A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

DROUGHT ANALYSIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

G CHARAN TEJA - 164N1A0126

M NARESH CHOWDARY - 164N1A0132

S KIRAN KUMAR - 164N1A0153

U VENKATESWARLU - 164N1A0160

K HARISH REDDY - 164N1A0130

Under the guidance of

Mr. K V MANIKANTA M.Tech

Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVALI

( Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur )

KAVALI – 524201

S.P.S.R. NELLORE (DIST.), ANDHRA PRADESH (STATE)

Ph:08626-243930

2016 - 2020

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 VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KAVALI

( Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur )

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this mini project titled “DROUGHT ANALYSIS”, being submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology
in Civil engineering to visvodaya engineering college, kavali, affiliated to JNTU Anantapur is a
record of bonafide work carried out by

G CHARAN TEJA - 164N1A0126

M NARESH CHOWDARY - 164N1A0132

S KIRAN KUMAR - 164N1A0153

U VENKATESWARLU - 164N1A0160

K HARISH REDDY - 164N1A0130

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. K V MANIKANTA M.Tech Dr. T SURESH BABU M.Tech, Ph.D

Assistant professor, Professor & Head of the Department

Department of civil engineering, Department of civil engineering,

Visvodaya engineering college. Visvodaya engineering college.

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 DROUGHT ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT :
Growing population, increase in Development, progressively declining water
supplies are typical water resources in India. Drought is one of the most damaging
climate related hazard that affect more people than any other. Drought is an
recurrent phenomenon in India.
Nearly 50% of India currently facing Drought, spread over several
Administrative districts In many states are affected by drought.

The government issued an order declaring almost all the mandals in SPSR
Nellore district (46/46) in Andhra Pradesh are Drought-hit. Where Drought
conditions are prevailing consistently over many years causing severe stress to
the economy especially in agriculture sector in Nellore district.

In this mini-project, we are going to study the rainfall data of the kavali
mandal from the past 30 years and by analyzing the rainfall data available by
suitable method.

We are going to conclude the drought pattern existing in kavali mandal for
the past 30 years for this analysis we choose Indian metrological method to study
the drought condition.

From the result we estimate what type of drought condition that prevails in
kavali mandal in coming years and also we summarize what are remedial
measures to counteract against drought.

BATCH MEMBERS PROJECT GUIDE

G.CHARAN TEJA (164N1A0126) K.V.MANIKANTA., M.Tech

M.NARESH CHOWDARY (164N1A0132)

S.KIRAN (164N1A0153)

U.VENKATESWARLU (164N1A0160)

K.HARISH REDDY (164N1A0130)

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 CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1. Introduction
1.1. Drought 4
1.2. Causes of drought 4-5
1.3. Types of drought 5-6
1.4. Consequences of drought 6
2. Rainfall data 6-7
3. Method adopted:
3.1. India Meteorologic Department 7
Method
4. IMD Classification of drought 8
5. Calculations 8-10
6. Graph 10
7. Remidies 11
8. Conclusion 11

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 INTRODUCTION

DROUGHT:

A drought or drouth is a natural disaster of below-average

precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water
supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water. A drought can
last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a
substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and
harm to the local economy.
Many plant species, such as those in the family Cactaceae (or cacti),
have drought tolerance adaptations like reduced leaf area and waxy cuticles to
enhance their ability to tolerate drought. Semi-permanent drought produces arid
biomes such as deserts and grasslands. Prolonged droughts have caused mass
migrations and humanitarian crisis. The most prolonged drought ever in the world
in recorded history occurred in the Atacama Desert in Chile (400 Years).

CAUSES OF DROUGHT:

(1).Precipitation Deficiency:

Droughts occur mainly in areas where normal levels of rainfall are, in

themselves, low. If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficiently
to reach the surface over a sufficient time, the result is a drought

(2). Dry Season:

Within the tropics, distinct, wet and dry seasons emerge due to the
movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone or Monsoon trough. The dry
season greatly increases drought occurrence, and is characterized by its low
humidity, with watering holes and rivers drying up. Because of the lack of these
watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of
water in search of more fertile lands. Examples of such animals are zebras,
elephants, and wildebeest. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires
are common.

