Hysteresis Band Current Control for a Single

Phase Z-source Inverter with Symmetrical and

Asymmetrical Z-network
*Firuz Zare, Senior Member, IEEE, **Jafar Adabi Firouzjaee
* Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, PGO Box 2434, QLD 4001, Australia
** Mazandaran University,Babol, Mazandaran, PO Box484, Iran

*f **

Abstract- A Z-source inverter has been proposed as a described in [8, 9]. An application of the Z-source
new topology in recent years. In this inverter an impedance inverter for adjustable speed drives (ASD) by controlling
network is placed between an inverter and a power source the boost factor is presented in [10].
which provides both voltage buck and boost capabilities. Fig. 1-b shows a topology of the single phase Z-source
This paper presents a unipolar hysteresis band current inverter where the impedance network is placed between
control method for a single phase Z-source inverter with
symmetrical and asymmetrical Z-network configuration. the power source and the single phase inverter.
The obtainable output current of this method in magnitude Li
is higher than the hysteresis current control used in a
traditional inverter. This paper also analyses the DC
(voltage
X/
'
x
Voltage
~~~or
performance of the proposed control method under input dc C1
voltage fluctuation and load current transient. Theoretical or C2 Current
analysis and MATLAB simulations have been performed to Current) Source
Source L2 nverter
describe and validate the control method.
Keywords-Asymmetrical Z-network, Hysteresis band (a)
current control, shoot through, Z-source inverter Li
D
I. INTRODUCTION
Ci C2
Si
'
ALS3
Traditional Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and
Current Source Inverter (CSI) are either a boost or a buck Vdc(
converter and are not a buck-boost converter. Recently, a Rload Lload
Z-source inverter (ZSI) has been presented as a new S2 S4
topology of power electronic converters. It is a buck- -

boost converter that has a wide range of obtainable output L2

voltage which traditional V-and I-source inverters can not
provide such features [2]. (b)
Fig. 1. (a) general structure of Z-source converter (b) single phase ZSI
General representation of the Z-source converter is
shown in Fig. 1-a where an impedance network is placed TABLE I
between a converter and a power source. A two-port SWITCHING STATES OF A SINGLE PHASE Z-SOURCE
impedance network which consists of inductors (L1 and INVERTERI
L2) and capacitors (C1 and C2) connected in a special Switching S1 S2 S3 S4 Output voltage
configuration to provide an impedance source (Z-source) states
which couples the converter to the power source. The Active states 1 0 0 1 Finite voltage
unique feature of the Z-source inverter is that its output
0o 1 1 0 I
Zero states 1 0 1 0
voltage can theoretically be changed between zero and 0 I 0 1 Zero
infinite. The main circuit of the Z-source inverter and its 1 1 S3 S4
operating principle have been described in [2]. Dynamic Shoot through S1 S2 1 1 Zero
and transient performances of the Z-source inverter with states 1 1 1 1
symmetrical and asymmetrical networks are presented in
[3,4]. A comparison between three types of inverters: As shown in table. I, a single phase Z-source inverter
traditional PWM inverter, dc/dc boosted PWM inverter has five possible switching states: two active states
and Z-source inverter for fuel cell vehicles are (vectors) when the dc voltage is connected across the
investigated in [6]. The control methods, to obtain a load, two zero states (vectors) when the load terminals
maximum voltage gain and to minimize the voltage stress are shorted through either the lower or the upper two
across the inverter for any desired voltage gain have been switches and one shoot through state (vector) when the

1-4244-0844-X/07/$20.00 ©2007 IEEE. 143

simultaneously.

VDC

x
I-n<
~ ~1
load terminals are shorted through both the upper and the
lower switches of any one leg or two legs. These
switching states and their combinations introduce a new
PWM method for the Z- Source inverter [2, 7, 12].
