ANALYSING ENERGY

to fulfill demands in future

By:
Group-2
Shashank Saurav 18/CE/51
Sanskar 18/CE/60
Shashikant Kumar 18/CE/50
Shashank Raj 18/CE/52
Sunny Kumar 18/CE/37
Vivek Kumar Tiwari 18/CE/25
Suman Kumar Suman 18/CE/39

August 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher DR. SHREYASI SANTRA MITRA who gave me a
golden opportunity to do this wonderful report on energy
analysis from a given data. During the research for this
report I came to know about so many new things and I am
really thankful to her for this.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
The guidance and support received from all the members
who contributed to this report, was vital. I am grateful for
their constant support and help.
 ABSTRACT

Human demand for energy has only quite recently exceeded the relatively modest
amounts available locally: wind and water power, wood or dung for heat. Since the
mid-19th century, expansion in the large-scale exploitation of cheap, plentiful,
concentrated energy sources — the fossil fuels — has outstripped global
population growth. When you consider that the global annual consumption of
primary energy increased more than ten-fold during the 20th century, the
importance of planning future energy supply becomes clear.

This report generally represents production, trade, consumption of various energy

resources like coal, crude oil and natural gas at global scale and how it is causing
carbon and other greenhouse gases emission of various rates. We also discuss about
the unsustainability of fossil fuels and about the emergence of alternative new
sources of energy from which we are able to meet our global climate targets and
avoid dangerous climate change.
In this report we also attempt to cover energy scenario of India, where we stand in
the world in energy production, consumption and in emission of GHG (mainly CO2
we covered here).

Main objectives:

 Energy
 Production  Energy
 Consumption  Production
 Electricity  Consumption
 Production  Electricity
 Share of Renewables  Production
 Share of Wind and Solar  Share of Renewables
 Consumption  Share of Wind and Solar
 Emission of CO2  Consumption
 Emission of CO2
 Total Energy Production

World energy production continued growing in 2018 (2.8%), above its

historical trend

The United States and China were the main contributors to the increase in global energy
production, together contributing 54% of growth in 2018.
Key data for 2018 energy production by fuel are as follows:

 Crude oil: +2% driven by explosive growth of shale in the United States (+16.5%)
 Gas: +5.2% propelled by the United States and Russia, the two main producers
 Coal: +1.9%, led by China, the world’s largest producer
 Electricity: +3.5% with China and the United States accounting for three quarters of
the rise in 2018.
Energy production continued to decline in the European Union, owing to the slight
decline of electricity production from nuclear, the depletion of oil and gas resources and
the climate policy that eventually implies the exit of coal. This decline comes despite
increased hydro production after a dry year and a moderate increase in energy
consumption.

India Total Energy Production

(Mtoe)
700

600

500

400

300
200

100

0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
 India Production v/s Consumption
ASIA ENERGY
1600
PRODUCTION
1400

1200

1000
Other
800
19%
600 Indonesia
4%
Japan China
400
7% 54%
200 India
16%
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Production Consumption
China India Japan Indonesia Other

Total Energy Consumption

Consumption across the rest of the world has been increasing, most dramatically in the
Asia Pacific where the total consumption increased more than 12-fold over this period.
Global energy consumption grew significantly in 2018, spurred by the sustained
economic growth and rising demand in China, the world’s largest energy consumer
since 2009. Chinese energy consumption posted its highest growth since 2012, mainly
driven by power generation, strong industrial demand and increasing transport fuel
consumption encouraged by a growing vehicle fleet.

Consumption Growth 2017-18

 Acceleration in
(%)
Global
consumption
4.0

continues.
3.5

 China lead the

3.0

way with 3.7%.

2.5
2.0
1.5
 With 3.6% and
1.0
3.5% surge
0.5
India and US
0.0
are next two.
World OECD BRICS United States China India
Total energy consumption in the United States reached a record high of 2.3 Gtoe in
2018, up 3.5% from 2017, partially driven by weather conditions (hot summer, cold
winter).
On the contrary, energy consumption decreased in the European Union (-1%) and
in particular in Germany (-3.5%) partly due to decreasing consumption in the
power sector, a milder winter, reducing consumption, and energy efficiency
improvements.

