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The perpetuation of a famly's genes happens when people have children, and the
perpetuation of oppression occurs when one dictator after another seizes control of a
country's government. When something is made to last longer or is continued, some kind
of perpetuation is going on.

Translation is the process wherein protein molecules are assembled from the information encoded
in mRNA. As a whole, the synthesis of proteins is made possible by the DNA which provides the
information needed to create proteins in the body.DNA contains the genetic information of almost all
living organisms. The nucleotide consists of deoxyribose and a phosphate group. There are four
nucleotides in a DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), andcytosine (C). Genes are short segments
of DNA that are the basic units of heredity.

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information in the DNA strand is transcribed to
the messenger RNA (mRNA). This RNA is called the messenger RNA because it carries the message
copied from the DNA to produce proteins. In this process, RNA uses complementary coding where the
bases are matched up, similar to how DNA forms a double helix. The difference between RNA and DNA
is that instead of thymine, RNA makes use of uracil.

Replication refers to the process of copying one DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules.
During this process, the DNA unwinds, and both strands of the double helix will serve as templates for
producing new strands of DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic information of almost all living organisms. It
contains nucleotides composed of a five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and a phosphate group. There are
four nucleotides in a DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T),guanine (G), and cytosine (C).The nucleic acid
sequence indicates the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA strand.Cytosine pairs with guanine, and
adenine pairs with thymine in the complementary DNA strand. The sequence of the DNA strand contains
codes of information that provide instructions for making proteins needed by organisms in order to
grow and live

.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic information of almost all living organisms. It
contains nucleotides composed of a five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and a phosphate group.
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PERPETUATION OF LIFE The Reproduction of Plants Angiosperms, also called flowering plants,
have seeds enclosed within an ovary whilegymnosperms have unenclosed or "naked" seeds on the
surface of their leaves or scales. How do angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce? Reproduction in
PERPETUATION OF LIFE The Reproduction of Plants Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have
seeds enclosed within an ovary whilegymnosperms have unenclosed or "naked" seeds on the surface of
their leaves or scales. How do angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce? Reproduction in Angiosperms
Flowers are the sexual reproductive organs in angiosperms. They consist of the androecium (male
reproductive structure) and gynoecium (female reproductive structure). Male Reproductive Parts of the
Flower Androecium is the male reproductive structure of the plant that consists of a whorl of stamens.
The stamen is comprised of the filament and the anther. The filament is a long, slender stalk that holds
the anther while the anther produces the pollen grains (male reproductive cells).Angiosperms Flowers
are the sexual reproductive organs in angiosperms. They consist of the androecium (male reproductive

structure) and gynoecium (female reproductive structure). Male Reproductive Parts of the Flower
Androecium is the male reproductive structure of the plant that consists of a whorl of stamens. The
stamen is comprised of the filament and the anther. The filament is a long, slender stalk that holds the
anther while the anther produces the pollen grains (male reproductive cells).

Asexual reproduction is a process by which organisms create genetically similar or identical

copies of themselves without the contribution ofgenetic material from another organism.

Genetic reproductive technologies are being used by individuals who, for a variety of reasons, wish to
know and/or have some choice about the genetic makeup of their children. A number of techniques
allow doctors to obtain genetic material from a fetus in the womb and perform genetic analysis on it. At
the same time, the development of technologies to create embryos in a lab – the process of in vitro
fertilization (IVF) – has also led to an ability to perform genetic analysis on these embryos before
implanting them into the womb. These reproductive technologies allow us to screen, select, and
perhaps one day, modify offspring to eliminate deadly or debilitating diseases. At the same time, they
also raise issues regarding disability rights, discrimination, and eugenics.

Living things use lots of different strategies for producing offspring, but most strategies fall neatly into
the categories of either sexual or asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction generates offspring that
are genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic
information to produce unique offspring. Sexual and asexual reproduction have advantages and
disadvantages—which is why some organisms do both! Sexual and asexual reproduction have
advantages and disadvantages—which is why some organisms do both!Sexual and asexual reproduction
have advantages and disadvantages—which is why some organisms do both!

Organisms that reproduce sexually are thought to have an advantage over organisms that reproduce
asexually, because novel combinations of genes are possible in each generation. Furthermore, with few
exceptions, each individual in a population of sexually reproducing organisms has a distinct genetic
composition. We have meiosis to thank for this variety.
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Meiosis, from the Greek word meioun, meaning "to make small," refers to the specialized process by
which germ cells divide to produce gametes. Because the chromosome number of a species remains the
same from one generation to the next, the chromosome number of germ cells must be reduced by half
during meiosis. To accomplish this feat, meiosis, unlike mitosis, involves a single round
of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell division (Figure 1). Meiosis also differs from mitosis in
that it involves a process known as recombination, during which chromosomes exchange segments with
one another. As a result, the gametes produced during meiosis are genetically unique.

Meiosis Consists of a Reduction Division and an Equational Division

Two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, are required to produce gametes (Figure 3). Meiosis I is a
unique cell division that occurs only in germ cells; meiosis II is similar to a mitotic division. Before germ
cells enter meiosis, they are generally diploid, meaning that they have two homologous copies of each
chromosome. Then, just before a germ cell enters meiosis, it duplicates its DNA so that the cell contains
four DNA copies distributed between two pairs of homologous chromosomes.

List of Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

 It allows for rapid populating. This form of reproduction offers the ability to produce large
quantities of offspring. ...

 It does not need mates. ...

 It hinders diversity. ...

 It can lead organisms to being prone to extinction. ...

 It causes organisms to not being able to adapt.

DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. It hinders diversity.
2. . It poses some inheritance issues.
3. It can lead organisms to being prone to extinction.
4. It carries problems with population control.
5. It causes organisms to not being able to adapt.
6. It would result to poor conditions for the subjects.
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