Engineering Graphics Lab Manual

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS LABORATORY -1-
LAB MANUAL
(BT 105)
I SEM
(COMMON FOR I YEAR)
CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF

INSTITUTIONS, INDORE
CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

INDORE (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………… with RGTU
Enrollment No. 0832 ..…………………………..has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in
…………………….……………………………………………...………laboratory, as prescribed by Rajiv
Gandhi Proudhyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal for ……… Semester of the Information Technology
Department during year 20….…  ....
Signature of
Faculty In-charge

INDEX
Sl. Expt. Name of the Experiment Date of Signature

No. No. Conduction of Faculty-
in-Charge
01. 1 ENGINEERING SCALES
02. 2 CONIC SECTION
03. 3 ENGINEERING CURVES
04. 4 PROJECTION OF POINT AND STRAIGHT LINES
05. 5 PROJECTION OF PLANES
06. 6 PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
07. 7 SECTION OF SOLIDS
08. 8 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
09. 9 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
10. 10 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

List of EQUIPMENTS required for the drawing practice session
S.NO. NAME OF EQUIPMENTS QUANTITY
1 MINI-DRAFTER (T-Square) 1
2 ENGG. DRAWING BOX 1
3 FRENCH CURVES 1-SET
4 SET-SQUARE 1-SET
5 PROTRACTOR 1
6 DRAWING CLIP 1-SET
7 LEAD PENCIL/CLUTCH PENCIL (HB, H, 2H & 4H) 1-EACH
8 ERASER 1
9 SAND PAPER/CELLO TAPE 1
10 BLADE / PENCIL SHARPENER 1
11 DRAWING SHEET 11
12 ROLLER SCALE 1

EXPERIMENT No. - 1. Engineering Scales
Aim: Construction of Engineering Scale

Apparatus: Drawing sheets, Complete Engineering Drawing Box, Mini Drafter, Holding clips, Roller
Scale, & calculator.
Theory: A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a drawing to the
actual dimensions of the same.
It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to its actual size. e.g. Buildings, Heavy machines,
Bridges, Watches, Electronic devices etc. Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at
• Full size
• Reduced size
• Enlarged size
Types of Graphical Scale
 Plain Scale
 Diagonal Scale
 Vernier Scale
 Comparative scale
 Scale of chard
Representative fraction (R.F.):-
Drawing size of an object

RF = (in same units)
Its actual size
When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter length of the object

1cm 1
R.F .  
1m 100
LENGTH OF SCALE = R.F. MAX. LENGTH TO BE MEASURED
Units of Measurement: -
Metric System British System
1 Kilometer (km) = 10 Hectometer (hm) 1 League = 3 Miles (mi)
1 Hectometer (hm) = 10 Decameter (Dm) 1 Mile (mi) = 8 Furlongs (fur)
1 Decameter (Dm) = 10 Meter (m) 1 Furlong (fur) = 10 Chains (ch)
1 Meter (m) = 10 Decimeter (dm) 1 Chain (ch) = 22 Yards (yd)
1 Decimeter (dm) = 10 Centimeter (cm) 1 Yard (yd) = 3 Feet (ft)
1 Foot (ft) = 12 Inches (in)

1 Centimeter (cm) = 10 Millimeter (mm)
1 Inch (in) = 8 Eighth

Linear Conversion: -
1 Mile (mi) = 1.609 Kilometer (km)
1 Inch (in) = 2.54 Centimeter (cm) = 25.4 Millimeter (mm)
Area Conversion: -
1 are (a) = 100 Square Meter (m2)
1 Hectare (ha)= 100 ares = 10000 Square Meter (m2)
1 Square Mile (mi2) = 640 Acres (ac)
1 Acre (ac) =10 Square Chain (ch2) = 4840 Square Yards (yd2)
1. Plain Scales ( for dimensions up to single decimal)

2. Diagonal Scales ( for dimensions up to two decimals)
3. Vernier Scales ( for dimensions up to two decimals)
4. Comparative Scales ( for comparing two different units)
5. Scale of Cords ( for measuring/constructing angles)
Plain Scale
A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further
sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm,
m and dm, cm and mm etc.
Problem No. 1: - Construct a scale of 1:4, to show centimeters and long enough to measure up to 5 decimeters.
CONSTRUCTION: -
1. R.F. = ¼
2. Length of the scale = R.F. x max. Length = ¼ ×5 dm = 12.5 cm.
3. Draw a line 12.5 cm long and divide it in to 5 equal divisions, each representing 1 dm.
4. Mark 0 at the end of the first division and 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the end of each subsequent division to its right.
5. Divide the first division into 10 equal sub-divisions, each representing 1 cm.
6. Mark cm to the left of 0 as shown.
Diagonal Scale
Plain scales are used to read lengths in two units such as meters and decimeters, centimeters and millimeters
etc., or to read to the accuracy correct to first decimal.
Diagonal scales are used to represent either three units of measurements such as meters, decimeters, centimeters
or to read to the accuracy correct to two decimals.
Principle of Diagonal Scale (Fig.)

1. Draw a line AB and erect a perpendicular at B.
2. Mark 10 equidistant points (1, 2, 3, etc) of any suitable length along this perpendicular and mark C.
3. Complete the rectangle ABCD
4. Draw the diagonal BD.
5. Draw horizontals through the division points to meet BD at l', 2', 3' etc.
Considering the similar triangles say BCD and B44'
𝐵4′ 𝐵4′ 4 1 4
= ;= x BC x = ; 44‟ = 0.4 CD
𝐶𝐷 𝐵𝐶 10 𝐵𝐶 10
Problem No. 2: - Construct a Diagonal scale of RF = 3:200 (i.e. 1:66 2/3) showing meters, decimeters and
centimeters. The scale should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56 meters
CONSTRUCTION: -
1. Length of the scale = (3/200) x 6 m = 9 cm

2. Draw a line AB = 9 cm. Divide it in to 6 equal parts.
3. Divide the first part A0 into 10 equal divisions.
4. At A draw a perpendicular and step-off along it 10 equal divisions, ending at D.
5. Complete the rectangle ABCD.
6. Draw perpendiculars at meter-divisions i.e. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
7. Draw horizontal lines through the division points on AD. Join D with the end of the first division along A0
(i.e. 9).
8. Through the remaining points i.e. 8, 7, 6…draw lines // to D9.
9. PQ = 4.56 meters