Energy Intensity
Global energy intensity (total energy consumption per unit of GDP) declined by
1.3% in 2018, slightly below its historical trend (-1.6%/year on average between
2000 and 2017).
Energy intensity levels and trends differ widely across world regions, reflecting
differences in economic structure and energy efficiency achievements.
China’s energy intensity improved by almost 40% between 2000 and 2018, and
2.7% in the last year, driven by energy efficiency policies focused on energy-
intensive industries.
Over time, China has developed and applied energy intensity reduction targets in
response to significantly high energy-intense industries, bringing with it a strong
demand for energy efficiency services.
Energy intensity in the United States increased in 2018 (+0.6%) compared to a
decreasing trend (-1.9%/year) over the years 1990-2017.
Energy efficiency improvements continued in the European Union, the region with
the lowest energy intensity in the world, with a higher rate (-3.1% in 2018)
compared to the annual rate of reduction -1.8%/year measured over the 2000-
2017 period. Contributing to this result, however, were the weather conditions (mild
winter)
The energy intensity in the CIS region has decreased continuously since 2000 (-
2.7%/year) but remains the highest in the world (75% above the worldwide
average).

Energy Intensity 2017-18

(%)  -2.8%
Energy Efficiency
Improvement in
0.6
Europe in 2018.
World OECD
-1.2
Europe United
States
Asia China India Australia
 -3.4% and -
2.7%
-1.3
-1.7
-2.3 in India and China
-2.7
-2.8 respectively.
-3.4
The high energy intensity in the CIS, the Middle East, China and other Asian
developing countries is explained by the dominance of energy-intensive industries,
commodity exporting-based economies and low energy prices that do not
encourage energy efficiency.

Electricity
Production

Most of the growth in global power generation in 2018 occurred in Asia (+6.1%): China
accounted for nearly 60% of global growth due to high demand coupled with the fast
development of generation capacity, followed by India, Japan, South Korea, and
Indonesia.
Power generation also rose in the United States (+3.6%), as weather conditions and
economic growth spurred electricity consumption, whereas it slightly declined in
Canada. Power generation continued to increase in Russia (economic recovery), in the
Middle East, and in Africa. It remained stable in Latin America, as the growth in Brazil
and Mexico was offset by a strong fall in Venezuela caused by political tensions.
In Europe, power generation remained stable despite growth in France and Turkey
thanks to a higher hydropower and renewable power production (plus an improved
nuclear availability in France). On the contrary, power generation declined in Belgium
(significant nuclear unavailability), Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom (mild
winter).

Electricity Production change

(%)
10.0  7.7%
China power
5.0 generation
continues to grow
steadily.
0.0
 -0.3%
Decrement in trend
-5.0 over 0.7%/year in
last 10 years in
-10.0
Europe.

-15.0

-20.0
 Chart Title

 China and the

China United States
accounted for
Others
27%
29%
40% of the
Saudi Arabia global electricity
France
1% United States production in
2% 17% 2018.
South Korea
2%
Brazil
2% Germany
3% Canada Japan Russia India
3% 4% 4% 6%

Renewable sources in electricity production

India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy

from renewable sources. In the electricity sector, renewable energy account for 34.6%
of the total installed power capacity. Large hydro installed capacity was 45.399 GW as
of 30 June 2019, contributing to 13% of the total power capacity.
However, when we compare India’s electricity production to that of one of the worlds
leading producers we still are lacking in the current scenario.

Lets take China’s example for consideration , as given in the following data.

Share of renewables in electricity production (%)

INDIA vs CHINA
30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

China India
 Share of renewables in electricity production (%)
Australia

Japan

India

China

America

Russia

European Union

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

2018 2017

In the 90s India’s production was way more than that of China’s since then there has
been decline in percentage except between 2002-2007 there were times when india
again beat china currently the difference between india and china is 7.74 as of 2018.

Share of wind and solar in electricity

12

production (%) 10

6
%

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
America China India Japan

 Japan holds the among one of the highest percentage of wind and solar used in
electricity production followed by America, China and India respectively.
 There has been continuous progress in the rate of electricity production by solar
and wind around the world.
 India has also seen continuous growth in these numbers.
 However, China used to lack behind india till 2014 but after 2015 china
surpassed India.
 Electricity
Consumption

Whilst access to electricity is an important metric to monitor (especially within a

development context) it is insufficient in itself as a true measure of energy equity.
Besides the fact that electricity is only one dimension of energy consumption (the
others being transport and heating fuel), electricity access metrics provide no measure
of levels of consumption. As discussed later, electricity is typically more dependent on
national infrastructure development; the development of effective and inclusive grid or
decentralised delivery networks. In some cases, this does not provide an accurate
indication of electricity or energy affordability at the individual or household level.
Indeed, many households may only consume the minimum threshold of electricity
usage necessary to be considered 'electrified' as a result of personal finance
constraints.7 If a household consumes only small quantities of electricity (despite
having access), it is unlikely to gain the range of social and economic benefits that
come with it.

