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 Home » class9Geography-notes » Notes of Ch 5 Natural Vegetation and

Wildlife| Class 9th Geography

Notes of Ch 5 Natural
Vegetation and Wildlife| Class
9th Geography
0

Study Material and Notes of Ch 5 Natural Vegetation and

Wildlife Class 9th Geography

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Three factors for biodiversity
→ Relief
→ Climate
→ Ecosystem
• Importance of Forests
• Types of vegetation
→ Tropical Evergreen Forests
→ Tropical Deciduous Forests
→ Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
→ Montane Forests
→ Mangrove Forests
• Wildlife
• Conservation of flora and fauna
→ Governmental steps

Introduction

• India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the

world. India occupies 10th place in the world with about 47,000
plant species and 4th in Asia in plant diversity.

• 15,000 flowering plants in India constitutes 6 percent in the world’s

total number of flowering plants. India also has approximately
90,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish in its fresh
and marine waters.

• A plant community which has grown naturally without human aid is

called Natural vegetation.

• Natural vegetation that has been left undisturbed by humans for a

long time is called virgin vegetation.

• Flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period

and fauna is species of animals of a particular region or period.
Flora and fauna kingdom constitute biodiversity of a particular
region or period.

• Relief, Climate and Ecosystem are three factors for biodiversity.

• Relief

→ Land: The nature of land influences the type of vegetation.

Fertile lands supports agriculture while undulating and rough
terrains have grassland and woodlands which give shelter to a
variety of wild life.

→ Soil: Different types of soils provide basis for different types of

vegetation. The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny
bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and
deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have
conical trees.

• Climate

→ Temperature: The character and extent of vegetation are mainly

determined by temperature along with humidity in the air,
precipitation and soil.

→ Sunlight: Due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and

duration of the day there is variation in duration of sunlight.

→ Precipitation (Rains): Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense

vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall. In India,
almost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing southwest
monsoon (June to September) and retreating northeast monsoons.

Ecosystem

• All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and

interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus,
forming an ecosystem.

• A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation

and animal life is called a biome.

• Importance of Forests:
→ These are renewable resources and play a major role in
enhancing the quality of environment.
→ They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream
flow, support a variety of industries, provide livelihood for many
communities and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation.
→ It controls wind force and temperature and causes rainfall. It
provides humus to the soil and shelter to the wildlife.

• Natural vegetation in India has undergone many changes due to

several factors such as the growing demand for cultivated
land, development of industries and mining, urbanisation and over-
grazing of pastures.

Types of Vegetation

• Types of vegetation may be identified in our country are:

(i) Tropical Evergreen Forests
(ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests
(iii) Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
(iv) Montane Forests
(v) Mangrove Forests

• Tropical Evergreen Forests:

→ These forests are restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the
Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman
and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.
→ They grow in an area of 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry
season.
→ The trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above.
→ These forests have rich vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs,
and creepers which give it a multilayered structure since the region
is warm and wet throughout the year.
→ The forests appear green all the year round because there is no
definite time for trees to shed their leaves.
→ Commercially important trees of this forest are ebony,
mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.
→ Common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkey,
lemur and deer. Plenty of birds, bats, sloth, scorpions and snails are
also found.

• Tropical Deciduous Forests

→ Most widespread forest in India.

→ These are also called the monsoon forests and spread over the
region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.
→ Trees of this forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight
weeks in dry summer.
→ These forests are further divided into two types: Moist and Dry
deciduous.

→ Moist deciduous: Found in areas receiving rainfall between 200

and 100 cm. Present mostly in the
eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along the foothills
of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on
the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. Teak is the most
dominant species of this forest. Commercially important species are
Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun, mulberry.

→ Dry deciduous: Found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm

and 70 cm. Present in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau
and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. There are open stretches
in which Teak, Sal, Peepal, Neem grow. A large part of this region
has been cleared for cultivation and some parts are used for
grazing. Common animals found are lion, tiger, pig, deer and
elephant also huge variety of birds, lizards, snakes, and tortoises
are found here.

• Tropical thorn forests and Scrubs

→ These are found in the region of with less than 70 cm of rainfall.

→ The natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes.
Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species.
→ Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into
the soil to get moisture. The stems are succulent to conserve water.
Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimize evaporation.
→ Common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, tiger, lion, wild
ass, horses and camels.

• Montane Forests

→ Montane forests have a succession of natural vegetation belts in

the same order as we see from the tropical to the Tundra region.
→ Between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres, wet temperate type
of forests containing evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and
chestnuts are predominate.
→ Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing
coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar, are
found.
→ At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are common.
→ At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea-
level, alpine vegetation found which have silver fir, junipers, pines
and birches trees common.
→ Near snow line, shrubs and scrubs, they merge into the Alpine
grasslands which are used extensively for grazing by nomadic
tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals.
→ At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra
vegetation.
→ The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag,
spotted dear, wild sheep, jack rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow
leopard, squirrels, Shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda,
sheep and goats with thick hair.

• Mangrove Forests

→ These forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by

tides where mud and silt get accumulated.
→ Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the
plants submerged under water. These are deltas of the Ganga, the
Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri
→ In the Ganga- Brahamaputra delta, sundari trees are found,
which provide durable hard timber.
→ Palm, coconut, keora, agar, also grow in some parts of the delta.
→ Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal also turtles, crocodiles,
gharials and snakes are found in these forests.

Wildlife

• India has about 2,000 species of birds which constitute 13% of the
world’s total. There are 2,546 species of fish, which account for
nearly 12% of the world’s stock. It also shares between 5 and 8
percent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

• Elephants are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka

and Kerala.

• One-horned rhinoceroses live in swampy and marshy lands of

Assam and West Bengal.

• Rann of Kachchh is habitat of wild ass and camels are found in

Thar desert.

• Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), chousingha (four horned antelope),

gazel and different species of deer are some other animals found in
India.

• India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions.
Gir forest in Gujrat is the natural habitat of lion whereas Tigers are
found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West
Bengal and the Himalayan region.

• The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in

extreme cold.

• Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the shaggy

horned wild ox weighing
around one tonne, the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep),
wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild ass). The ibex, bear, snow-
leopard and very rare red panda are found in certain parts.

• In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and

gharials are found.

• Birds like Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and

pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of
the country.

Conservation of Flora and Fauna

• The excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by
human beings, disturbed the ecosystem. About 1,300 plant species
are endangered and 20 species are extinct also few animals are
endangered and some have become extinct.

• Causes of this threats are:

→ Hunting by greedy hunters for commercial purposes.
→ Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste and acid deposits
→ Introduction of alien species
→ Reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and
inhabitation.

• Governmental steps to protect flora and fauna of country are:

→ Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to
protect flora and fauna.
→ Financial and technical assistance is provided to many
Botanical Gardens by the government since 1992.
→ Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and
many other eco- developmental projects have been introduced.
→ 89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological
gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage.

• The Sunderbans in the West Bengal, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand,

the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris (Kerala,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) have been included in the world
network of Biosphese reserves.

List of fourteen bio-reserves in India are:

• Sunderbans (West Bengal)
• Simlipal (Odhisha)
• Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu)
• Dihang-Dibang (Arunachal Pradesh)
• The Nilgiris in South India (in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Kerala)
• Dibru Saikhowa (Arunachal Pradesh)
• Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand)
• Agasthyamalai (Kerala and Tamil Nadu)
• Nokrek (Meghalaya)
• Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)
• Great Nicobar (Bay of Bengal)
• Pachmari (Madhya Pradesh)
• Manas (Assam)
• Achanakmar-Amarkantak (Chhattisgarh)

Do you Know from the chapter

• The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian are known as

endemic or indigenous species but those which have come from
outside India are termed as exotic plants.

• According to India State of Forest Report 2011, the forest cover in

India is 21.05 per cent.

• Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in 1972 in India.

• The Gir Forest is the last remaining habitat of the Asiatic lion.

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