Vernier Scale
The vernier scale is a short auxiliary scale constructed along the plain or main scale, which can read up to two
decimal places.
The smallest division on the main scale and vernier scale are 1 msd or 1 vsd respectively. Generally (n+1) or
(n-1) divisions on the main scale is divided into n equal parts on the Vernier scale.
Thus, 1 vsd (Vernier Scale Division) = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑛 msd (Main Scale Division)
When 1 vsd < 1 it is called forward or direct vernier. The vernier divisions are numbered in the same direction
as those on the main scale.
When 1 vsd > 1 or (1 + l/n), It is called backward or retrograde vernier. The vernier divisions are numbered in
the opposite direction compared to those on the main scale.
The least count (LC) is the smallest dimension correct to which a measurement can be made with a vernier.
For forward vernier, L C = (1 msd - 1 vsd)
For backward vernier, LC = (1 vsd - 1 msd)
Problem No. 3: - Draw a Vernier scale of R.F. = 1/25 to read up to 4 meters. On it show lengths 2.39 m and
0.91 m.
CONSTRUCTION: -
1.Length of Scale = (1/25) × (4 × 100) = 16 cm

2.Draw a 16 cm long line and divide it into 4 equal parts. Each part is 1 meter. Divide each of these parts in to
10 equal parts to show decimeter (10 cm).
3.Take 11 parts of dm length and divide it in to 10 equal parts. Each of these parts will show a length of 1.1 dm
or 11 cm.
4.To measure 2.39 m, place one leg of the divider at A on 99 cm mark and other leg at B on 1.4 mark. (0.99 +
1.4 = 2.39).
5.To measure 0.91 m, place the divider at C and D (0.8 +0.11 = 0.91).
Scale of Chord

CONSTRUCTION: -
1. Draw sector of a circle 90ºwith “OA” radius. („OA‟ ANY CONVINIENT DISTANCE)
2. Divide this angle in nine equal parts of 10º each.
3. Name as shown from end „A‟ upwards.
4. From „A‟ as centre with cords of each angle as radius. Draw arcs downwards up to „AO‟ Line OR its
extension and from a scale with proper labeling as shown. As cord lengths are to measure & construct different
angles it is called scale of cords.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS LABORATORY - 10 -
Problems for Sheet No. - 01
Q.1 Draw a scale of 1:60 to show meters and decimeters and to read up to 6 meter. Show the length on 4.7
meters on it.
Q.2 In a map of Bhopal, a distance of 36 kilometers between two localities is shown by a 45 centimeters long
line. Calculate representative fraction and draw a plain scale to read kilometers and hectometers. Show a
distance of 9.3 kilometers on it.
Q.3 Draw a scale of 1:54 to show yards and feet. The scale is long enough to measure 9 yards.
Q.4 A rectangular plot of 100 square kilometers is represented on a certain map by a rectangular area of 4
square centimeters. Draw a scale to show 50 kilometers and mark a distance of 41 kilometers on it.
Q.5 A map is to be drawn with representative fraction 1:40. Draw a scale to read meters, decimeters and
centimeters. The scale is long enough to measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 3.84 meters.
Q.6 The distance between two cities A and B is 300 kilometers its distance on the map measures only 6
centimeters. What is representative fraction? Draw a diagonal scale to show hundreds of kilometers, tens of
kilometers and kilometers. Indicate on the scale 525 kilometers, 313 kilometers and 258 kilometers.
Q.7 A rectangular plot of land measuring 1.25 hectares is represented on a map by a similar rectangle of 8
square meter. Find representative fraction of the scale. Draw a diagonal scale to read 1 meter and long enough
to measure up to 600 meters. Show a distance of 438 meters on it. (Take 1 hectare = 10000 square meters)
Q.8 Draw a diagonal scale of 1:63360 to read miles, furlongs and chains and long enough to measure up to 6
mile.
Q.9 Draw a vernier scale to read meters, decimeters, and centimeters and long enough to measure up to 4
meters. The representative fraction of the scale is 1:20. Mark a distance of 2.28 meters on it.
Q.10 Draw a forward reading vernier scale to read distance correct to decameter on a map in which the actual
distances are reduced in the ratio of 1:40000. The scale should be long enough to measure up to 6 kilometers.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Define Engineering Scale?
Ans.: - A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a drawing to the
actual dimensions of the same.
Q. 2. Define Classification of Engineering Scale?
Ans.: -Full size, reduced size & enlarged size
Q. 3. What is meant by plain scale, Diagonal, Comparative scale & Scale of chord?
Ans.: - Plain and Diagonal scale is used for linear measurement, Comparative scale is used for comparing two
units and scale of chord is used for angular measurement.
Q. 4. What is the unit of R.F.?
Ans.: - R.F. is unit less.
Q. 5. The R.F. of the scale on a mini-draft is
Ans.: - One
Q. 6. The diagonal of a square can be measured by.
Ans.: - Plain scale & Diagonal scale
Q. 7. What are the types of vernier scale?
Ans.: - i) Forward (Direct Vernier Scale), ii) Backward (Retrograde) Vernier Scale
Q. 8. Which of the scale can be used for converting miles into Km?
Ans.: - Comparative Scale.
Q. 9. For drawing the components of a wrist watch, the scale used is
Ans.: - Enlarging scale.
Q. 10. What is R.F.?
Ans.: - R.F. means Representative fraction

EXPERIMENT No. - 2. Conic Sections
Aim: Construction of various Conic Sections

Theory: Right circular cone is a cone that has a circular base and the axis is inclined at 90ºto the base and
passes through the centre of the base. Curves formed by the intersection of a plane with a right circular cone.
E.g. Parabola, hyperbola and ellipse

Q.1 The major and minor axes of an ellipse are 140 millimeters and 90 millimeters respectively. Find the foci
and draw the ellipse using “arc of circle” method. Draw the tangent and normal to the ellipse at point distance
40 millimeters above the major axes.
Q.2 Draw the locus of a point moving in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point to a fixed
straight line is less than one. The actual distance between the fixed point and fixed straight line is 30
millimeters. Draw a tangent and normal to the curve at a point 50 millimeters away from the fixed straight line.
Q.3 Draw an ellipse having a major axes and minor axes 100 millimeters and 60 millimeters respectively using
“Co-centric circle method”.
Q.4 Draw an ellipse having major and minor axes 160 millimeters and 100 millimeters respectively using
“Oblong Method”.
Q.5 Draw the locus of a point moving in such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point to a fixed
straight line is equal to one. The actual distance between the fixed point and fixed straight line is 60 millimeters.
Draw a tangent and normal to the curve at a point 80 millimeters away from the fixed straight line.
Q.6 Draw a parabola using tangent method with its base equal to 100 millimeter and axis 70 millimeter.
Q.7 Draw a parabola of 120 millimeter base and 80 millimeter axis using oblong method
Q.8 A fixed point is 60 millimeters from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point p moving in such a way
that its distance from the fixed point is twice its distance from the fixed straight line. Name the curve.
Q.9 Two fixed point are 70 millimeters apart. Draw the locus of a point p which moves in such a manner that
the difference of its distance from the fixed point is always the same and equal to 50 millimeters. Name the
curve.
Q.10 Draw a hyperbola when half the transverse axis, double ordinate and abscissa are 40 millimeters, 110
millimeters, and 30 millimeters long respectively.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. When a bullet is shot in air, the path traced by the bullet is called……….
Ans. Parabola
Q. 2. A right circular cone when cut by a plane parallel to its generators the curve obtained is………..
Ans. Parabola
Q. 3. When a right circular cone is cut by a plane passing through its apex, the section obtained is………..
Ans. Isosceles triangle
Q. 4. The angle between asymptotes of a rectangular hyperbola is………..
Ans. 90 degrees
Q. 5. Which of the following curve obeys Boyle‟s law?
Ans. Hyperbola