Electricity Consumption chnange trends

(%)
20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

-5%

-10%

World United States China India Japan Australia

Global power consumption accelerated again in

2018 (+3.5%)
Most of the growth in global electricity consumption occurred in Asia (almost 80%, with
China accounting for nearly 60%). Electricity demand in China accelerated against
steady economic growth and industrial demand. Demand also increased in India, South
Korea, Japan and Indonesia.
Electricity consumption in the United States, which dipped by 1% in 2017, recovered in
2018 (+2.2%). Most of this increase came from the residential sector (+6.2%), mainly
due to an increased electricity consumption for appliances (representing around half of
the electricity consumption) and air-conditioning (nearly 90% of US homes use
centralized or house individual air conditioners). Economic growth and industrial
demand also raised power consumption in Canada, Brazil and in Russia. It also
increased in Africa, especially in Egypt, and in the Middle East, spurred by Iran.
As in 2017, electricity consumption remained stable in Europe in 2018: it declined in
France and Germany, stagnated in other large countries (UK, Italy, Spain) and it
increased in the Netherlands, Poland and Turkey.
 COAL
PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION

India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states of
Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.

Coal production Growth Rate

2018
Africa
Asia
Australia
China
Europe
India
North America
World

-4.0% -2.0% 0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0%

 Coal production has seen a growth at the world level being 1.9%
in 2018.
 India is one of the largest producer of coal in India with 5.3%
production in the year 2017-18.

For the second year in a row, global coal production increased (+1.9%),
led by China
China strengthened its position as the world’s largest producer of coal and lignite (45%
of the world production). In 2018 the country approved more than CNY 45bn
(US$6.7bn) of new coal mining projects. Recent domestic gas shortages weakened
government motivations to switch from coal to gas used for space heating and
maintained an appetite for coal. China coal and lignite production accounted for 70% of
the global rise.
Increased coal imports in China (up 4% on 2018, the highest growth in four years)
supported a strong international coal market enabling production growth in Australia,
Indonesia and Russia, three of its main coal suppliers.
India saw a large increase in production (+5.3% in 2018), driven by domestic demand
and government ambitions to lessen the reliance on imports. Coal production fell in the
United States on 39-year low domestic coal consumption, despite increased exports,
and continued to decline in the European Union as member states increasingly commit
to rid coal from the economy.
 Coal and Lignite produiction (Mt)
2018
2% 2% 2% 1%
China
3% India
United States
6%
Australia

7% Indonesia
49% Russia
7% South Africa
Germany
10% Poland
Kazakhstan
11%
Turkey

Annual Global change in Coal Production

2011-18
2010 - 11 (%) 2011-12 (%) 2012-13 (%) 2013 - 14 (%) 2014-15 (%) 2015-16 (%) 2016-17 (%) 2017-18 (%)

6.0%

2.8%
1.9%
1.4%
0.9%

-0.5%

-2.7%

-5.4%
Continued rise in global coal consumption (+0.9%) driven primarily
by Asia (+1.8%)
The 2018 rise in coal consumption was driven by India and China, the two largest
coal-consuming economies, with Turkey and Russia also contributing to the rising
demand.
China, responsible for nearly half of global coal consumption, has seen its second
consecutive annual increase, driven mainly by power generation and some
industrial sectors such as steel, chemicals and cement. Coal consumption increased
again in 2018, against a slowdown in economic growth and gas supply worries
lowering emphasis on a shift from coal to gas space heating. This goes against
previous efforts to “green” the economy whilst maintaining prosperity.
Consistent increases in economic growth and thus domestic demand for coal in
India, primarily from industry and power generation, are outstripping the build out
of renewables and cleaner, more efficient technologies.
The largest decrease in coal consumption comes from the United States (-4%),
reaching its lowest level in 40 years as a result of the retirement of coal-fired power
plants (15 GW of capacity closed in 2018), stronger emissions standards and the
availability of cheaper natural gas for electricity generation.
Coal consumption fell for the sixth year in a row in Europe, due to climate policies,
increased competition from renewables and gas, and higher CO2 emissions costs
(three-fold increase in 2018) in the European Union; on the contrary, coal demand
rose by 11% in Turkey.

