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ENERGY TECHNOLOGY & CONSERVATION

(MT-365)
Assignment on wind wind energy

SUBMITTED TO
ENGINEER ZAKRIA UMAR
(BSC MEACHANICAL DEPARTMENT)

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Submitted by: - GROUP

SR. NO. NAME ROLL NO.

1 MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN AKHTAR 12-BSM-432

2 MUHAMMAD MUZAMIL NAWAZ 12-BSM-429

3 MUHAMMAD NIZAM 12-BSM-430

4 SAQIB ALI 12-BSM-431

5 TANVEER HUSSAIN 12-BSM-433

SECTION

SEMESTER

6TH

SESSIONAL

2012-2016

GOVT. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE

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Wind energy or wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to
produce mechanical or electrical energy. Windmills are used for their mechanical power,
wind pumps for water pumping, and sails to propel ships.

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical
power. A wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger.

 History of wind energy

Brief History – Early System:

1st Wind Energy Systems

– Ancient Civilization in the Near East / Persia

– Vertical-Axis Wind-Mill: sails connected to a

vertical shaft connected to a grinding stone for
milling

Wind in the middle Ages

– Post Mill Introduced in Northern Europe

– Horizontal-Axis Wind-Mill: sails connected to a horizontal

shaft on a tower encasing gears and axles for translating
horizontal into rotational motion

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Wind in 19th century US

– Wind-rose horizontal-axis water-pumping

wind-mills found throughout rural America

Brief History - Rise of Wind Powered Electricity

1888: Charles Brush builds first large-size wind electricity

generation turbine (17 m diameter
wind rose configuration, 12 kW generator)

1890s: Lewis Electric Company of New

York sells generators to retro-fit onto
existing wind mills

1920s-1950s: Propeller-type 2 & 3-blade

horizontal-axis wind electricity
conversion
systems (WECS)

1940s – 1960s: Rural Electrification in US

and Europe leads to decline in WECS use

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Brief History – Modern Era

Key attributes of this period:

• Scale increase
• Commercialization
• Competitiveness
• Grid integration

Catalyst for progress: OPEC Crisis (1970s)

• Economics
• Energy independence
• Environmental benefits
Turbine Standardization:
3-blade Upwind Horizontal-Axis on a monopole tower

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 Types of wind turbine

Wind turbines can be separated into two types based by the axis in which the turbine
rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axis
turbines are less frequently used.

1. HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at
the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Most have a gearbox, which turns
the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an
electrical generator. Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually
pointed upwind of the tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from
being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a
considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted up a small amount.
Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence, because they
don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in
high winds the 3 blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus
their wind resistance. Since cyclic (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures
most HAWTs are upwind machines.

HAWT advantages
• Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack.
Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine
collects the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season.
• The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In some wind
shear sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power
output by 34%.
• High efficiency, since the blades always move perpendicularly to the wind, receiving
power through the whole rotation. In contrast, all vertical axis wind turbines, and most
proposed airborne wind turbine designs, involve various types of reciprocating actions,
requiring airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle. Backtracking
against the wind leads to inherently lower efficiency.

HAWT disadvantages
• the tall towers and blades up to 90 meters long are difficult to transport. Transportation
can now cost 20% of equipment costs.
• Tall HAWTs are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled
operators.
• Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades, gearbox, and
generator.
• Reflections from tall HAWTs may affect side lobes of radar installations creating signal
clutter, although filtering can suppress it.
• Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence when
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a blade passes through the tower's wind shadow (for this reason, the majority of HAWTs
use an upwind design, with the rotor facing the wind in front of the tower).
• HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the blades toward the wind.
2. Vertical axis Wind Turbines
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key
advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly
variable. VAWTs can utilize winds from varying directions. With a vertical axis, the generator
and gearbox can be placed near the ground, so the tower doesn't need to support it, and it
is more accessible for maintenance. Drawbacks are that some designs produce pulsating
torque. Drag may be created when the blade rotates into the wind.