EXPERIMENT No. - 3. Engineering Curves (Special Curves)
Aim: Construction of various Engineering Curves (Special Curves)

Theory: Curves generated by the rolling contact of one curve or line on another curve or line, without slipping.
There are various types of engineering curves
1. Cycloid
2. Epi-cycloid
3. Hypo-cycloid
4. Involute
5. Spiral
 A Cycloid is generated by a point on the circumference of a circle rolling along a straight line without
slipping. The rolling circle is called the Generating circle. The straight line is called the Directing line
or Baseline.
 An Epi-cycloid is obtained when the generating circle rolls along another circle outside it.
 A Hypocycloid is obtained when the generating circle rolls along another circle inside it.
 An Involute is a curve traced by the free end of a thread unwound from a circle or a polygon in such
a way that the thread is always tight and tangential to the circle or side of the polygon.
 The Archimedean spiral is the locus of a point that moves away from another fixed point at uniform
linear velocity and uniform angular velocity.
 It may also be considered to be the locus of a point moving at constant speed along a line when the line
rotates about a fixed point at constant speed.

Q.1 A circular wheel of 60 millimeters diameter rolls without slipping along a straight line. Draw the curve
traced by a point P, lying on the rim for 1 revolution of the wheel. Name the curve traced also draw a tangent
and a normal at a distance at a point the wheel has travelled 100 millimeters its starting position.
Q.2 A rolling circle having a 40 millimeters diameter AB rolls on a fixed disc with 60 millimeters diameter with
external contact. Draw the loci path traced by the point A and B of the rolling circle for one complete
revolution, when one of the end points of diameter AB is in contact to the disc at the starting position.
Q.3 Draw the locus of a point P lying on the circumference of the circle having 60 millimeter diameter rolling
inside another circle having 100 millimeter diameter for one complete turn. Name the curve. Also draw normal
and tangent to the curve at 50 millimeter from the centre of the directing circle.
Q.4 Draw a path traced out by end of a piece of thread when unwound from a circle of 40 millimeters diameter,
the thread being kept tight when it is being unwound. Name the curve traced.
Q.5 A disc is in the form of a hexagon of 30 millimeters side. Draw the path of the end of a string which is
unwound from the circumference of the disc.
Q.6 Draw an Archimedean spiral of 1.5 convolutions when the shortest and the greatest radii are 15 millimeters
and 80 millimeters respectively. Also draw a tangent and a normal to the curve at a point is 45 millimeters from
the pole.
Q.7 Draw a logarithmic spiral of one convolution, given the shortest distance as 16 mm and ratio of the length
of radius vectors enclosing an angle of 30° is 9:8. Draw a tangent and normal to the curve at a point distant 50
millimeter from pole.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Define cycloid.
Ans.: - The locus of a point lying on the circumference of a circle which rolls on a straight line.
Q. 2. Involute is used for……..
Ans.: - Gear manufacturing
Q. 3. Define Spiral.
Ans.: - Locus of a point along a string at a constant velocity
Q. 4. What are the classifications of cycloids?
Ans.: - Epi-cycloid and Hypo-cycloid
Q. 5. Define conic section.
Ans.: - These are the sections obtained when a plane passes through the cone and cuts it at different venues.

EXPERIMENT No. - 4. Projections of Straight Line
Aim: Construction of Projection of Straight Lines

Theory: Line is the shortest distance between two points is called line. It has length but negligible thickness.
Projection of Line: To draw the front view, top view and side view is called Projection of straight line.
Positions of straight lines: The position of straight line in a space can be fixed if their inclinations with reference
planes and distance of its extremities from the two planes are known. The following are the important positions
which a straight line can take with respect to two reference planes.
S. No. Statement/position of line Front view Top view

Line parallel to HP & VP True length and parallel to XY True length and parallel to XY
1
Line perpendicular to HP & True length and point

2 parallel to VP Perpendicular to XY
Line perpendicular to HP & point True length and Perpendicular

3 parallel to VP to XY
Line in HP & VP True length and coincide on True length and coincide on
4 XY XY
Line in VP and inclined at θ to HP True length and inclined at θ to Shorter than true length and
5 XY parallel lies
Line parallel to HP & inclined at Shorter than true length and True
in XYlength and inclined at Ø to
6 VP parallel lies XY
Line inclined to HP & VP Neither

in xy true length nor true Neither true length nor true
7 inclination inclination
PROCEDURE:-
1. Draw reference line XY.

2. Draw locus lines which are parallel to Reference line at given distance.
3. Draw true length in particular plane with reference specific given data.
4. Draw projection lines from end points of true length.
5. Draw apparent line in with the help of projections.
6. Give the name to line in both the views.
7. Text with suffix for F.V. and plain text for T.V.
8. Show all necessary dimensions.
9. Write the given problem on the sheet.


Problems for Sheet No.- 04
Q.1. Draw the projection of the points given below:

1. Point A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP
2. Point B 15 mm below HP and 28 mm behind VP
3. Point C 10 mm above HP and 30 mm behind VP
4. Point D 5 mm below HP and 25 mm in front of VP
5. Point E 20 mm above HP
6. Point F 20 mm in front of VP
Q.2 A line AB 50 millimeters long has its end A in both the HP & VP. It is inclined at 30° to the HP & 45° to
the VP. Draw its projections.
Q.3. A line PQ 75 millimeters long has its end P in the VP & end Q in the HP. The line is inclined 30° to the HP
& 60° to the VP. Draw its projections.
Q.4. A line PQ 100 millimeters long is inclined at 30° to the HP & 45° to the VP. Its mid point is in the VP &
20 millimeters above the HP. Draw its projections if the end P is in the third quadrant & end Q is in the first
quadrant.
Q.5.The top view of a 75 millimeters long line AB measures 65 mm, while the length of its front view is 50
millimeters. Its one end A is in the HP & 12 millimeters in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the line AB
& determine the true inclinations of the line.
Q.6. A line AB 65 millimeters long, has its end A 20 millimeters above the HP & 25 millimeters in front of the
VP. The end B is 40 millimeters above the HP & 65 millimeters in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the
line AB & show its true inclinations with the HP & VP.
Q.7.The projections of the ends of a line AB are 5 cm apart. The end A is 2 cm above the HP & 3 cm in front of
the VP. The end B is 1cm below the HP & 4 cm behind the VP. Determine the true length & traces of the line
AB & its inclinations with the two principal planes.
Q.8. The end A of a line AB is 25 millimeters behind the VP & is 12 millimeters below the HP. The end B is 12
millimeters in front of the VP & is 35 millimeters above the HP. The distance between the projectors is 65
millimeters. The line is inclined at 40° to the HP. Draw the projections of the line & determine its true length.
Q.9. A line AB, inclined at 40° to the VP, has its ends 50 millimeters & 20 millimeters above the HP. The
length of its front view is 65 millimeters & its VT is 10 millimeters above the HP. Determine the length of AB,
its inclination with the HP & its HT.
Q.10 Draw the projections of a line AB, 90 millimeters long, its midpoint M being 50 millimeters above the HP
& 40 millimeters in front of VP. The end A is 20 millimeters above the HP & 10 millimeters in front of the VP.
Show the traces & inclination of the line with the HP & VP.
Q.11 A line PQ inclined at 40° to H.P. it‟s one end is 25 millimeters above the H.P. & 30 millimeters in front of
the V.P. The top view of the line is 70 millimeters & is inclined at 30° to reference line. Draw the projection of
the line & determine its true length & inclination with V.P.
Q.12 Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m above ground and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3
m thick wall but on opposite sides of it. If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to
wall is 2.6 m, then find real distance between them by drawing their projections.
Q.13 A room is of size 6.5m L, 5m D, 3.5 m high. An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling. A
switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring. Draw the projections and determine
real distance between the bulb and switch.
Q.14 A straight Line PQ has its one end 20 millimeters above the H.P. & 30 millimeters in front of the V.P. &
another end is 80 millimeters above the H.P. & the 70 millimeters in front of the V.P. if the end projector are 60
millimeters apart. Draw the projection of the line. Determine its true length & true inclination with the reference
plane.

Viva Questions:
Q. 1. The line joining the front and top views of a point is called
Ans.: - Projector
Q. 2. A point whose elevation and plan are above X-Y is situated in
Ans.: - Second quadrant
Q. 3. A point lying in the HP has its top view above X-Y, its front will be
Ans.: - On the X-Y
Q. 4. In engineering drawing, a point may lie in ……………………… quadrants
Ans.: - 4.
Q. 5. In our country … quadrants based drawings are used.
Ans.: - First
Q. 6. If a line is parallel to both HP and VP, its true length will be shown in ………………
Ans.: - Both the views
Q. 7. Full form of HT is ………….
Ans.: - Horizontal trace
Q. 8. Full form of VT is …………..
Ans.: - Vertical trace
Q. 9. Another name of front view is …………
Ans.: - Elevation
Q. 10. Another name of top view is …………
Ans.: - Plan

EXPERIMENT No. - 5. Projections of Planes
Aim: Construction of Projection of Planes

Theory: Plane: A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called plane.
Type of a plane:
Following are the two types of plane used in engineering drawing:
 Perpendicular plane
 Oblique plane
1) Perpendicular plane: -
The planes which are perpendicular to both the reference plane i.e., HP and VP are called
perpendicular plane. These planes can be located in different manner:
 Plane perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
 Plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
 Plane perpendicular to both the reference planes VP & HP
 Plane perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP
 Plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
2) Oblique plane: -
S. No. Statement/position of plane Front view Top view

1 Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP True shape Line parallel to XY
2 Perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP Line parallel to XY True shape
3 Perpendicular to both HP and VP Line perpendicular to XY Line perpendicular to XY
4 Perpendicular to HP and inclined at Φ to Reduce shape of the plane Line inclined at θ to XY
VP
5 Perpendicular to VP and inclined at θ to Line inclined at θ to XY Reduce shape of the plane
HP
6 Plane inclined to both HP and VP Reduce shape of the plane Reduce shape of the plane
PROCEDURE:-

2. Draw the plane of required edges.
3. Draw projection lines from end points of the polygon.
4. Draw apparent shape with the help of projections.
5. Give the name to the corner points of the polygon in front view and top view


Q.1 A regular pentagon of 25 millimeters side has one side on the ground. Its plane is inclined at 45° to the HP
& perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections & show its traces.
Q.2 Draw the projections of a circle of 5 centimeters diameter, having its plane vertical & inclined at 30° to the
VP. Its centre is 3 centimeters above the HP & 2 cm in front of the VP. Show its traces also.
Q.3. A square ABCD of 50 millimeters side has its corner A in the HP, its diagonal AC inclined at 30° to the
HP & the diagonal BD inclined at 45° to the VP & parallel to the HP. Draw its projections.
Q.4. Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25 millimeters side having one of its sides in the HP &
inclined at 60° to the VP & its surface making an angle of 45° with the HP.
Q.5. Draw the projections of regular pentagon of 40 millimeters side, having its surface inclined at 30° to the
HP & aside parallel to the HP & inclined at angle of 60° to the VP.
Q.6. Draw the projections of a circle of 50 millimeters diameter resting in the HP on a point A on the
circumference; its plane is inclined at 45° to the HP
a. The top view of the diameter AB making an angle of 30° with the VP.
b. The diameter AB making 30° angles with the VP.
Q.7. A thin 30° - 60° set square has its longest edge in the VP & inclined at 30° to the HP. Its surface makes an
angle of 45° with the VP. Draw its projections.
Q.8. A thin rectangular plate of size 60 millimeters X 30 millimeters has its shorter side in the VP & inclined at
30° to the HP. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30 millimeters long side.
Q.9. A semi circular plate of 80 millimeters diameter has its straight edge in the VP & inclined at 45° to the HP.
The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30° to the VP. Draw its projections.
Q.10. A hexagonal plane figure of 30 millimeters side is resting on a corner in the VP with its surface making
an angle of 30° with the VP. The front view of the diagonal passing through that corner is inclined at 35° to the
HP draw its projections.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Define plane
Ans.: - Plane is a two dimensional surface with negligible thickness
Q. 2. In multi view orthographic projection the front view of a circular plane may be
Ans.: - A circle, ellipse or a straight line
Q. 3. The front view of an elliptical plane perpendicular to HP will be
Ans.: - Ellipse
Q. 3. The top view of a circle perpendicular to HP will be
Ans.: - A line
Q. 4. The front view of a square perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP will be
Ans.: - Square
Q. 5. Planes inclined to both the reference planes are called …………
Ans.: - Oblique planes
Q. 6. The front view of a hexagon perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP will be
Ans.: - Hexagon
Q. 7. The top view of a pentagon perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP will be
Ans.: - A line
Q. 8. A plane perpendicular to both the planes will look like …………… in front view
Ans.: - A line
Q. 9. A plane perpendicular to both the planes will look like …………… in top view
Ans.: - A line
Q. 10. A plane perpendicular to both the planes will show its true surface in ……………………. plane
Ans.: - Auxiliary plane (side view)

EXPERIMENT No. - 6. Projections of Solids
Aim: Construction of Projection of Solids

Theory: Solids: An object having three dimensions, i.e., length, breadth and height is called a solid.
Projections of solid: The top view, Front view and Side view of a solid is known as projections of solids.
Type of solids:
 Polyhedral
 Solids of revolution
1) Polyhedral: The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces is called a polyhedral.