Coal consumption growth from 2017 to 2018

(%)
14.0

12.0 11.3

10.0

8.0

6.0 4.8
4.1
4.0
2.3
1.8
2.0 0.9 1.0

0.0
2017 - 2018 (%)
-2.0
-2.0
-4.0
-4.0
-6.0

World Turkey Russia United States Asia China India Australia Africa
 CO2 Emission from fule combustion
Climate scientists have observed that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the
atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the past century, compared to the
pre-industrial era level of about 280 parts per million (ppm). In 2016, the average
concentration of CO2 (403 ppm)1 was about 40% higher than in the mid-1800s, with
an average growth of 2 ppm/year in the last ten years.

CO2 emmission from fule combustion

Australia

Japan

India

China

Asia

America

Russia

European Union

World

0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0

2018 2017

The above data shows the emission of carbon dioxide gas due to combustion from fuels
this data consist of the last two years emission in order to compare the emission of
carbon dioxide. We have taken 7 countries for this reference namely Australia, japan,
India, china, America and Russia. We have also taken the data of Asia so as to get an
idea of these emissions in our continent and of course we have also taken the data of
the whole world to actually visualize that where actually the world is heading and how
alarming the situation is.

In Australia the emission of CO2 was 399.14 in the year 2017 which got increased to
403.11 in 2018. Similarly, in china it rose from 9178.94 to 9466.50 and in India it was
2184.89 which became 2276.95 in 2018. In short each of these countries are
witnessing a spike in the amount of emission of carbon dioxide over time. Each
countries emission of co2 has somewhat increased on the recent years despite making
promises of efforts being taken in order to reduce them. With exceptions like japan and
EU however the amount of co2 released has decreased a bit especially in japan where
we have seen a promising reduce in these harmful emissions however, the overall
effect remains the same or to be more precise have become more worse than ever by
that we meant on the world level the emissions of these gases have increased and that
too at an alarming way. In 2017 the emission the emissi0n of carbon dioxide of the
world altogether was 32298.9 which became 32925.9. Despite making efforts to
normalise these emissions most of them have failed.
If we compare india’s data about rate of emission of co2 with that of the world’s we will
be able to see how behind we are in this race and how alarming it is.

In the year 2000-2001 india’s emission rate of carbon dioxide and that of worlds was
almost same or at least they were same at an comparable level but since then it has
always been way more higher than it has to be except in the year 2002-2003 however
india saw a decline in co2 emission but beside that there hasn’t been much change in
the outcome.

CO2 EMISSION RATE(%)

14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00

World India

 There has always been a growth in amount of co2 released.

 Since 1990 co2 emission reached from 522.39 to 2276.95 in 2018.

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (MtCO2)

INDIA
2276.95
2184.89
2056.93
2013.13
2001.67

2500.00
1840.75
1797.48
1663.21
1575.07
1489.35

2000.00
1324.97
1247.60
1151.24
1079.86
1032.04

1500.00
975.41
951.41
921.36
908.48
870.78
806.76
790.54
757.83
722.85
664.30
623.96
592.94
561.61
522.39

1000.00
500.00
0.00
India

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
 Managing energy use in the future
The final years of the 20th century brought increasing concerns over the use of all
resources, including energy, and the rise of international initiatives to address the
problems. The 1992 Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro drew up a 'sustainable
development plan' showing how resources, transport, trade, biological diversity,
agriculture and fisheries could all be managed to maintain the quality of life for
future generations. Among other recommendations, the industrialised nations
agreed (in principle) to stabilise emission of carbon dioxide (from fossil fuels) at
1990 levels by the year 2000. (This was not achieved.) Discussions at Rio were
followed by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which aimed for 5% below 1990 CO2 emission
levels by 2012.