VAWT advantages
• A massive tower structure is less frequently used, as VAWTs are more frequently mounted
with the lower bearing mounted near the ground.
• Designs without yaw mechanisms are possible with fixed pitch rotor designs.
• A VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to maintain the moving parts.
• VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating
electricity at 6 M.P.H. (10 km/h).
• VAWTs may have a lower noise signature.

VAWT disadvantages
• Most VAWTs produce energy at only 50% of the efficiency of HAWTs in large part because
of the additional drag that they have as their blades rotate into the wind.
• While VAWTs' parts are located on the ground, they are also located under the weight of
the structure above it, which can make changing out parts nearly impossible without
dismantling the structure if not designed properly.
• Having rotors located close to the ground where wind speeds are lower due to wind shear,
VAWTs may not produce as much energy at a given site as a HAWT with the same footprint
or height.
• Because VAWTs are not commonly deployed due mainly to the serious disadvantages
mentioned above, they appear novel to those not familiar with the wind industry. This has
often made them the subject of wild claims and investment scams over the last 50 years.

 Working of wind turbine

1. Wind (moving air that contains kinetic energy) blows toward the turbine's rotor
blades.
2. The rotors spin around slowly, capturing some of the kinetic energy from the wind,
and turning the central drive shaft that supports them.

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3. The rotor blades can swivel on the hub at the front so they meet the wind at the
best angle for harvesting energy.

4. Inside the nacelle (the main body of the turbine sitting on top of the tower and
behind the blades), the gearbox converts the low-speed rotation of the drive shaft
(about 16 revolutions per minute, rpm) into high-speed (1600 rpm) rotation fast
enough to drive the generator efficiently.
5. The generator, immediately behind the gearbox, takes kinetic energy from the
spinning drive shaft and turns it into electrical energy.
6. Anemometers (wind-speed monitors) and wind vanes on the back of the nacelle
provide measurements about the wind speed and direction.
7. Using these measurements, the entire top part of the turbine (the rotors and
nacelle) can be rotated by a yaw motor, mounted between the nacelle and the
tower, so it faces directly into the oncoming wind and captures the maximum
amount of energy. If the wind speed rises too much, brakes are applied to stop the
rotors from turning (for safety reasons).
8. The electric current produced by the generator flows through a cable running down
through the inside of the turbine tower.
9. A substation transforms the voltage of the electricity so it can be transmitted
efficiently to nearby communities.
10. Homes enjoy clean, green energy.
11. Wind carries on blowing past the turbine, but with lower speed and lower energy
and more turbulence.

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 Construction of a wind turbine

A typical wind turbine consists of the following components:
 Anemometer:
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
 Blades:
Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Most turbines
have either two or three blades.
 Brake:
Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.

 Controller:
Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts
off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55
mph because they may be damaged by the high winds.
 Gear box:
Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational
speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the

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rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a costly
(and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators
that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.
 Generator:
Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction generator.
 High-speed shaft:
Drives the generator.
 Low-speed shaft:
Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.
 Nacelle:
Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator,
controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
 Pitch:
Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the
rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
 Rotor:
Blades and hub together form the rotor.
 Tower:
Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure
of the turbine. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to
capture more energy and generate more electricity.
 Wind direction:
Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one shown here—face
into the wind while downwind turbines face away.
 Wind vane:
Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine
properly with respect to the wind.
 Yaw drive:
Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes.
Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor
away from it.
 Yaw motor:
Powers the yaw drive.

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 Difference between wind mill and wind generator

 If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding
stones, the machine is usually called a windmill.
 If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a
wind generator.

 Applications

Our small wind turbines are used in a variety of industries and applications, including marine
applications, off-grid systems, and industrial applications including road signage, remote
telemetry, broadband repeaters, and data communications and for houses, schools and
farms.