 Tetrahedron Cube
 Prism: The polyhedral having two equal and similar ends bases, parallel to each other and are joined by
other faces which may be rectangle or parallelograms is called a prism.
a)Square
b)Pentagonal
c)Hexagonal
 Pyramid: The polyhedral having a plane figure for its base and equal number of isosceles triangular
faces meeting at a point is called as pyramid.
a)Square
b)Pentagonal
c)Hexagonal
PROCEDURE:-

2. Draw FV or TV of true shape of a solid base as per given data.
3. Draw projection lines from true shape to complete another view.


Problems for Sheet No.-06
Q.1. Draw the projections of a hexagonal pyramid, base 30 millimeters side & axis 60 millimeters long, having
its base on the HP & one of the edge of the base inclined at 45° to the VP.
Q.2. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25 millimeters side & axis 50 millimeters long, resting on
one of its rectangular faces on the HP, with axis inclined at 45° to the VP.
Q.3. Draw the projections of a cylinder 30 millimeters diameter & 50 millimeters long, lying on the ground with
its axis inclined at 30° to the VP & parallel to the ground.
Q.4. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 millimeters side & axis 50 millimeters long, has an edge of its base on the
ground. Its axis is inclined at 30° to the ground & parallel to the VP. Draw its projections.
Q.5. Draw the projections of a cone base 50 millimeters diameter & axis 75 millimeters long lying on the HP
with one of its generators, with the axis parallel to the VP.
Q.6. A square prism, base 40 millimeters side & height 65 millimeters, has its axis inclined at 45° to the HP &
has an edge of its base on the HP & inclined at 30°to the VP. Draw its projections.
Q.7. Draw the projections of cone base 45 millimeters diameter & axis 50 millimeters long, when it is resting on
the ground on a point on its base circle with the axis making an angle of 30° with the HP & its top view making
45° with the VP.
Q.8. A pentagonal pyramid, base 25 millimeters side & axis 50 millimeters long, has one of its triangular faces
in the VP & the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of 30° with the HP. Draw its
projections.
Q.9. A pentagonal prism of base 30 millimeters side & 60 millimeters height, is resting on one of the corner of
its base on the HP. The longer edge containing that corner is inclined at 45° to the HP & the top view of the axis
is inclined at 30° to XY. Draw its projections.
Q.10. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 millimeters side & axis 50 millimeters long, has one of its slant edge on
the ground. A plane containing that edge & the axis is perpendicular to the HP & inclined at 45° to the VP.
Draw its projections when the apex is nearer the VP than the base.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Solids can be classified into ………….. categories
Ans. 2
Q. 2. Tetrahedron has …………… faces.
Ans. 4
Q. 3. Octahedron has …………… faces.
Ans. 8
Q. 4. Dodecahedron has …………… faces.
Ans. 12
Q. 5. Icosahedron has …………… faces.
Ans. 20
Q. 6. Cube is a ……………….
Ans. Regular polyhedron
Q. 7. A solid having minimum number of faces is …………..
Ans. Triangular prism
Q. 8. A pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base removing apex, the remaining part is known as
Ans. Frustum
Q. 9. An orthographic view of a hemisphere may appear as …………..
Ans. Circle
Q. 10. A square pyramid is resting on a face in the VP. The number of dotted lines appearing in the front view
will be
Ans. 2
EXPERIMENT No. - 7. Projections of Section of Solids
Aim: Construction of Projection of Section of Solids

Theory: Section of Solids: The solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional
details of the invisible features are known as sections of solids.
Terms used in sections of solids:
 Section plane or cutting plane: The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is known
as section plane.
 Sectional view: The projection obtained on a plane of projection of a cut object.
PROCEDURE:-

2. Draw FV or TV of true shape of a solid base as per given data.
3. Draw projection lines from true shape to complete another view.
4. Draw the section plane (line) parallel to HP as per given data.
5. Draw projection line from the intersection point of the section line and object edges.
6. Draw projection line up to the true shape view.
7. Join the intersection point of projection line and the edges of the true shape view.
8. Mark the intersection points.
9. Show all necessary dimensions by using dimension toolbar.

Q.1 A square pyramid, base 40 millimeters side & axis 65 millimeters long, has its base on the HP & all the
edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a sectional plane, perpendicular to the VP & inclined at
45° to the HP, & bisecting the axis. Draw its front view, sectional top view & true shape of the section.
Q.2 A pentagonal pyramid has its base on the HP & the edge of the base nearer the VP, parallel to it. A vertical
section plane inclined at 45° to the VP cuts the pyramid at distance of 6 millimeters from the axis. Draw the top
view, sectional front view & true shape of the section. Base of the pyramid 30 millimeters side, axis 50
millimeters long.
Q.3 A cylinder of 40 millimeters diameter, 60 millimeters height having its axis vertical, is cut by a section
plane, perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 45° to the HP & intersecting the axis 32 millimeters above the base.
Draw its front view, sectional top view & true shape of the section
Q.4 A cone, 60 millimeters diameter & axis 80 millimeters long, is resting on its base on the HP. It is cut by a
cutting plane perpendicular to the VP & inclined at 45° to the HP & cutting the axis at a point 35 millimeters
from the apex. Draw its front view, sectional top view & true shape of the section.
Q.5 A square prism, base 40 millimeters side & axis 80 millimeters long, has its base on the HP & its faces
equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a cutting plane perpendicular to the VP & inclined at 60° to the HP, &
passing through a point on the axis, 55 millimeters above the HP. Draw its front view, sectional top view.
Q.6 A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 millimeters side & axis 65 millimeters long is resting on its base on the HP
with two edges parallel to the VP. It is cut by a cutting plane, perpendicular to the VP & inclined at 45° to the
HP & intersecting the axis at a point 25 millimeters above the base. Draw its front view, sectional top view,
sectional side view & true shape of the section.
Q.7 A cylinder, 55 millimeters diameter & 65 millimeters long, is resting on its base on the ground. It is cut by a
sectional plane perpendicular to the VP, the VT of which cuts the axis at a point 40 millimeters from the base &
makes an angle of 45° with the HP. Draw its front view, sectional top view & true shape of the section.
Q.8 A pentagonal prism base 25 millimeters side & height 60 millimeters has an edge of its base on the HP, &
the axis parallel to the VP & inclined at 60° to the HP. A section plane having its HT perpendicular to XY, &
VT inclined at 60°to the XY & passing through the highest corner, cuts the prism. Draw the front view,
sectional top view & true shape of the section.
Q.9 A pentagonal prism of side of base 30 millimeters and axis 60 millimeters long rests with one its
rectangular faces on H.P. with its axis inclined at 30° to V.P. A section plane parallel to V.P. cuts the solid
through the center of the axis into two halves. Draw the projection s of the solid.
Q.10 A triangular prism base 30 millimeters side and axis 50 millimeters long is lying on the H.P. on one of its
rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 30° to the V.P. It is cut by horizontal sectional at a distance of 12
millimeters above the base / ground. Draw its front view and sectional top view.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Name the view that provides the internal features of an object
Ans. Sectional view
Q. 2. A cone is cut by a section plane parallel to the profile plane. Its true shape of section is seen in
Ans. Side view
Q. 3. A square pyramid resting on its base in the HP and a side of base parallel to VP. It is cut by an A.I.P. Its
true shape will be
Ans. Trapezium
Q. 4. A cone resting on its base on the HP cut by a section plane parallel to VP has its sectional front view as
Ans. Hyperbola
Q. 5. If a polyhedron is cut by any section plane, the true shape of section is a closed figure made up of
Ans. Straight lines