Although some nations have been reluctant to commit to environmental initiatives,

growing numbers of people in the affluent societies of Western Europe, North
America and Australasia have begun to 'think globally, act locally', initiating and
supporting programmes of materials recycling, energy conservation and efficiency,
waste reduction, and so on. The ultimate aim is for 'sustainable development'
(Sheldon, 2005), that is, development within our ecological means, which modern
humans abandoned when they began consciously modifying their environment to
build our modern civilisation.
To put it more explicitly, sustainable development must eventually involve:
 Phasing out extraction of non-renewable resources
 Increased use of renewable resources
 Recycling all manufactured materials
 Releasing all anthropogenic wastes at rates commensurate with natural cycles.
In the early 21st century world, the main priority is to decrease fossil fuel
consumption. Using alternative, renewable energy sources will help, and in some
cases, using recycled and biodegradable materials — though a full energy audit
may reveal that more energy is required for recycling some products than for
manufacturing them anew from raw materials. (More commonly, it is the high
relative financial cost of recycling that deters such schemes.) Less equivocal is the
benefit of energy conservation. This can take place either on the supply side or
the demand side. Demand side measures are very diverse, and may involve
approaches that are either technological or social; we do not consider them here.
Supply side measures involve increasing the efficiency of power generation and
distribution; as an illustration, less than half the energy in the gas fuel for the most
efficient UK power stations in the early 2000s is actually available to the electricity
customer. Much of this unused energy takes the form of waste heat, which could be
used to heat buildings, as in Denmark.
Efficiency has been a theme throughout this unit, but mainly applied to efficiencies
of conversion, as in solar PV electricity generation. The theoretical maximum
efficiency for this promising technology is limited to around 30% by physics, and is
 currently about 15%. Yet efficiency applies to all aspects of human energy use, a
revealing example being the use of electricity to pump water; the most
fundamental need of a modern society. Say the electricity was generated at a coal-
fired power station using 100 arbitrary units of primary energy. Energy losses there
are around 70%, so only 30 units enter the transmission grid. Transmission is very
efficient (91%), pump motors operate at around 88%, and pumps themselves at
around 75%. Once water is flowing through all the pipelines and valves to the user,
distribution is about 47% efficient in energy terms, partly due to constrictions to
the flow of a viscous fluid, and partly due to leaks. The net result of this chain of
inefficiency is that the pumped water contains only 9.5 of the original 100 primary
energy units. Transportation is very much worse. After more than a century of
development, car engines deliver no more than 13% of fuel energy to the wheels,
of which more than half heats the tyres, road and air. But the efficiency in terms of
useful work, taking people back and forth, is a pathetic 1%, since 95% of the mass
transported is the vehicle itself! More or less the same happens with every means
of using energy to do useful work.
Technological measures involve improving the efficiency of energy use and
effectiveness of conservation in a variety of ways:
 Reducing heat loss from buildings, by improving insulation, window glazing, etc.
 Making more efficient appliances such as boilers, fridges, light bulbs, computers,
photocopiers, pumps, and other industrial, commercial or domestic machines
 Improving the efficiency of transport vehicles, and developing vehicles that run
on alternative fuels, for example hydrogen in fuel cells (Figure 21) or biofuels
 improving control systems so power is consumed only when needed, and at the
lowest efficient output levels
 Recycling waste heat produced by some industrial processes (e.g. kilns) for lower
temperature applications (e.g. drying raw materials or products)
 Using less materials (e.g. thinner metals in car shells), or materials that are less
energy-intensive (e.g. plastic, rather than steel, car bumpers).
Conclusion
Developing energy can help India increase its energy security, reduce adverse
impacts on the local environment, lower its carbon intensity, contribute to a more
balanced regional development, and realize its aspirations for leadership in high-
technology industries. According to a report, India is the third most favored
destination globally, for investments in the renewable energy sector. The report also
says that the country will be a major source of new entrants into the sector, after the
US and China. The Indian renewable energy market has become increasingly dynamic
in recent years as a result of strong natural resources, greater accommodation to
international investments and a variety of government incentives. Solar and wind
energy will be the major areas to witness overseas investments and acquisitions in
the near future.

In this report, we generally discussed the formation, production, trade, consumption

of various energy source. We also have shown the graphical and diagrammatic
comparison of various fossil fuels on a world basis and also a comparison with India.
With all the attractive characteristics and potential stated above, India presents a
significant market opportunity for renewable energy firms worldwide. However, these
firms will need external guidance and assistance on several strategic and operational
aspects before they are in a position to effectively tap into this opportunity.

Refrences or sources :
 International Energy Agency (IEA)
 EnerData (Yearbook data)
 Open.edu
 Wiki
 Our Worldindata