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(3). EL Nino:

In American Spanish, the capitalized term El Nino means “the boy”. In

this phase of oscillation, the pool of warm water in the Pacific near South America
is often at its warmest about Christmas. The original name of the phase El Nino de
Navidad, arose centuries ago, when Peruvian fisherman named the weather
phenomenon after the newborn Christ. La Nina, choose as the “opposite” of El
Nino, is American Spanish for “the girl”.

(4). Erosion and human activities:

Human activity can directly trigger the factors such as over farming,
excessive irrigation, deforestation, and erosion adversely impact the ability of the
land to capture and hold water. In arid climates, the main source of erosion is
wind. Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in
areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.

TYPES OF DROUGHT:
People tend to define droughts in three main ways:
1. Meteorological drought occurs when there is a prolonged time with less
than average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the
other kinds of drought. Following are the methods to determine
Meteorological Drought are:
 Aridity Index
 Palmer’s Drought Severity Index Method
 Herbst Method
 India Meteorological Department Method

2. Agricultural droughts affect crop production or the ecology of the range.

This condition can also arise independently from any change in
precipitation levels. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an
extended period of below average precipitation.
 Rama Prasad Method

3. Hydrological drought is brought about when the water reserves available in

sources such as aquifers, lakes and reservoirs fall below the statistical
average.

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  Yevjevich Method
 Dracup Method
 Herbst Method

CONSEQUENCES OF DROUGHT:
Common consequences of drought include:
 Diminished crop growth or yield productions and carrying capacity for
livestock.
 Habitat damage, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife.
 Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases.
 Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through
hydroelectric dams.
 Shortages of water for industrial users.
 Snake migration, which results in snake-bites.
 War over natural resources, including water and food.

TABLE: 1
RAINFALL DATA
Januar Februar Marc Apri May June July Augus Septembe Octobe Novembe Decembe Averag
y y h l t r r r r e
198
8 0 0 0 2.7 49.8 26.3 86 376.6 194 36 134 223.2 94.05
198 224.
9 0 0 31 0 4.3 10.6 6 45 128.3 51.4 212.6 131.4 62.6
199 282.
0 0 38 22.4 41 6 23 92 152.5 126.6 360.9 343.9 22.8 120.66
199 177.
1 3.6 0 0 0 0 4 52.2 19.7 137.6 393.4 616.6 39.6 118.75
199 130.
2 0 0 0 0 25 2.6 8 192.7 105.1 79.1 531.8 0 88.93
199
3 0 0 0 0 26.7 12.5 66.9 20.9 87.8 438.7 267.2 359.5 109.8
199
4 0 38.4 0 0 27 8.8 115 64.1 24.9 489.7 547.2 86.3 114.28
199 544. 225.
5 24.6 0 0 0 2 41.1 6 176.5 40.4 136.9 82.1 28.9 108.35
199 13. 127.
6 0.2 0 0 7 26.4 5 68.7 71.6 110.6 609.4 210.8 197.1 119.75
199 61.
7 57 0 0 7 54.4 9.8 81.1 27.4 242.6 111.6 460.7 386.6 124.5
199
8 7 25.2 0 0 0 26.7 60.6 61.5 324.8 326.4 322.1 12.2 97.2
199
9 10.3 0 0 0 74.3 23.1 40 161 28 410.3 158.8 6.2 76
200 143. 153.
0 1.1 263.1 0 1.3 96.6 4 4 337.3 96.4 85.2 129.7 71.7 114.93
200 0.4 0 0 58. 5.8 37.6 45.7 93.2 191 327.4 430.8 198.4 115.7

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 1 1
200
2 293.2 0 0 0 2 13.8 36 73.8 51.8 388.9 293.2 0 96.06
200 181.
3 0 0 86.6 0 0 45.6 6 79.8 55.8 215.2 77 110.7 71.03
200 161. 131.
4 1.4 0 13.8 0 9 5.4 6 15.6 244 485.3 285.7 0 112.06
200
5 0 66 0 0 25.2 1.2 31.4 65.6 74.4 719.7 225.2 14.8 101.95
200 107.
6 0 0 29.5 30 18.7 4 14.5 44.1 98.4 260.9 456.8 32.6 91.05
200 31. 115.
7 0 26.4 0 4 41.8 4 75 136.4 83.6 967.1 109.8 41 135.65
200
8 0 58.5 22.4 0 0 11.4 77.9 109.3 104 294.6 364.6 4.9 87.3
200
9 0 0 0 0 55.4 82.5 3.9 37.5 77.5 35.8 673.3 56.5 85.2
201 150. 144.
0 0 0 0 0 5 3 62.6 190.1 101.7 352.6 378.6 123 125.28
201 73.
1 50.9 28.8 0 3 1.5 28.6 40.8 149.4 56.6 413.4 20.5 54.4 91.89
201
2 233 0 0 5.2 0 13.8 87 132.8 93.4 221.2 165.8 54.8 83.91
201 128.
3 0 35 0 0 2.4 26.4 4 139.6 129.8 333.2 208.8 2 83.8
201
4 1.6 0 0 0 1.4 0 16.4 24.4 142.5 122 139.6 87 44.57
201
5 0 0 0 2.2 16.6 52.6 39.2 157.8 42 70.2 636.2 142.2 96.58
201 113.
6 8.4 0 0 0 6 43 42.1 40.4 106.4 70.8 45 180.2 54.15
201 122. 116.
7 0 0 0 0 25.2 6 8 280.4 0 0 0 0 45.44

METHOD ADOPTED:

INDIA METEOROLOGIC DEPARTMENT METHOD:

The method used by the IMD (Irrigation Commission Report, 1972) is

a simple procedure which assesses the drought on the basis of percentage
deviation of actual rainfall (Pi) from the long term mean rainfall (𝑃̅). The
percentage deviation (Di) is given by
𝑃𝑖−𝑃̅
Di = x 100
𝑃̅

The percentage deviation of rainfall and the category of drought

assessment are as given in below Table:

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 TABLE: 2. IMD classification of drought

Sl. No. Condition Class Drought category

1. Di > 0 M0 No drought
2. 0 > Di > -25 M1 Moderate
3. -25 > Di > -50 M2 Large
4. Di < -50 M3 Disastrous

Note: Di is the percentage deviation of rainfall from long term mean rainfall.

CALCULATIONS:

From rainfall data,

long term mean rainfall for one decade i.e., 1988 – 1997,

𝑃̅ = 106.17 mm
𝑃1988− 𝑃̅
D1988 = x 100
𝑃̅

94.05−106.17
= x 100
106.17

= -11.41 %
62.60−106.17
D1989 = x 100
106.17

= -41.04 %

Similarly,

D1990 = 13.65 %

D1991 = 11.85 %

D1992 = -16.24 %

D1993 = 3.42 %

D1994 = 7.64 %

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 D1995 = 2.05 %

D1996 = 12.79 %

D1997 = 17.27 %

For second decade i.e., 1998 – 2007

𝑃̅ = 101.16 mm

D1998 = -3.91 %

D1999 = -24.87 %

D2000 = 13.61 %

D2001 = 14.37 %

D2002 = -5.04 %

D2003 = -29.79 %

D2004 = 10.77 %

D2005 = 0.78 %

D2006 = -9.99 %

D2007 = 34.09 %

For third decade i.e., 2008 – 2017

𝑃̅ = 79.81 mm

D2008 = 9.38 %

D2009 = 6.75 %

D2010 = 56.97 %

D2011 = 15.14 %

D2012 = 5.14 %

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 D2013 = 4.99 %

D2014 = -44.66 %

D2015 = 21.01 %

D2016 = -32.15 %

D2017 = -43.06 %

For the above obtained values, from IMD classification of drought

i.e., from table-2. The classification of drought is as follows:

TABLE : 3

Drought Class Year

category
No M0 1990,1991,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,2000,2001,2004,2005,
drought 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2015
Moderate M1 1988,1992,1998,1999,2002,2006
Large M2 1989,2003,2014,2016,2017
Disastrous M3 0

GRAPH:

The graph is plotted between rainfall data on y-axis and year on x-axis

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 160
140
120
100
80
60

40
20
0

REMIDIES:

 Assess your priorities

 Identify root zones
 Try a root irrigator
 Check soil moisture
 Irrigate slowly
 Build watering basins
 Use soaker hoses
 Apply mulch
 Modify lawn care
 Be water-wise with pots
 Harvest rain

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CONCLUSION:

Droughts are natural disasters that nobody can stop from coming, but
we can prepare for the effects of this natural disaster to make it less difficult.
There are many human and natural system impacts that this force of nature costs
that we should be aware of. There could be a drought happening at this very
moment of time, or there could be one heading our way right now which is why
awareness is important.

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