Q. 6. A rectangular prism is resting on a rectangular face in the HP. It is cut by a horizontal plane. Its sectional
top view is a/an
Ans. Rectangle
Q. 7. A cylinder of 60 millimeters diameter and 80 millimeters long axis inclined on its generators in HP. It is
cut by a section plane to get an ellipse as the true shape of section. The minor axis of this ellipse will be
Ans. 60 millimeters
Q. 8. A square pyramid of 50 millimeters side resting on its base on HP, is cut by a horizontal section plane
bisecting its axis. The true shape of the section is
Ans. Square of 25 millimeters side
Q. 9. A square pyramid of 45 millimeters side and 60 millimeters long axis resting on its base in the HP is cut
by a horizontal section plane passing through a point on the axis 20 millimeters below the apex. Its true shape of
section is
Ans. A square of side 15 millimeters
Q. 10. A cylinder of 50 millimeters diameter and 120 millimeters long axis is lying on its generators in HP. It is
cut by a vertical section plane to get largest ellipse as the true shape of the section. The major axis of this ellipse
will be
Ans. 130 millimeters.

EXPERIMENT No. - 8. Projections of Development of lateral surface
Aim: Construction of Development of lateral surface

Theory: Development of surfaces: The complete surface of an object when laid out on a plane is called the
development of the surface or pattern of the object.
Engineering applications of Development of Surface:
The engineering applications of development is generally employed in sheet metal works, in the construction of
boilers, pattern making, stone cutting, tunnels, buckets, chimney, prisms, cylinder, pyramids, cones, spheres, etc
Methods of Development
Parallel-line Development: - It is used for developing prisms and single curved surfaces like cylinders in
which all the edges/generators of lateral surfaces are parallel to each other.
Radial-line Development: - It is employed for pyramids and single curved surfaces like cones in which the
apex is taken as centre and the slant edge or generator (which are the true lengths) as radius for its development.
PROCEDURE:-
2. Draw FV and TV of a solid as per given data.
3. Draw the section plane (line) parallel to XY as per given data.
4. Draw projection line from the intersection point of the section line and object edge.
5. Draw the development of the solid.
6. Draw the projection line from the intersection point of the edges and section line to the corresponding edges
of the developed surface.
7. Name to the corner points of the solid in front view and top view and the developed surface.


Problems for Sheet No. – 08
Q.1A hexagonal prism with edge of base 30 millimeters and height 80 millimeters rests on its base with one of
its base edges perpendicular to V.P. An inclined plane at 45° to H.P. cuts its axis at its middle. Draw the
development of the truncated prism.
Q.2 A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 50 millimeters and height 80 millimeters rests on its base on the ground
with one of its base sides parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30° to H.P cuts
the pyramid, bisecting its axis. Draw the development of the truncated pyramid.
Q.3 A cone of base 50 millimeters diameter and height 60 millimeters rests with its base on H.P. and bisects the
axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.
Q.4A cylinder of base 120 millimeters and axis 160 millimeters long is resting on its base on H.P. It has a
circular hole of 90 millimeters diameter, drilled centrally through such that the axis of the hole is perpendicular
to V.P and bisects the axis of the cylinder at right angles. Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder.
Q.5A Pentagonal prism of side of base 20 millimeters and height 50 millimeters stands vertically on its base
with a rectangular face perpendicular to V.P. A cutting plane perpendicular to V.P and inclined at 60º to the axis
passes through the edges of the top base of the prism. Develop the lower portion of the lateral surface of the
prism.
Q.6A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 millimeters and axis 70 millimeters long is resting on its base on HP.
such that a rectangular face is parallel to V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at
30º to HP. The section plane is passing through the top end of an extreme lateral edge of the prism. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the cut prism.
Q.7 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the frustum of the square pyramid of side of base 30
millimeters and axis 40 millimeters, resting on HP with one of the base edges parallel to V.P. It is cut by a
horizontal cutting plane at a height of 20 millimeters.
Q.8A hexagonal pyramid with side of base 30 millimeters and height 75 millimeters stands with its base on RP
and an edge of the base parallel to V.P. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P. inclined at 45° to H.P and
passing through the mid-point of the axis. Draw the (sectioned) top view and develop the lateral surface of the
truncated pyramid
Q.9A cylinder of diameter of base 40 millimeters and height 50 millimeters is standing on its base on HP. A
cutting plane inclined at 45° to the axis of the cylinder passes through the left extreme point of the top base.
Develop the lateral surface of the truncated cylinder.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Method for the development of pyramid is
Ans. Radial line method
Q. 2. Method for the development of prism is
Ans. Parallel line method
Q. 3. The nature of lateral surface of a cylinder is
Ans. Singly curved surface
Q. 4. If a semicircular thin sheet is folded to form a cone then the front view looks like
Ans. Equilateral triangle
Q. 5. Sector of a circle of 60 mm radius and 120 degree represents development of a
Ans. Cone
Q. 6. If the front view of a cone is represented by an equilateral triangle of 60 mm side, the area of its largest
surface is
Ans. 1800 π
Q. 7. The development of surface of a tetrahedron of 60 mm edge can be represented by an equilateral triangle
of side