 Wind Generators for Boats and Yachts

The ever increasing amounts of essential electronic
equipment on boats are a real drain on your precious
batteries. Of course you can run the engine or hook-up
to shore power but that’s not always possible or
desirable - especially as it increases fuel consumption
and energy costs!

 Wind Turbines for

Security
All over the world,
Leading Edge's wind turbines
are helping customers reduce
costs and protect resources by
providing power for remote
security and CCTV systems!

 Wind Turbines for Signage and

Signaling
Somewhere near you, Leading
Edge products are powering off grid
signage and signaling for Road and
Rail!

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 Wind Turbines for Agriculture

Remote power systems are needed
more and more in the world of farming.
Whether it's for powering electric fencing,
powering water pumping, powering lighting in
stables and chicken sheds or powering
underwater cameras at salmon farms

 Wind Turbines for Telemetry

Leading Edge wind turbines and our off-grid wind and solar hybrid systems are used
extensively for low energy telemetry systems around the world, where power supply from
the grid is not possible.

 Small Wind Turbines for

Homes
Leading Edge's small wind
turbines for homes are frequently
used for Residential Battery
Charging and Grid Connection. If
you’re living in windy spot and
the wind is whistling around you,
your home could be the perfect
spot for a wind turbine.

 Wind Turbines for Motorhomes and Caravans

With more and more of us using Caravans and
Recreational Vehicles to enjoy our leisure time, it soon
becomes apparent how much we need power! With
solar PV only providing power during the daytime,
motorhome and caravan users often awake to find that
their batteries are flat after an evening relaxing in front
of the television

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 Wind Turbines for Telecoms

With more and more mobile communications and
broadband technology being deployed in rural and remote
areas, providing power for the transmission equipment can
often be a real headache. Here at Leading Edge, we are very
experienced with providing off-grid power solutions needed
to support telecoms infrastructure.

 Wind Turbines for Off-grid Lighting

Leading Edge's small wind turbines are ideal for providing
efficient and reliable lighting in off-grid locations.

Our wind powered solutions generate free renewable

energy which is stored in a battery ready for when it gets
dark to power public street lights, car parks and playgrounds.

 Wind energy advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:
 Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt
to generate electricity from wind energy.
 Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station. Windmills only
have to occupy a few square meters for the base, this allows the land around the
turbine to be used for many purposes, for example agriculture.
 Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient.
The wind is free, and we are able to cash in on this free source of energy.
 Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations, such as
mountain communities and remote countryside. Wind turbines can be a range of
different sizes in order to support varying population levels.
 Another advantage of wind energy is that when combined with solar electricity, this
energy source is great for developed and developing countries to provide a steady,
reliable supply of electricity.
Disadvantages:
 The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability
factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine or

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wind farm, and this is where the use of solar power or geothermal power could be
great alternatives.
 Wind turbines generally produce allot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled
power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in order to make an
impact.
 Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wildlife
during the build process.
 The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small
jet engine. This is fine if you live miles away, where you will hardly notice the noise,
but what if you live within a few hundred meters of a turbine .This is a major
disadvantage.
 Protests and/or petitions usually confront any proposed wind farm development.
People feel the countryside should be left intact for everyone to enjoy its beauty.

 Wind power plants in Pakistan

Capacity
Station Community Status
(MW)

6 MW Operational since 2009; 50.4

Jhimpir Wind MW added in March
Jhimpir, Sindh 56.4
Power Plant 2013. Pakistan's first wind power
station

Jhimpir Wind
Energy Project Jhimpir, Sindh 49.6 Operational since Dec 2012
(FFCEL)

Three Gorges First

Operational since Dec 2014, 33 wind
Wind Farm Jhimpir, Sindh 49.5
turbines of 1.5 MW each
Pakistan Ltd

Foundation Wind
Khutti
Energy–I & II Pvt. 100 Operational since Jan 2015
Kun, Gharo, Sindh
Ltd

Proposed, Iran-Pakistan wind power

Thatta Power Plant Sindh 150
station

AM Pak Energy Punjab 50 LOI issued

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