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Prepared by
James Patrick A. Olivar, LPT

Grade 10 (James Patrick A. Olivar) 1/8/2019

▪When to Cite
▪Plagiarism
▪Definition of citation
▪Definition of citation style
▪Citation of sources
▪In-text citation Rules

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Cite the work of those individuals whose
ideas, theories, or research have directly
influenced your work. They may provide key
background information, support or dispute
your thesis, or offer critical definitions and
data.

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Citation of an article implies that you have
personally read the cited work. In addition to
crediting the ideas of others that you used to
build your thesis, provide documentation for
all facts and figures that are not common
knowledge.

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The number of sources you cite in your work will
vary by the intent of the article. For most articles,
aim to cite one or two of the most representative
sources for each key point. However, because the
intent of a review article is to acquaint readers
with all that has been written on a topic, authors
of literature reviews typically include a more
exhaustive list of citations.
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▪Authors do not present the work of another as if it were
their own work. Whether paraphrasing, quoting an
author directly, or describing an idea that influenced
your work, you must credit the source.
▪To avoid charges of plagiarism, take careful notes as you
research to keep track of your sources and cite those
sources according to the guidelines presented in APA
book.
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Whereas plagiarism refers to the practice of claiming credit for the words,
ideas, and concepts of others, self-plagiarism refers to the practice of
presenting one’s own previously published work as though it were new.
The core of the new document must constitute an original contribution to
knowledge, and only the amount of previously published material necessary
to understand that contribution should be included, primarily in the
discussion of theory and methodology. Avoid charges of self-plagiarism by
familiarizing yourself with the ethical standards regarding duplicate
publication and the legal standards of fair use.

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WHAT IS
CITATION? 8

Grade 10 (James Patrick A. Olivar) 1/8/2019

A citation is a way of giving credit to
individuals for their creative and
intellectual works that you utilized to
support your research.

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It can also be used to locate particular
sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a
citation can include the author's name, date,
location of the publishing company, journal
title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifer).

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 A citation style dictates the
information necessary for a citation
and how the information is ordered,
as well as punctuation and other
formatting.
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 There are many different ways of citing
resources from your research. The citation
style sometimes depends on the academic
discipline involved. For example:

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 APA

MLA CHICAGO

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▪APA (American Psychological Association) is
used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences
▪MLA (Modern Language Association) style is
used by the Humanities
▪Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
Business, History, and the Fine Arts

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 Citation of Sources

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There are two ways on how you can
present citations: IN TEXT CITATION
and REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

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IN-TEXT CITATION

This is an insertion of a citation

within the text itself. It usually has
the last name of the author and the
date (year) the source was published.

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REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

This is a comprehensive list of source, which

is found at the end of the articles. This part of
the book or journal article is called
references, bibliography or works cited. All
the references listed here should be cited
within the text and vice-versa.

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▪ You need an in-text citation to signal that you are using an outside
source in your writing.
▪ You cite the source if you have used a source one of these ways:
– As a quote
– As a paraphrase
– As a summary

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009; Perrin, 2012)

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▪What goes into the in-text citation depends on
what you are citing and what the original source is.
▪However, there are some standard rules with in-
text citation.
▪The most important rule is that the short in-text
citation matches the longer References page entry.

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▪The second most important rule is that every in-text
citation has a matching entry on the References page.
▪Conversely, every entry on the References page should
have at least one in-text citation in the paper.

(APA, 2009; Perrin, 2012)

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▪ There are 3-4 basic elements for an in-text citation, but
you can place the elements in various places in the
sentence.
• Parentheses
• Author(s)’ name(s)
• Date of publication
• Page (p.) or paragraph number (para.) (only for
quotations)

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▪Grouped all together at the end
Students with greater motivation were more
successful (Wolters, 2011).
▪Spread throughout the sentence
Wolters (2011) asserted that students with
greater motivation were more successful.
(APA, 2009; Perrin, 2012)
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▪ Always cite by author first if an author is listed.
(Wolters, 2011)
▪ If the author is an organization, then cite that.
(Wilmington University, 2013)
▪ If you have a long organization name that you has an abbreviation, you may use it
• In the first citation, use the full name directly followed by the acronym in square brackets (American
Psychological Association [APA], 2009).
• The next time and every other time, just use the abbreviation (APA, 2009).

(APA, 2009; Perrin, 2012)

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• If it is two authors, then the citation differs if it is in parentheses or a part of the sentence.

• Use the ampersand (&) to indicate “and” in a

parenthetical in-text citation.
Example: (Titular & Magbuo, 2009)
• Use the word “and” to connect authors names when
the names are a part of the sentence. Tom and Jerry
(2009) contended that violence in cartoons….
(APA, 2009; Perrin, 2012)

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▪ The first time the authors’ names are used, use all author
names.
• If used in a parenthetical reference, join with an ampersand. (Jefferson, Washington, Madison, & Adams, 2010)
• If used as a part of a signal phrase, use the word “and.” Jefferson, Washington, Madison, and Adams (2010)

▪The next time the authors need to be cited, use “et al.” after the
first author’s name.
▪This is true whether the authors are in parentheses or in the
sentence. Jefferson et al. (2010) or (Jefferson et al., 2010)

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▪ If no author is listed, then list the source by the title and the date of
publication.
• Put titles or articles in quotes (“Literature as a Vehicle for Critical
Thinking,” 2008)
• Italicize titles of books (Secrets of the Barrel Maker, 2009)

REMEMBER!
Your in-text citation should match the entry on the References page.
▪ “Literature as a Vehicle for Critical Thinking” will be alphabetized under L
▪ Secrets of the Barrel Maker will be alphabetized under S
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▪If you have more than one entry in an in-text citation, separate
them with a semicolon.
– Keep the entries in alphabetical order
(APA, 2009; Perrin, 2012)
▪ If you have more than one entry by an author, but they are from
different years, then list the multiple dates of publication.
– Oldest date first
(Jones, 1991, 2003, 2010)

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▪ If you have multiple sources from the same
author that are from the same year, name them a,
b, c, etc.
•Again, make sure they match how the articles are
ordered on the References page.
•The first entry will be a, the second will be b.
(Dimon, 2009a, 2009b)
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▪ Personal communications
– Letters
– Memos
– Emails
– Personal interviews
– Phone conversations
▪ To cite, list who the communication was with, the kind of communication it was, and the
date.
(D. Davis, phone interview, May 9, 2012)
J. J. James (personal communication, December 1, 2003) asserted that

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▪ Classical works
– Greek
– Roman
– Biblical
▪ The first time, cite by the location of the information (book, chapter,
verse) and the version used.
Esther 1:22 (King James Standard)
▪ All times thereafter, cite by book, chapter, verse, etc.)
Esther 4:1
▪ Whole websites Luminarium is a great website for anyone wanting
background on the major periods in British Literature
(www.luminarium.org).
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American Psychological Association. (2009.) Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Perrin, R. (2012). Pocket guide to APA style (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
Wolters, C. (2011). Regulation of motivation: Contextual and social aspects. Teachers
College Record 113(2), pp. 265-283.

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 The End

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