of governor controls i.e.

amount steam, water or gas admitted to the turbine
the active power can be made to flow in either
direction

35
Quadrature boosters

 By means of a voltage derived from the supply that is first

phase-shifted by 90° (hence is in quadrature), and then re-
applied to it, a phase angle is developed across the quadrature
booster.
 It is this induced phase angle that affects the flow of power
through specified circuits.
 Quadrature boosters thus provide a means of relieving
overloads on heavily loaded circuits and re-routing power via
more favourable paths
- There are some quad boosters that control north-south
flows on NG system
 Quadrature booster can have high capital cost – in the order of
two to three million dollars for a unit rated over 2000 MVA

36
Quadrature boosters - arrangement

 The quadrature booster typically consists of two

transformers, a shunt unit and a series unit (see
connection diagram on next slide)
 Each phase of the shunt unit's primary winding is
connected across a pair of the incoming lines and so
is 90° in phase behind the other line, i.e. it is at
quadrature.
 Its secondary is connected to the primary of the
series unit, whose secondary winding is in series with
the other line
 The resulting voltage is thus the vector sum of the
incoming voltage and the quadrature component

37
Simplified circuit diagram of a quadrature
phase booster

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_phase_booster
38
Series compensation

 Series connected capacitor is intended to improve stability of

long transmission line and increase its power transfer
capability by reducing effective circuit reactance X
 Need to be mindful of possible sub-synchronous resonance
when applying series compensation
39
Active and Reactive Power Flow

End
 Exercise
Compute voltage drop and power loss across the
transmission line in two bus network below
V1 ? V2  110kV
110 kV Transmission line

20 MW
P1,Q1 = ? 10 MVAr

Length of line 1-2 Series resistance Series reactance Shunt susceptance

r’ [/km] x’ [/km] b’ [S/km]
60 km 0.200 0.430 2.60

41
Transmission line model

Rik+jXik
i k

jBs/2 jBs/2

42
Power balance

P1 P’1 P’2 P2
Q1 Rik+jXik Q’2 Q2
Q’1
1 Q10
2
P10 P20 Q20
V1 V2 L
G+T

ys/2 ys/2

43
Transmission line parameters

R = r’L= 0.2*100 =12  Vb = 110 kV

X = x’*L = 0.43*60 = 25.8 
Sb = 100 MVA
B = b’*L = 2.6*60 = 156 S

Vb2 1102
R 12 Zb    121
r   0.099174 Sb 100
Zb 121
X 258.
x   021322
.
Zb 121
b  B  Z b  156  10 6  121  0.01888

44
Power balance calculation

P 2  0 .2
Load demand
Q 2  0 .1
P’2 P2
b 0.01888 Q2
Q20  V   1
2
2  0.00944 Q’2
2 2 2
P20 Q20
Q 20  0.944 M VAr V2

P  P2  02
'
2 . ys/2

Q  Q2  Q20  01
'
2 .  000944
.  009056
.

45
Voltage Drop Calculation

P2' r  Q '2 x P2' x  Q '2 r

V1  V2  V  j 
V2 V2

V  0.2  0.099174  0.09056  021322

. 
 j02
.  0.21322  0.09056  0.099174
V  0.03914  j0.033663

46
Sending voltage

V1  V2  V 
1  0 j  0.03914  j0.033663 
103914
.  j0.033663 

V 1  1 1 4 .3 7  1  1.8 6 o

47
Series losses

*
 V  V
2

S se   V  I *
 V     *
 Z se 
se
Z se
0.03914  j0.033663
2

S se 
0.099174  j0.21322

S se  0.0048  j0.0103
S se  0.48 MW  j1.03MVAr

48
Generation

S se  0.0048  j0.0103
P1 P’1
P  0 .2
2
'
Q1 Q’1
Q '
2  0 .0 9 0 5 6 1 Q10 P10
V1
G+T
P1'  0 .2 0 4 8
ys/2
Q '
2  0 .1 0 0 8 6

49
Generation

V1  103914
.  j0033663
. V1  1.0397
P1 P’1
b 0.01888 Q1 Q’1
Q10  V   10397
1
2
. 
2 2 1 Q10 P10
 0.0102 G+T
V1

ys/2

P1  P1'  02048
.
Q1  Q1'  Q10  010086
.  00102
.  009065
.

50
Summary of the power balance

P1 P’1 P’2 P2
Q1 Rik+jXik Q’2 Q2
Q’1
1 Q10
2
P10 P20 Q20
V1 V2 L
G+T

ys/2 ys/2

P1  0.2048 Ploss  0.0048 P 2  0 .2

Q 1  0.09065 Q loss   0.00944 Q 2  0 .1
51
 Exercise
Active and Reactive Power Flow

End