Fig.2 shows the operating states of the single phase
Z-source inverter in shoot through states that two
switches of one phase leg or two phase legs are turned on

-I

(b)
I L2
(a)
iL
ILl

Vc\i
Vc2

I~~~~~~~~~I
-

x
-
;<4

/ .

biased and the capacitors charge the inductors [9] and the
voltage across the inductors is:
VL1 = VCI I VL2 VC2
With the assumption of symmetric impedance
network (C1= C2=C and L1=L2=L), it can be observed
that VLI = VL2 = VL and ILI = IL2 =IL and the DC-link
voltage across the inverter bridge during a shoot through
interval (To ) is:
vi = 0 (2)
Fig.2-b shows the Z-source inverter in the traditional
active and null states and due to a symmetric Z-network,
,~~~~

Fig.2.operating modes of a single phase Z-source inverter (a) shoot

through zero state (b) non shoot through states

In Fig.2-a, a diode placed at the input side is reverse-

To. +To.(2Vc -VdC)

1-2
T
By applying TI = T -TO in Eq.5:

Vi =
1 TOT_I-D
VcT=d=
T0T
0 Vd

II. HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL FOR A

SINGLE PH1ASE TRADITIONAL INVERTER
=
T-1-V

A hysteresis current control technique is

T
T-

implemented with a closed loop system where an error

V

Where Do is the shoot through duty cycle and Vd, is

the input voltage source.
Due to tolerance in capacitors and inductors, the Z-
network configuration becomes asymmetric. In this paper
maximum tolerance of the capacitors and inductors are
defined 20% and in a worse case, the Z-source impedance
has C1= 1.2C, C2=0.8C and L1= 1.2L, L2=0.8L. This shows
an asymmetrical configuration of the Z-source inverter
which has been analysed in two sections. This paper
presents a hysteresis current control for a single phase Z-
source inverter with symmetrical and asymmetrical Z-
network configuration based on unipolar modulation
technique to generate a sine wave load current.

signal, e (t), is used to determine the switching states and

to control the load current. e (t) is a difference between
the reference current, iref, and the load current, iload.
Fig.3 shows a single phase full bridge inverter where four
switches are turned on and off based on a modulation
pattern to generate bipolar or unipolar voltage
waveforms.
There are bands above and under the reference
current and when the error reaches to the upper (lower)
limit; the current is forced to decrease (increase) [1, 8].

Vdc (
Si

S2
AL

A
FRload Lload
S3

S4
(5)

(6)

inductors current (ILI ^ IL2) and capacitors current

( 1,IC2) are equal. The diode at the input side is turned
on and the voltage across the inductors is:
VL = Vd, VC
The DC-link voltage across the inverter bridge
during a non-shoot through interval (Ti ) is:
vi = Vc -VL = 2VC Vd(4)
Therefore the average DC-link voltage across the
inverter bridge over one switching cycle (T ) is:
Fig.3. single phase full bridge inverter
(3)
A. Hysteresis current control based on bipolar
switching technique
In bipolar switching scheme, there are two bands and
the controller turns on and off the switch pairs (SI, S4 or
S2, S3) at the same time to generate +Vdc or -Vdc at the

144
output of inverter. As shown in Fig.4, for the bipolar zero and due to this fact, a hysteresis current control
hysteresis current control technique, e (t) is applied to a based on the unipolar switching strategy can be a suitable
hysteresis controller to turn on and off the switch pairs current control technique for the Z-source inverter. In this
(Sl, S4 or S2, S3). method, a controller has to calculate the shoot through
time and apply it in the switching states when the inverter
Hysteresis output voltage is zero.
Controller Hysteresis
Controllerl
+
iactual + \ _ Sl,s4 iactual e w * S1

Hysteresis 32
re
Controller2
iref S4
(a)
S3
(a)
2nd upper band
Z. -- ind Ipper band
aotual burerent
I nd lower band
t < n a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~2i lovwer banld X

K I

(b)
Fig.4. bipolar hysteresis current control (a) switching signals (b) load
current with lower and higher band
B. Hysteresis current control based on unipolar switching
technique
There are four switching states in an unipolar
modulation scheme and according to Fig.5, in this
method the switches are turned on and off to generate
three voltage levels, +Vdc , -Vdc or 0. In this method,
there are four current bands; the first upper and lower
bands are used when the output voltage is changed
between (+Vdc & 0) or (-Vdc or 0) and the second upper
and lower bands are used to change the voltage level
when the derivative of the load current is changed. As
shown in Fig.6, two hysteresis controllers are used in the
unipolar switching scheme to achieve a proper switching
state to control the load current.
III. UNIPOLAR HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL
FOR A SINGLE PHASE Z-SOURCE INVERTER
According to Fig. 1, a maximum obtainable load
current can be created up to 'dc (R is the load resistance)
R
and for increasing the load current, it is needed to apply
the shoot through states in modulation scheme in order to
boost the output voltage. For this purpose, the shoot
through duty cycle can be estimated from Eq.6:
To Vi - Vd(
=
__
2V
T 2V, Vd,
-
Where Vi is the average DC-link voltage which is
needed to boost the load current to track the reference
current. In a single-phase Z-source inverter, the shoot
through states change the output voltage ofthe inverter to
-Vdc
(b)
Fig.5. Unipolar hysteresis current control (a) switching signals (b) load
current with lower and higher bands
Fig.6-a and Fig.6-b show the control schematic of the
unipolar hysteresis current control and switching signals
for a Z-source inverter with shoot through states,
respectively. Since the hysteresis current control has a
variable switching frequency, thus the shoot through time
To is estimated based on the previous switching cycle and
Eq.7. As shown in Fig.6-b, the load current is compared
with the reference current and the error signal is applied
to two hysteresis controllers. The hysteresis controllers
generate switching states for the power switches taking
into account the shoot through time for boosting the
output voltage. The shoot through switching states are
applied to the inverter when the controller selects one of
the zero voltage vectors. In this case, the magnitude of
output voltage is zero and the shoot through does not
affect the magnitude and waveform of the output voltage.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this paper a case study for the single-phase Z-
source inverter with symmetrical and asymmetrical
impedance network is performed based on unipolar
hysteresis current control.
A. Symmetrical impedance network
(7)
In this section, a unipolar hysteresis band current
control is applied to a single phase Z-source inverter with
symmetrical impedance network (C1=C2=C and
L1=L2=L). Table II shows the system parameters.

145
 TABLE II Load CLuTent and v6ltage
SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Input dc voltage(Vdc) 100 volts
Load resistance( RlQad) 5 ohms 100 _=
Load inductance( Lload) 3 mH
Z-network inductance(Li, L2) 1.6 mH .1..0,t...,@. . fi ..i
Z-network capacitance(C1 C2) 2 mF
Sinusoidal reference current 30 A .10~ ~ ~- -..- -=-.. . . . . . . . . t

First current band 4A -30 .. ...'i

Second current band 5A

Hysteresis
Controllerl

iactual

O U68 OH MO MI 0F172 iO7

time(S)
Fig.7. Switching pattern and load current tracking based on unipolar
pulse width modulation
Load Cun.t
na Vn

(a) 20L,6-, , ,a e
iD0
fs I,<
S2. X~~~~~~~~~~~~
IU X= Lr l1l0o<e<y&<5fIaetBASaf<6dAfti <auS4feA1 ..