Ans. 120 mm
Q. 8. The development of surface of a tetrahedron of 60 mm edge can be represented by a parallelogram of
adjacent sides
Ans. 60 mm and 120 mm
Q. 9. A rectangle of represents the development of lateral surface of
Ans. Cylinder or prism
Q. 10. When a semicircular plate with diameter D is folded to form a cone, the cone will have
Ans. Diameter and generator = D/2

EXPERIMENT No. - 9. Isometric Projections
Aim: Construction of Isometric Projections

Theory: The isometric projection of an object is a one plane view drawn with the object so placed with respect
to the plane of projection that all the three principal axes appear to be inclined to each other at an equal angle of
120°.
ISOMETRIC SCALE: -The isometric scale is used to measure the foreshortened length of dimensions of any
object to draw the isometric projection. The steps of construction of isometric scale are given below
(i) Draw a horizontal line PQ.
(ii) Draw the true lengths on a line PM inclined at 45° to the horizontal line (say up to 70 mm
(iii) Draw another line PA at 30° to the horizontal line.
(iv) Draw the vertical projection of all the points of true length from PM to PA.
(v) Complete the scale with the details as shown in the figure.
The lengths shown at the line PA are the isometric lengths to be used to draw the isometric projection.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Draw the base of the solid "with isometric scale" as per specified condition with respect to V.P. and H.P. as
per the rules of orthographic projection. It is called Helping Figure.
2. Draw the centre of the helping figure and enclose the helping figure in a suitable rectangle. Transfer the co-
ordinates of centre to the sides of the enclosing rectangle with centre lines.
3. Draw the three principal axes at 30°, 90° and 30° to the horizontal base line.
4. Copy the length of sides of helping figure's rectangle on the respective principal axis and the height or length
of the object on the third principal axis. It will give a box in which the object will be perfectly/snugly fitted.
5. Copy the co-ordinates of centre and the vertices of the base on this box.
6. Join the visible edges by thick lines and Axis line by the centre line.
7. Complete the isometric projection with dimensioning and direction of viewing. Now let us draw the isometric
projection of regular solids.


Q.1 A hexagonal prism of base side 30 millimeters and height of 70 millimeters resting on its base on H.P. with
two of its base side parallel to V.P.
Q.2 Draw the isometric projection of an inverted pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 millimeters and axis of 60
millimeters resting on its base on H.P. with one of its base side parallel to V.P. and nearer to the observer.
Q.3 Draw the isometric projection of a frustum of square pyramid of shorter base edge 30 millimeters and
longer base edge 50 millimeters with the axial height of 60 millimeters, kept on H.P. on its shorter end and two
of its base edges are parallel to V.P.
Q.4 Draw the isometric projection of a cylinder of height of 75 millimeters and diameter of 50 millimeters
resting on its base keeping the axis parallel to V.P
Q.5 Draw the isometric projection of cone of diameter 40 millimeters and axis of 60 millimeters resting on its
base perpendicular to H.P.
Q.6 Draw the isometric projection of a frustum of a cone of diameter 30 millimeters at smaller end, diameter 50
millimeters at bigger end and the axial height is 70 millimeters. It is resting on its bigger end on H.P. keeping its
axis vertical.
Q.7 Draw an Isometric Projection of a vertical regular pentagonal pyramid resting centrally, having one base
edge away from the observer parallel to V.P., on top of a vertical cylinder. Side of the pentagon = 32
millimeters, height of pyramid = 50 millimeters, diameter of cylinder = 76 millimeters and height of cylinder =
40 millimeters.
Q.8 Draw the isometric projection of a hemisphere of 60 millimeters diameter resting on its curved surface on
H.P.
Q.9 Draw an Isometric Projection of a square prism having side of the square = 30 millimeters and height = 54
millimeters standing (upright) and centrally on a flat square slab of thickness = 26 millimeters and its base side
= 52 millimeters.
Q.10 Draw an Isometric Projection of a right circular cone resting vertically and centrally on the top of
pentagonal slab having one of its rectangular face perpendicular to the observer. Side of pentagon = 46
millimeters, thickness of slab = 30 millimeters, diameter of cone = 40 millimeters and height of cone = 60
millimeters.
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Define isometric projections?
Ans. The isometric projection of an object is a one plane view drawn with the object so placed with respect to
the plane of projection that all the three principal axes appear to be inclined to each other at an equal angle of
120°.
Q. 2. Define isometric scale?
Ans. The isometric scale is used to measure the foreshortened length of dimensions of any object to draw the
isometric projection.
Q. 3. What is angle between the three principal axes?
Ans. 120°

EXPERIMENT No. - 10. Orthographic Projection
Aim: Construction of Orthographic Projections

Theory: ORTHO' means right angle and orthographic means right angled drawing. When the projectors are
perpendicular to the plane on which the projection is obtained, it is known as orthographic projection.
A parallel projection technique in which the plane of projection is perpendicular to the parallel line of prospect.
Orthographic projection technique can produce either pictorial drawings that show all three dimensions of an
object in one view, or multi-views that show only two dimensions of an object in a single view.
Viewing FACE: -
Orientation of views from projection PLANES:-
Top view is always positioned and aligned with the front view, and side view is always positioned tothe side of
and aligned with the front view.
First angle projection Third angle projection

Draw the orthographic view of following
Viva Questions:
Q. 1. Write the principles of orthographic views?
Q. 2. Write the procedure rules for lines?
Q. 3. What is one view drawing?
Q. 4. What are two view drawings?
Q. 5. What are three view drawings?

EXPERIMENT No. - 11. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Aim: Construction of drawing with the help of Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software
Apparatus: Computer with design software.
Theory:
CAD
The process of constructing the drawings on the computer screen with the help of specially developed
software‟s and hardware‟s is called Computer Aided Drafting.
Various software’s used for CAD

Various software‟s used for CAD are Auto-CAD, Pro/ENGINEER, NX Unigraphics, Iron CAD, CATIA,
SOLIDEDGE, SOLIDWORKS, 3Ds Max and Vision.
Advantages of CAD
1. Accuracy: CAD helps to achieve very high degree of accuracy that is impossible to achieve manually.
For example, a line 22.532 mm long or an angle of 53.27 can be precisely drawn in CAD software
2. Speed: With sufficient practice, a user can create drawings speedily. Similar objects can be copied or
mirrored or arrayed which saves time required for duplication. Automatic hatching, texting and
dimensioning save time.
3. Easy Editing: Drawings once constructed can be easily edited or modified as and when needed.
Component drawings from one drawing file can be inserted in another drawing file.
Main components of CAD

