Module – 3

Pow-Ampli, Osc.,

By
T.VenkataSridhar M.Tech,(PhD),MIETE

Assistant Professor of ETC.

 Power Amplifiers:
Classification Of Amplifiers

1. According to frequency capabilities.

Amplifiers are classified as audio amplifiers , radio frequency amplifiers
• AF Amplifier are used to amplify the signals lying in the audio range ( i.e. 20 Hz to
20 kHz )
• RF amplifiers are used to amplify signals having very high frequency.

2. According to coupling methods.

• R-C coupled amplifiers,
• Transformer coupled amplifiers
• Direct Coupled

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 Classification Of Amplifiers

3. According to use.
a. Voltage amplifiers
• Amplify the input voltage, if possible with minimal current at the output.
• The power gain of the voltage amplifier is low.
• The main application is to strengthen the signal to make it less affected by noise and
attenuation.
• Ideal voltage amp. have infinite input impedance & zero output impedance.
a. Power amplifiers
• Amplify the input power, if possible with minimal change in the output voltage
• Power amp. are used in devices which require a large power across the loads.
• In multi stage amplifiers, power amplification is made in the final stages
 Audio amplifiers and RF amplifiers use it to deliver sufficient power the load.
 Servo motor controllers use power it to drive the motors.

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 Classification Of Amplifiers

Voltage amplifiers Power amplifiers

current gain low high

Voltage gain high low

Heat dissipation low high

cooling mechanism not required required

Transistor Size Small Large to dissipate heat

Base Width small Wide to handle higher

current

Beta Usually high >100 Low usually < 20

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  Class B amplifier: When an amplifier is biased at cutoff so that it
operates in the linear region for 180o of the input cycle and is
in cutoff for 180o
 Class AB amplifiers: are biased to conduct for slightly more than
180o
 Both are more efficient than a class A amplifier.

 A disadvantage of class B or class AB is that it is more difficult to

implement the circuit in order to get a linear reproduction of
the input waveform.
 The term push-pull refers to a common type of class B or
class AB amplifier circuit in which two transistors are used on
alternating half-cycles to reproduce the input waveform at the
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  The class B amplifier is biased at the cutoff point so that

 It is brought out of cutoff and operates in its linear region when the input signal drives
the transistor into conduction.

 The Circuit only conducts for the

positive half of the cycle.
 Can not amplify the entire cycle

emitter-follower circuit

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  To amplify the entire cycle, it is necessary to add a second class B amplifier that operates
on the negative half of the cycle.
 The combination of two class B amplifiers working together is called push-pull operation
 There are two common approaches for using push-pull amplifiers to reproduce the
entire waveform.

1. Transformer Coupling

 The input transformer thus

converts the input signal to
two out-of-phase signals for
the two npn transistors.
 The output transformer combines the signals by permitting current in both directions,
even though one transistor is always cut off.
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2. Complementary Symmetry Transistors

 The figure shows one of the most popular types of push-pull class B amplifiers using two
emitter-followers and both positive and negative power supplies.
 This is a complementary amplifier because one emitter-follower uses an npn transistor
and the other a pnp, which conduct on opposite alternations of the input cycle.

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 Crossover Distortion

 When the dc base voltage is zero, both transistors are off and the input signal voltage
must exceed VBE before a transistor conducts.
 Because of this, there is a time interval between the positive and negative alternations of
the input when neither transistor is conducting, as shown in Figure.
 The resulting distortion in the output waveform is called crossover distortion.

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 Feedback and Oscillators:

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 (or) Feedback Topologies:
1. Voltage-series feedback (Fig. a). 2. Voltage-shunt feedback (Fig. b).
3. Current-series feedback (Fig. c). 4. Current-shunt feedback (Fig. d).

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 FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

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 FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

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 FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

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 PRACTICAL FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

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 FEEDBACK CIRCUITS

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 Oscillators:

Fig: Feedback circuit used as an oscillator.

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 Oscillators:

Fig: Build-up of steady-

state oscillations.

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  The use of positive feedback that results in a feedback
amplifier having closed-loop gain | Af | greater than 1 and
satisfies the phase conditions will result in operation as an
oscillator circuit.
 An oscillator circuit then provides a varying output signal.
 If the output signal varies sinusoidally, the circuit is referred
to as a sinusoidal oscillator.
 If the output voltage rises quickly to one voltage level and
later drops quickly to another voltage level, the circuit is
generally referred to as a pulse or square-wave oscillator.
 In reality, no input signal is needed to start the oscillator
going. Only the condition βA=1 must be satisfied for self-
sustained oscillations to result. This is known as the Barkhausen
criterion for oscillation. In practice, βA is made greater than 1
and the system is started oscillating by amplifying noise voltage,
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 Types of Oscillator Circuits
 Phase-shift oscillator
 Wien bridge oscillator
 Tuned oscillator circuits
 Crystal oscillators
 Unijunction oscillator

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 Neglecting loading effects of the op-amp input and output impedances, the
analysis of the bridge circuit results in

and
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 Tuned Oscillator Circuits
Tuned oscillators use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC
tank) to provide the oscillations.

There are two common types:

Colpitts—The resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.

Hartley—The resonant circuit is a tapped inductor or two

inductors and one capacitor.

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 A crystal oscillator is basically a tuned-circuit oscillator using a piezoelectric
crystal as a resonant tank circuit. The crystal (usually quartz) has a greater stability
in holding constant at whatever frequency the crystal is originally cut to operate.
Crystal oscillators are used whenever great stability is required, such as in
communication transmitters and receivers.
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 The inductor L and capacitor C represent electrical equivalents of crystal
mass and compliance, while resistance R is an electrical equivalent of the
crystal structure’s internal friction.

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