~20
. f '

r81:[<<8X
-0-

o 62 Q0[4 [3 006 [N [N 074 (U

1w 1(&
Fig.8.load current and voltage waveforms
(b) !Uy
Load current

Fig.6. unipolar hysteresis current control for a single-phase Z-source

inverter (a) control schematic (b) a typical switching sequence

Fig.7 shows the load current and the output voltage of

the inverter with the unipolar hysteresis current control. It
shows that the Z-source inverter can generate a sinusoidal o50Load voltage
current with 30A amplitude while the traditional inverter
with 1OOV (DC-link voltage) can generate a load current
with 20A amplitude in maximum case. The output
voltage has the unipolar modulation waveform where for
one half cycle the output voltage is changed between
+VOut and zero voltage and another half cycle the output
voltage is changed between -Vout and zero voltage. As
shown in Fig.7, when the load current crosses the second
upper band at 0.07S, the voltage level is changed from
(+VOUt & Zero) to (-VOUt & Zero). Based on shoot through
switching states the input voltage is boosted in such a
way to generate the desired load current. -network inductor current
Fig.8 shows the output voltage and load current for
one cycle. In fact the objective of this control algorithm is
not to control the DC voltage to a certain value; while the
main objective is to generate the sine wave with higher
magnitude and that is why there is ripple in the DC
voltage which does not affect the output current.
Fig.9 shows the load current and voltage waveforms, Z- Fig.9. load current, output voltage, capacitor voltage in Z-impedance,
inductor current in Z-impedance
network capacitor voltage and inductor current
waveforms, respectively.

146
 To evaluate the capabilities of hysteresis band boosted in such a way to generate the desired load
current control for a single phase Z-source inverter to current.
boost the input voltage and generate a sine wave load 40
current, various conditions such as variation in the input
DC voltage and the reference current magnitude are
considered and simulated for this topology. As shown in
Fig.10, an input DC voltage VdC = 100 + 20 sin wt is _
applied to the Z-impedance inverter. A shoot through 400
controller calculates the shoot through intervals in such a
O 200
way to generate a 30A sinusoidal load current and apply
them to the switching states. Fig.10 shows the input dc
voltage, the load current and voltage waveforms, the Z- > 20
--00
network capacitor voltage, respectively. 400-
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.1 6 0.18 0.2
time(S)
Input Votage Fig. 11. load current and voltage with reference current variations

100 L r7
B. Asymmetrical impedance network
v Because of 20% tolerance in capacitors (C1=1.2C,
501 C2=0.8C) and inductors (L1= 1.2L, L2=0.8L) the
impedance network becomes asymmetric. In this section,
II11I i effects of reference current changes on the capability of
Load Current proposed control method with the asymmetrical Z-
4U II
network configuration are investigated in such a way that
a reference current is applied with waveform shown in
Fig. 11. In each case, load current and voltage waveforms
0 I. are shown to verify the performance of the proposed
control method. Simulation results show that a sinusoidal
-20 load current with desired amplitude can be obtained in
-n asymmetrical Z-network.
Load Voltage In order to analyse a Z-impedance with different
400 capacitor and inductor values, two different impedance
200 l....|....|..|.. .. .. .. .. . networks have been considered for asymmetrical
analysis:
* C1=2.4mF, C2= 1.6mF, L1=L2= 1.6 gH, Fig. 12 shows
.2 _... load current and voltage waveforms with symmetrical
inductors and asymmetrical capacitors.
.400 * L1=1.92 gH, L2=1.28 gH, C1=C2=1 mF, Fig.13 shows
capacitor Voltoage load current and voltage waveforms with symmetrical
300 capacitors and asymmetrical inductors.
200~ 40

O .. p I I I5M P os o 'Er sN<= W

. ....
,4 -2° 0 ....
.....:0
0.04 0.06 008 0.1 0.12 0.14 016 0.18 0.2 -An
-41
time(SI 4UU
Fig. 10. input dc voltage, load current and voltage, Z-network capacitor
voltage ID 200
0
In order to analyse the effects of reference current 0

changes on the capability of proposed control method, a m

0
-200 ;. .

sine wave with different magnitudes is applied where for

the first two cycles, it has 30A, for the next two cycles its -4FUU-
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 012 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
magnitude is 20A and finally with 30A in magnitude. time(S)
Fig.11 shows the load current and voltage waveforms Fig. 12.laod voltage and current waveforms in asymmetrical impedance
with respect to the reference current variations. Based on network with symmetrical inductors and asymmetrical capacitors.
shoot through switching states which are calculated by
the shoot through controller, the input dc voltage is

147
 40 11 inverter, the unipolar pulse width modulation is a suitable
modulation technique for a single-phase inverter.
20 ... ......

Simulation results show that the sinusoidal load current

D
0 can be achieved by the Z-source inverter with higher
u magnitude compare to the traditional inverter. Switching
ki -20 .....
states have been controlled in such a way to estimate the
0
.-l duty ratio for the shoot through switching states in order
-41An
to boost the output voltage. Simulation results confirm
4i1 the capabilities of the hysteresis current control for the Z-
source inverter in DC-AC power conversion.
0

-E~
0
VI. REFERENCES
0
-200 ..

[1] N. Mohan, W.P.Robbin and T.Undeland, Power Electronics:

Ann
4JUO Converters, Applications and Design, 2nd Ed. New York:
002 004 000 008 01 012 014 016 018 02 Wiley, 1995.
time(S) [2] F. Z. Peng, "Z- Source Inverter", EEE Trans. Industry
(a) Applications, Vol. 39, pp. 504-510, March/April 2003.
0
40 [3] Jafar Adabi, Firuz Zare," Transient Analysis of a Z-source
Inverter with an Asymmetrical Impedance Network",
AUPEC 2006, Melbourne, Nov 2006.
[4] Jafar Adabi, Firuz Zare, "Dynamic Analysis of a Z-source
inverter", ICEE2006, Tehran, Iran, May 2006
[5] Jafar Adabi, Firuz Zare, "Unipolar Hysteresis Current
i Control for a Single Phase Z-Source Inverter", AUPEC
-401n "
A
2006, Melbourne, Nov 2006.
[6] Miaosen Shen, Alan Joseph, Jin Wang, Fang Z. Peng, and
Donald J. Adams "Comparison of Traditional Inverters and
Z-Source Inverter for Fuel Cell Vehicles", In proc. WEEE
IAS'04, 2004.
[7] P.C.Loh, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, Y. S. Lai, G. T. Lai, Y. Li,
"Pulse- Width Modulation of Z- Source Inverters", In proc.
EEE IAS'04, 2004.
[8] F. Z. Peng, M. Shen, Z- Qian, "Maximum Boost Control of
80 11
Z- Source Inverter", In Proc. of EEE PESC 2004.
[9] F. Z. Peng, M. Shen, A. Joseph, L. M. Tolbert, D. J. Adams,
60 ....................

"Maximum Constant Boost Control of the Z- Source

40 Inverter" In proc. EEE IAS'04, 2004.
40- 20
0 rO% [10] F. Z. Peng, "Z- Source Inverter for Motor Drives", in proc,
of EEE PESC 2004.
[1 I]J. Holtz, "Pulse Width Modulation- a survey", EEE Trans.
..

.20 "1 Ind. Electron, Vol. 39, pp. 410-420, Dec. 1992
[12], M. Shen, F. Z. Peng "Operating modes and characteristics
of the Z-source inverter with small inductance" In proc.
0 200_ ....................
EEE IAS, 2005.
cli
150_.. .. ......... ............~ ...............................
0 100 :. .......

50 ;
:1
0.16 0.165 0.17 0.175 0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2
hme(S)
(b)
Fig. 13. (a) load current and voltage waveforms (b) load current, output
voltage, Z-network inductor current, capacitor voltage in asymmetrical
impedance network with symmetrical capacitors and asymmetrical
inductors.

V. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper a unipolar hysteresis current control for a

single phase Z-source inverter with shoot through states
is analysed with symmetrical and asymmetrical
impedance networks. Also effects ofthe input DC voltage
and reference current fluctuations are analysed. Due to
the shoot through switching states in the Z-impedance

148