Title Bar: The color strip displayed at the top of the Auto-CAD window is called the title bar. In the title bar
the file name is indicated within [ ].
Menu Bar: The menu bar, located below the title bar, provides pull down menus from which one can choose
commands.
Tool Bar: There are many toolbars on the screen like draw tool bar, edit tool bar etc. Each tool bar contains
number of buttons, from which one can activate command by clicking the button.
Status Bar: The status bar located at the bottom of the screen shows the coordinates of the screen cursor as well
as the current setting of various Auto-CAD programmes.
Command Window: The command window is one component of Auto-CAD that does not have an equivalent
in most other windows programs. One can activate any Auto-CAD command by typing the command and
pressing enter.
Document Window: The document window or drawing area, occupies most of the screen. This is the area
where one can actually create the drawing.
Draw commands used in CAD

LINE (L), PLINE (polyline) (PL), POINT (PO), POLYGON (POL), RECTANG (rectangle)(rec), ARC (A),
CIRCLE(C), SPLINE(SPL), ELLIPSE (EL), HATCH (H), MTEXT(multiline text) (t or mt), XLINE (xl), RAY
Edit commands used in CAD

ERASE(e), COPY(co or cp), MIRROR (mi), OFFSET (o), ARRAY (ar), MOVE (m), ROTATE (ro), SCALE
(sc), TRIM (tr), EXTEND (ex), BREAK (br), JOIN (j), CHAMFER (cha), FILLET (f), EXPLODE(x),
LENGTHEN (len)

Standard tool bar commands used in CAD
NEW, OPEN, SAVE, UNDO (u), REDO,CUTCLIP, COPYCLIP, PROPERTIES(ch or mo or props),
MATCHPROP(match properties) (ma), PAN (p), ZOOM(z)
Commands used for dimensioning in CAD

DIMALIGNED (dal or dimali), DIMRADIUS (dra or dimrad), DIMDIAMETER (ddi or dimdia),
DIMANGULAR (dan or dimang), LEADER(ql)
EXERCISE:
1. Write commands to draw a regular pentagon of sides 30 mm
Command: POLYGON
Enter no. of sides 5
Specify center of polygon or [Edge] E
Specify first end point of edge 10,10
Specify second end point of edge 40,10
2. Write commands to draw a right cylinder of base 40 mm and height 60 mm?

Command: CYLINDER
specify center point for base of cylinder [0.0.0] 30,30,0
specify radius for base of cylinder or [DIAMETER] D
specify diameter for base of cylinder 40
specify height of cylinder or center of other end 60
3. Explain various commands of drawing circles in AUTOCAD system?

various commands of drawing circles in AUTOCAD system are as follows
Using centre and radius:
The command for drawing a circle having centre at (30, 31) and radius 20 are as follows.
Command: Circle
3P/ 2p /TTR /< center point> :30, 31
Diameter /<radius> :20
4. Using three given point (3P)

The command for drawing circle with three known given points on the circum-ference of the circle is as
follows
Command :Circle
3P/2P/TTR <center point> :3P
First point :5, 20
Second point :3, 30
Third point :6, 25
5. Polygon command in Auto CAD

The polygon command of Auto CAD draw regular 2D polygons with 3 to 1024 sides following three
methods can be used to draw any polygon by using polygon command.
Inscribing polygon in a circle:-

Command for inscribing a polygon of 5sides in a circle with centre of (30, 30) and radius 20 units is as
follows
Command: polygon
Number of sides: 5

Edge <centre of polygon >: 30, 30
Inscribed in a circle <circumscribed about circle (I / C): I
Radius of circle: 20
Circumscribe a polygon of 5 sides about a circle

Command: polygon
Number of sides: 5
Edge <centre of polygon >: 30, 30
Inscribed in a circle <circumscribed about circle (I / C): C
Radius of circle: 20
Using edge method: -
A regular polygon can be drawn by defining end point of an edge of the polygon. Commands are as follows
Command: polygon
No. of sides: 8
Edge/ <centre of polygon>: E
First end point of edge: 10,10
Second end point of edge: @20,0
Viva Questions:
Q1. What is CAD?

Q2. Name various soft wares used for CAD?
Q3. What are advantages of CAD?
Q4. What are limitations of CAD?
Q5. What are main components of CAD?
Q6. Write any five draw commands used in CAD?
Q7. Write any five edit commands used in CAD?
Q8. Write any five standard tool bar commands used in CAD?
Q9. Write any five commands used for dimensioning in CAD?
Q10. Explain various commands of drawing circles in AUTOCAD system?

Engineering Graphics Lab Manual

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Engineering Graphics Lab Manual

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS LABORATORY -1-

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

This is to certify that Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………… with RGTU

Enrollment No. 0832 ..…………………………..has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in

…………………….……………………………………………...………laboratory, as prescribed by Rajiv

Department during year 20….…  ....

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Sl. Expt. Name of the Experiment Date of Signature

01. 1 ENGINEERING SCALES

02. 2 CONIC SECTION

03. 3 ENGINEERING CURVES

04. 4 PROJECTION OF POINT AND STRAIGHT LINES

05. 5 PROJECTION OF PLANES

06. 6 PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

07. 7 SECTION OF SOLIDS

08. 8 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

09. 9 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

10. 10 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

List of EQUIPMENTS required for the drawing practice session

S.NO. NAME OF EQUIPMENTS QUANTITY

2 ENGG. DRAWING BOX 1

3 FRENCH CURVES 1-SET

6 DRAWING CLIP 1-SET

7 LEAD PENCIL/CLUTCH PENCIL (HB, H, 2H & 4H) 1-EACH

9 SAND PAPER/CELLO TAPE 1

10 BLADE / PENCIL SHARPENER 1

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Aim: Construction of Engineering Scale

Drawing size of an object

When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter length of the object

Metric System British System

1 Kilometer (km) = 10 Hectometer (hm) 1 League = 3 Miles (mi)

1 Hectometer (hm) = 10 Decameter (Dm) 1 Mile (mi) = 8 Furlongs (fur)

1 Decameter (Dm) = 10 Meter (m) 1 Furlong (fur) = 10 Chains (ch)

1 Meter (m) = 10 Decimeter (dm) 1 Chain (ch) = 22 Yards (yd)

1 Decimeter (dm) = 10 Centimeter (cm) 1 Yard (yd) = 3 Feet (ft)

1 Foot (ft) = 12 Inches (in)

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Plain Scales ( for dimensions up to single decimal)

Principle of Diagonal Scale (Fig.)

Considering the similar triangles say BCD and B44'

1. Length of the scale = (3/200) x 6 m = 9 cm

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1.Length of Scale = (1/25) × (4 × 100) = 16 cm

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Aim: Construction of various Conic Sections

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Aim: Construction of various Engineering Curves (Special Curves)

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Aim: Construction of Projection of Straight Lines

S. No. Statement/position of line Front view Top view

Line perpendicular to HP & True length and point

Line perpendicular to HP & point True length and Perpendicular

Line inclined to HP & VP Neither

1. Draw reference line XY.

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING