Book Fold Fundamental Stat 2013

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CITY OF OLONGAPO
GORDON COLLEGE
MAT 106
Fundamental Statistics
Course Description:
MAT 106 covers basic concepts of probability
and statistical inference, focusing on an intuitive
approach to understanding concepts &
methodologies it introduces statistical / critical
thinking, including the uses and abuses of statistical,
descriptive testing, regression and forecasting.
Objectives:
1. define basic terminologies in statistics and
probabilities
2. Identify the mean, median, mode of
grouped and ungrouped data.
3. solve problems involving probabilities using
various approach
4. solve problems involving inferential
statistics
Weekly Contact Hours: 3
Pre-requisite: Algebra
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Course Requirements: quiz, attendance, recitation, major

exams, assignments, seat works
Course References:
 Walpole, Ronald E., Introduction to Statistics
3rd Ed., Int'l Ed., Prentice Hall Int'l Inc.1982
Course Outline:
Course Outline:
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition of terms
2. Uses/Application of Statistics
3. Population and Sample
4. Summation Notation
5. Methods used in Collecting Data
6. Presentation of Data
II. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

1. Mean, Median, Mode (Definition)
2. Mean, Median, Mode of Ungrouped Data
3. Frequency distribution
4. General Rules for Constructing
Frequency Distribution
5. Graphical Representation of Frequency
Distribution
6. Histograms and Frequency Polygons
7. Relative frequency Distribution
8. Cumulative frequency Distribution and
Ogives
2 Leb y A . Fastidio
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FUNDAMENTAL STATISTICS
MAT 106
9. Mean, Median, Mode for Grouped Data

10. Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles
III. MEASURES OF VARIATION

1. Importance
2. Calculation and Interpretation of
Various Measures of Variation
3. Range, variance, mean deviation,
standard deviation of ungrouped and
grouped data
IV. REGRESSION
1. Simple Linear Regression
2. Time series
V. CORRELATION
1. Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient
2. Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient
3. The Phi – Coefficient
4. The Point – Biserial Correlation
Coefficient
5. The Biserial Correlation Coefficient
6. The Tetrachoric Coefficient of
Correlation
7. The Rank Biserial Coefficient of
Correlation
8. The Multiserial Correlation Coefficient
9. Multiple and Partial Correlation
VI. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Leb y A . Fastidio 3
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1. Normal Curve vs. Skew ness

2. Properties of a Normal Curve
3. Areas Under the Normal Curve
4. Applications of the Normal Distribution
VII. TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS

1. Statistical Hypothesis
2. Level of Significance
3. One Tailed and Two Tailed Test
4. Steps in Hypothesis Testing
5. Z-test
6. T-test
7. Chi-square
8. ANOVA
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MAT 106
STATISTICS is defined as the branch of mathematics that deals with the

systematic method of collecting, classifying, presenting, analyzing and
interpreting quantitative or numerical data.
Two Major Areas

1) D ESCRIPTIV E STATISTI CS
 comprises those methods concerned with
collecting and describing a set of data so as to yield
meaningful information. Examples are the
measures of location, measures of variability,
skewness and kurtosis.
2) STATISTICAL IN FEREN CE
 comprises those methods concerned with the
analysis of the subset of data leading to predictions
or inferences about the entire set of data. Examples
are the hypothesis testing using t-test, z-test, chi-
square, ANOVA, etc.
Po p ula t io n
Is consists of the totality of the observations.
Sa mp le
Subset of a population.
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To find the number of samples given the number of population and margin
N
of error: n
1  Ne 2
Where : n= number of samples
N= number of population
„e = margin of error
Methods on Collecting Data

1) D IRECT METHOD OR IN T ERV IEW. The researcher gets the needed
data/information from the respondent directly in a face to face
contact.
2) IN D IRECT M ETHOD OR QU ESTION N AIRE. A data-gathering
instrument consisting of a list of well planned, written questions
related to a particular topic with space provided for responses to each
questions given out to acquire the needed data/information.
3) REGISTRATION M ETHOD . Examples of registration method are
the records of births, marriages, and deaths at the National Statistics
Office. Another example is the registration record of all Filipinos of
voting age at the COMELEC.
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MAT 106
4) OBSERV ATION M ETHOD . This means of gathering data is
employed when certain data or information cannot be secured
adequately or validly through the use of the other methods.
Observation must be specific, systematic, quantitative, expert and its
results must be checked and substantiated.
5) EXPERIM EN TATION M ETHOD . This is normally done inside the
laboratory.
Presentation of Data
1) TEXTU AL. This mode of presentation combines text and figures in a
statistical report.
2) TABU LAR. The data are systematically presented through tables
consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with headings
describing these rows and columns.
3) GRAPHICAL. It is the most effective means of presenting statistical
data, because important relationships are brought out more clearly
in graphs.
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D ifferent Ty p es o f Gra p hs
1. Ba r g ra p h
2. Line g ra p h
3. Circ le g ra p h o r p ie g ra p h
4. Sc a t t er dia g ra m
5. Pic t o g ra p h
Measures of Central Tendency of a given set of data is the value around

which the whole set of data tend to cluster. It is represented by a single
number which summarizes and describes the whole set.
Ungrouped Data  refer to data not organized into frequency distribution.
Mean  arithmetic average, the sum of the observed values divided by the
number of observations.
x
x where: x  mean
n
x  data
n  total number of observation
Ex. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
x
 x   (1  2  3  4  5)  15  3
n 5 5
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MAT 106
Median  middle data when the set is arranged in either ascending or
descending order ~x  Ex.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
~x   3
Mode  the observation which appear most frequent  x̂ 
Ex. 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4
xˆ  2
Weighted Mean takes into consideration the proper weights assigned to the
observed values according to their relative importance.
xw 
 xy where: xw  weighted mean
Y
x  grade
y  units per subject/ course
Y  total units earned
Example:
Ungrouped data: {2, 9, 7, 4, 8, 9, 8, 1, 5, 3, 8, 5, 7, 8, 1, 2}
{12, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 12, 11}
Instructor II: COE
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A tabular arrangement of data showing its classification or grouping
according to magnitude or size
Cla ss Limit s. The end numbers of a class.
Cla ss Bo unda ries are the “true” class limits defined by lower and upper
boundaries. The lower boundaries can be determined by getting the average
of the upper limit of a class and the lower limit of the next class.
Cla ss M a rk is the average of the lower and upper limits or boundaries of each
class.
Cla ss Int erva l is the range of values used in defining a class and simply the
length of a class. It is the difference or distance between the upper and lower
class boundaries of each class.
Cla ss siz e is the width of each class interval.
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1. Array the given raw data in ascending order.
2. Decide on the tentative number of classes to use.
3. Determine the range using the formula:
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MAT 106
Range = Highest value minus lowest value
4. Divide the range by the tentative number of classes to get the
approximate value of the class interval. The ideal number of classes is
between 5 and 15. Use class interval rounded to the nearest whole
number.
5. Start the first class with a lower limit equal or a little bit less than the
lowest observed value.
Relative Frequency Distribution , denoted by %rf, is derived by getting the

ratio of the number of items in each class to the total number of frequency.
The relative frequency distribution may be expressed in percent and its total
sum must be equal to 100%.
Cumulative Frequency Distribution

The “less than” cumulative frequency distribution is obtained by adding the
frequencies of the class intervals from the lowest to the highest. Thus, the
“less than” cumulative frequency of a class interval is the frequency of that
class, plus the cumulative “less than” frequency of the preceding class interval.
The “more than” cumulative frequency distribution is obtained by
subtracting the frequency of each class interval from the cumulative “more
than” frequency of the preceding class starting from the highest to the lowest.
Instructor II: COE
Example:
For grouped data:
7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 11
11 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
17 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 21
A) Range = H – L = 21 – 7 = 14
R 14
B) Class Interval ( i ) =   2.8  3
5 5
Tabular Presentation of data
Cumulative
Class Class Relative
Frequency frequency (cf)
Class (x) Tally boundary mark frequency %(rf)
(f) Less Greater
(CB) (cm) (rf)
than than
7-9 8 6.5-9.5 8 8 50 0.16 16
10-12 5 9.5-12.5 11 13 42 0.10 10
13-15 14 12.5-15.5 14 27 37 0.28 28
16-18 17 15.5-18.5 17 44 23 0.34 34
19-21 6 18.5-21.5 20 50 6 0.12 12
f  50
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Graphical Presentation of the Frequency Distribution

1) Histogram is a special bar graph constructed by plotting the class
boundaries on the horizontal axis against frequencies plotted on the
vertical axis. When class intervals have uniform width the width of the
bar must also be uniform.
2) Frequency Polygon is a closed broken line curved constructed by
plotting the class marks on the horizontal axis against the class
frequencies which are plotted on the vertical axis. To close the frequency
polygon, the coordinate end points are terminated on the x-axis at the
midpoints of empty classes before the lowest and after the highest class
intervals. An empty class is a class with zero frequency.
3) Ogive is the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution and is
constructed by plotting the class boundaries on the horizontal axis
against the cumulative “less than” and more than” frequencies plotted on
the vertical axis. To complete the ogive, the “less than” curve is
terminated at the lower boundary of the lowest class interval and the
“more than” curve is terminated at the upper boundary of the highest
class interval. The ogive may look like an open pair of scissors.
Instructor II: COE
FREQUENCY CURVES
A frequency curve is a smoothed frequency polygon. The frequency polygon
is smoothed by increasing the number of classes and sample size in a given
distribution. It may be regarded as the graph of the population.
Types of Frequency Curves

A normal curve represents a symmetrical distribution. It is single peaked,
symmetrical and bell-shaped and looks like a “mexican sombrero.”
Assymmetrical distributions are represented by curves that are either
positively or negatively skewed. It is negatively skewed if the curve tails off to
the left and positively skewed if it tails off to the right.
Gro up ed D a t a refer to sets of data presented in the forms of frequency
distributions.
M ea n
x
 f  cm
n
where: x  mean
f  frequency
cm  class mark/ midpoint
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MAT 106
  f  d 
x  x    *i

 n 
where: x  mean
x   assumed mean
f  frequency
d   unit coded deviation from the assumed mean
i  interval
n 
  cf B 
~
x  CBL   2
M edia n  i
 f 
 
where: ~
x  median
CBLlower class boundary of the class containing the median
f  class frequency of the class containing the median
cfB  cumulative frequency preceding the class containing the
median
 1 
M o de xˆ  Lo     i
 1   2 
where: Lo  lower limit of the class containing the mode
1  highest frequency minus the frequency before it
 2  highest frequency minus the frequency after it
Instructor II: COE
Example:
Class Class
Frequency
Class (x) boundary mark cf
(f)
(CB) (cm)
7-9 8 6.5-9.5 8 8
10-12 5 9.5-12.5 11 13
13-15 14 12.5-15.5 14 27
16-18 17 15.5-18.5 17 44
19-21 6 18.5-21.5 20 50
f  50
Quantiles or Fractiles
In a frequency distribution, the quantiles or fractiles is a value at or below
which a given fraction of the distribution must lie. Like the median, the
quantiles or fractiles are also positional measures.
Quartiles are values that divide a distribution into 4 equal parts. (Q 1 , Q 2 ,

Q3)
n 
 4  cf B 
Q1  CBL    i
 f 
 
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MAT 106
where: Q 1  first quartile
CBL  lower class boundary of the class containing the first
quartile
f  class frequency of the class containing the first quartile
first quartile
Deciles are values that divide a distribution into 10 equal parts. (D 1 , D 2 ,

D3 , D4 , D5 , D6 , D7 , D8 ,D9 )
 3n 
 10  cf B 
D3  CBL    i
 f 
 
where: D 3  third decile
CBL  lower class boundary of the class containing the third
decile
cf  class frequency of the class containing the third decile
third decile
Percentiles are values that divide a distribution into 100 equal parts. (P 1 ,
P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , …P 99 )
Instructor II: COE
 37n 
 100  cf B 
P37  CBL    i
 f 
 
where: P 37  thirty-seventh percentile
CBL  lower class boundary of the class containing the thirty-
seventh percentile
f  class frequency of the class containing the thirty seventh
percentile
thirty seventh percentile
Examples
Ungrouped data: {2, 9, 7, 4, 8, 9, 8, 1, 5, 3, 8, 5, 7, 8, 1, 2}: {12, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 12, 11}
for Grouped data:

Class Class
Frequency
(f)
(CB) (cm)
7-9 8 6.5-9.5 8 8
10-12 5 9.5-12.5 11 13
13-15 14 12.5-15.5 14 27
16-18 17 15.5-18.5 17 44
19-21 6 18.5-21.5 20 50
f  50
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
 Indicate the extent to which values in a distribution are spread
around the central tendency
Fo r U ng ro up ed D a t a
The Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest observed
values in a distribution.
The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)

To arrive at a more precise and reliable measure of variation, all item values in
the distribution must be taken into account and determine the amount by
which each item value varies from the mean of the distribution and one way
of doing so is to use the mean absolute deviation.
MAD 
 x x i
n
Where : xi  value of each observation
 symbol for absolute value
n  total number of items

x  mean
Instructor II: COE
The InterQuartile Range (IQR)

It is the difference between the first quartile (Q 1) and the third quartile (Q3).
It is also called the midspread.
IQR = Q3 – Q1
The Quartile Deviation or Semi -Interquartile Range

It is the amount of dispersion present in the middle 50% if the values of a
distribution, the median plus one quartile-deviation (Q) on either side
encompassing 50% of the observations.
Q3  Q1
QD =
2
The Variance
It is the average of the squared deviation values from the distribution‟s mean.
If all values are identical the variance is zero. The greater the dispersion of
values the greater the variance. The symbol for sample variance is S 2 and the
population variance is the Greek letter sigma 2.

( xi  x )2
 2  s2 
n
Where : xi  value of each item
x  mean
n  total number of observations
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MAT 106
The Standard Deviation

It is the positive square root of the variance which measures the spread or
dispersion of each value from the mean of the distribution. It is the most
used measure of spread since it improves interpretability by removing the
variance square and expressing deviations in their original unit, and is
significantly related to normal distributions. It is the most important measure
of dispersion since it enables us to determine with a great deal of accuracy
where the values of the distribution are located in relation to the mean.
s
 (x  x) i
2
 1st formula
n
Where : xi  value of each item
x  mean
x  x
2 2
s     2nd formula

n  n 
where: x 2 square of each term
Example:
Ungrouped data: {2, 9, 7, 4, 8, 9, 8, 1, 5, 3, 8, 5, 7, 8, 1, 2}
{12, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 12, 11}
Instructor II: COE
For Grouped Data
Range = Upper boundary of highest class minus lower boundary of lowest

class.
Interquartile Range  IQR  Q3  Q1
Q3  Q1
Quartile deviation  QD 
2
Mean Absolute Deviation  MAD 

 f cm  x
n
Where : cm  class midpoint
 symbol for absolute value
n  total number of items
x  mean
f (cm  x )2
VARIANCE (S ) 2
 s 
2 2
n
Where : cm  class mark of each classes
x  mean
f  frequency
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
STANDARD DEVIATION
S=
 f (cm  x ) 2
n
Where : cm  class mark of each classes
x  mean
f  frequency
for Grouped data:

Class Class
Frequency
(f)
(CB) (cm)
7-9 8 6.5-9.5 8 8
10-12 5 9.5-12.5 11 13
13-15 14 12.5-15.5 14 27
16-18 17 15.5-18.5 17 44
19-21 6 18.5-21.5 20 50
f  50
Instructor II: COE
PROBABILITY
Probability which connotes the “chance” or the “likelihood” that
something will happen or occur is an interesting and fascinating area of
mathematics. Although its original purpose was the application of
mathematics to outcomes of game of chance, today, it has found a far-
reaching and an ever increasing number of important and useful
applications not only in the fields of the biological, physical and social
sciences, but also in many scientific fields of human endeavors. Likewise,
it has also played an important role in business decision making. Due to
its growing importance in almost all fields of human endeavors, people
involve in these different fields need a working knowledge of probability.
Definition 1: Sample Space

 set of all possible outcomes of statistical experiment
Notation: Sample Space, S
Statistical Experiment  is an activity that produces outcomes

Ex.
1. tossing of coin
2. rolling a die
3. enrolling a course
Sample points  are members / elements of a sample space
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MAT 106
Definition 2: An EVENT
 is a subset of a sample space consider
Ex. S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Events
E= {1}
A= {1, 3, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6}
Definition 3: The COM PLEM EN T of an event with respect to S is a subset of

all the elements of S are NOT in A.
S
A B
A’
Ex. S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A= {1, 3, 5} event
A′= {2, 4, 6} complement of A
Definition 4: The IN TERSECTION of Two Events A & B is the event

containing all the elements that are common to A & B.
S
A B
A B
Notation:
Intersection of A & B is A ∩ B
Ex.:
Let A = {1, 3, 5} P = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 6, 7} Q = { x, y, z}
A  B  {1} P Q  { } or 0
Instructor II: COE
Definition 5: Two events A & B are said to be mut ually exclusive or disjo int
if P  Q  0 , that is A & B have no common elements
*Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same
time
S
A B
A B 0
Ex.:
a. getting a head and tail in a single toss of a coin
b. a poker playing a flush and 3 of a kind on the
same S-card hand
Definition 6: The U N ION of two events A & B, denoted by the symbol A U

B, is the event containing all the elements that belongs to A or B or both.
S S
A B B
A
A B A B
Exercises:
1. List
the elements of each of the following sample space
a. set of integers between 1-50 divisible by 8
b. the set S = {x/x²+4x-5=0}
c. the set of outcomes when a coin is tossed until a tail or
three heads appear
d. the set S = {x/2x-4 ≥ 0 & x<1}
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
2. An experiment consist of asking three women at random if

they wash their dishes with brand x detergent
a. list the element of S using the letter Y for “yes” and N
for “no”
b. list the element of S corresponding to the event E that
at least 2 of the women uses brand x
c. define an event that has its elements the points:
{YYY,NYY,YYN,NYN}
3. Construct a Venn diagram to illustrate the possible
intersection and union for the following events relative to
the sample space S consisting of all the students of the
Gordon College:
J: a student is a junior
M: a student is mathematics major
W: a student is a woman
4. If S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 , A  2, 4, 7, 9  ,
B  1, 3, 5, 7, 9 , C  2, 3, 4, 5  , D  1, 6, 7  ,
list the elements corresponding to the following events:
a. A' C
b. B C'
S B' 
'
c.
d. C '
D B
e. B C'  A
f. A C D
Instructor II: COE
Counting Sample Points
Theorem 1: Fundament al Princ ip le o f Co unt ing / M ult ip lic at io n Rule

If an operation can be performed in n1 ways and if for each of these
a second operation can be performed in n2 ways, then two operations can be
performed together in:
n1  n2 ways
Ex.:
1. How many sample points are in the sample space where a pair of
dice is thrown once?
2. Given the choice of
3-bedrooms
2-bedrooms
1-bedroom
in a
1- story
2- story
duplex house
In how many different ways can a buyer order one of these houses?
Theorem 2: Generaliz e M ult ip lic at io n Rule

If an operation can be performed in n1 ways, in n2 , and so forth to
nk …, then a sequence of k operation can be performed
n1 * n2 *...* nk ways
Ex.:
1. How many lunches consisting a soup, sandwich, dessert, drink
are possible if we can select from 4 soups, 3 kinds of sandwiches,
5 deserts and 4 drinks?
2. How many even-three digit numbers can be formed form the
digits 1,2,5,6, and 9 if each digit can be used only once?
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Definition 7: A PERM U TATION is an arrangement of all or part of a set of

objects.
Illustration
Given: a,b,c = take two letters at a time
Permutation
ab ac bc
ba ca cb
= 6 permutations
Definition 8: A COM BIN ATION is the number of ways of selecting r objects

from n without regard to order.
Illustration
Given: a,b,c = take two letters at a time
Combination
Disregard arrangement/ order/ position
ab ac bc
= 3 combinations
Theorem 2.1: The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time

n!
n Pr 
 n  r !
Examples:
1. Two lottery tickets are drawn from 20 from the first
and second prizes. Find the number of sample points on
the sample space S.
2. How many ways can a basketball team schedule 3
exhibition games with 3 teams if they are all available
on any of the 5 possible dates?
Theorem 2.2: The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time

n
n Cr  r  
n!
r ! n  r !
Instructor II: COE
Examples:
1. From 6 students, how many ways of selecting 3
students to go to the library?
2. How many ways are there to select 3 candidates from 8
equally qualified recent graduates for openings in an
accounting firm?
Theorem 2.3: The permutation of n distinct objects in n!

n Pn  n !
Examples:
1. Find the number of ways in which 6 students can be
arranged in a row without restriction.
2. How many ways can 10 people be lined up to get on a
bus without restriction?
 Permutations that occur by arranging objects in a circle are called

circular permutations
Theorem 2.4: The number of permutations of n distinct objects arranged in

a circle in  n  1 !
Examples:
1. How many different ways can 5 students be seated in a
round table for a debate?
2. In how many ways can 5 different trees be planted in a
circle?
Theorem 2.5: The number of distinct permutations of n things of which n1

are of one kind, n2 are of the second kind, …, nk of the k th kind is
n!
; where: n1  n2  ...  nk  n
n1 !n2 !...nk !
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Example:
1. How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow, and 2
blue bulbs be arranged in a string of Christmas tree
lights with 9 sockets?
Cells
 are the subsets made after partitioning a set of n objects
A partition is achieved if:

a. the intersection of every possible pairs of the r
subsets is the empty set
b. the union of all subsets keeps the original set
Theorem 2.6: The number of ways of partitioning a set of n objects into r

cells with n1 elements in the first cell, n2 elements in the second cell, and so
forth is:
 n n n... n   n !nn!...! n !
1 2 k 1 2 k
; where: n1  n2  ...  nk  n
Illustration:
S
A1 A2 A3
A4 A5
Example:
1. In how many ways can 7 scientists be assigned to one-
triple and two double hotel rooms?
Instructor II: COE
Exercises:
1. From 4 chemists and 2 physicists, find the number of
committee that can be formed consisting of 2 chemists and 1
physicist?
2. Given 6 sight seeing towns on each 3 days. In how many ways
can a person arrange to go on a sight seeing town planned by
this convention?
3. In a medical study patients are classified in 8 ways according to
whether they have blood type AB + , AB-, A+ , B+ , B-, O+ , O- , and
also according to their blood pressure is normal, low, high. Find
the number of ways the patient can be classified.
4. In an experiment consists of throwing a die and then drawing a
letter at random from English alphabet. How many points are in
the sample space?
5. How many different distinct permutations can be made form
the letters of the word “COLUMNS”?
a. How many of these permutations start with the letter
“m”?
6. Four married couples bought 8 seats in a row for a concert. In
how many ways can they be selected:
a. with no restrictions?
b. if each couple is to seat together?
c. if all the men sit together to the right of the women?
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Probability of an Event
Definition 8: The probability of an event A, denoted by P(A), is the sum of

all weights of all sample points in A
Therefore:
0  P( A)  1
P(0)  0
P( S )  1
 Probability is the chance that something will happen

“Probability of event A”, P(A)
Classical Approach
s
P( A) 
n
where: s – derived outcome
n – total possible outcome
never happens 0  P( A)  1 always happens

Ex.:
1. A coin is tossed twice, what is the probability that at least one head
occurs?
2. A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely
to occur as an odd no. If E is the event that a number less than 4
occurs on a single toss of die, find P (E).
3. A card is drawn from an ordinary deck, find the probability that it is
a heart.
Instructor II: COE
Additive Rules
Theorem 2.10: If A & B are any two events, then:

PA B  P  A  P  B   P  A B
Ex.:
1. The probability that a student passes mathematics is 2
3
, and the
probability that he passes English is 4
9
. If the probability of
passing at least one course is 4
5
, what is the probability that he
will pass both courses?
Corollary 1: If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then:

PA B   P  A  P  B 
Ex.
1. What is the probability of getting a total of 7 or 11 when a pair
of dice is tossed?
Corollary2: If A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., A n are M.E.E, then

P  A1 A2 A3 ... A n   P  A1   P  A 2   ...  P  A n 
Theorem 2.11: For 3 events A, B, and C

P  A B C   P  A  P  B   P C   P  A B  P  A C   P B C  PA B C
Theorem 2.12: If A and A‟ are complementary events then:

P  A  P  A'   1
Example:
1. A coin is tossed 6 times in succession. What is the probability
that at least 1 head occurs?
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Exercises:
1. Find the errors of each of the following statement
a. The probabilities that a printer will make 0,1, 2, 3, or 4, or
more mistakes in printing the document are, respectively,
0.19, 0.34, -0.25, 0.43, and 0.29
b. On a single draw from a deck of playing cards the
probability of selecting a heart is ¼, the probability of
selecting a black card is ½, and the probability of selecting
both a heart and a black card is 1/8.
c. The probabilities that an automobile sales person will sell 0,
1, 2, or 3 cars on any given day in February are, respectively,
0.19, 0.38, 0.29, and 0.15.
d. The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.40 and the
probability that it will not rain tomorrow is 0.52.
2. Dom‟s Pizza Company uses taste testing and statistical analysis of the
data prior to marketing any product. Consider a study involving
three types of crust (thin, thin with garlic and oregano, and thin with
bits of cheese). They are also studying three sauces, (standard, a new
sauce with more garlic, and a new sauce with fresh basil).
a. How many combinations of crust and sauce involved?
b. What is the probability that a judge will get a plain thin
crust with standard sauce on his taste test?
3. If 3 books are picked from a shelf containing 5 novels, 3 books of
poems, and a dictionary, what is the probability that:
a. the dictionary is selected
b. 2 novels and 1 book of poems are selected
Instructor II: COE
Conditional Probability of an Event

Is the probability of an event given that a another event has
occurred
Definition 2.9: The conditional probability of B, given A, denoted by

P  B / A , is defined by
P A B
P  B / A  ; where. P  A  0
P  A
Ex.:
1. Consider the following data, population of adults in a small town:

employed Unemployed Total
male 460 40 500
female 140 260 400
Total 600 300 9 00
Suppose one is selected at random to attend a training program to
Paris, what is the probability that the individual is a male given that
he is unemployed? What is the probability that the individual is a
female given that she is employed?
Independent Events
Two events are statistically independent if the occurrence ( or
nonoccurrence) of one of the events does not affect the probability of the
other event.
Definition 2.10: Two events are independent if following:

a. P( B / A)  P( B)
b. P (A│B) = P (A)
c. P (A ∩ B) = P (A) · P (B)
Ex.:
1. A small town has one fire engine and one ambulance available for
emergencies. The probability that the fire engine is available when
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
needed is 0.98, and the probability that the ambulance is available

when needed is 0.92. In the event of an injury resulting from a
burning building, find the probability that both the ambulance and
the fire engine will be available.
Theorem 2.13: Multiplicative rule  if in an experiment the events A and

B can both occur then
P A B   P  A * P  A / B 
Example:
1. Suppose that we have a fuse box containing 20 fuses, of which 5 are
defective. If 2 fuses are selected at random and removed from the
box in succession without replacing the first, what is the probability
that both fuses are defective?
2. Three cards are drawn in succession without replacement. Find the
probability that the first card is red ace, second is 10 or jack and the
third is greater than 3 but less than 7?
Instructor II: COE
BAYE‟S RULE
Theorem of total Probability/ Rule of Elimination

If the events B1 , B2 , B3 ,..., Bk constitute a partition
of the sample space S, such that P  Bi   0 for I = 1, 2, 3, …, k, then
for any event A of S.
k k
P  A   P  Bi A   P  Bi  P  A / Bi 
i 1 i 1
Ex.:
1. Consider the following data, population of adults in a small town:
employed Unemployed Total
male 460 40 500
female 140 260 400
Total 600 300 9 00
Suppose we are now given the additional information that
36 of those employed and 12 of those unemployed are
members of the Rotary Club. We wish to find the
probability of the event A that the individual selected is a
member of the Rotary Club.
2. Given:
machines B1 B2 B3
products 30% 45% 25%
defective 2% 3% 2%
Suppose that a finished product is randomly selected.
What is the probability that it is defective?
3. Three members of a private club have been nominated for the office
of the president. The probability that Mr. Adams will be elected is
0.3, the probability that Mr. Brown will be elected is 0.5, and the
probability that Ms. Cooper will be elected is 0.2. Should Mr. Adams
be elected, the probability for an increase in membership fees is 0.8.
Should Mr. Brown or Ms. Cooper be elected, the corresponding
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
probabilities for an increase in fees are 0.1 and 0.4. what is the
probability that there will be an increase in membership fees?
Baye‟s Rule
If the events B1 , B2 , B3 ,..., Bk constitute a partition of the
sample space S, such that P  Bi   0 for I = 1, 2, 3, …, k, then for
any event A in S such that P( A)  0
P  B  A PBr P A / B 
P  Br / A  k
 k
for i = 1, 2, …, k
 P B
i 1
i  A  PB P A / B 
i 1
i
Example:
1. Suppose that the product if defective, what is the probability that it
was made by B3?
2. With reference to example 3 of theorem total probability, if
someone is considering joining the club but delays his decision for
several weeks only to find out that the fees have been increased, what
is the probability that Ms. Cooper was elected president of the club?
Instructor II: COE
ELEMENTARY SAMPLING THEORY

Samp ling Theo ry
It is the study of relationships existing between a population and a
samples drawn from the population. It is useful in ESTIMATION of unknown
population quantities (such as population mean, variance, etc.) , often called
POPULATION PARAMETERS or briefly PARAMETERS, from a knowledge
of corresponding sample quantities (such as sample, mean, variance, etc.)
often called SAMPLE STATISTICS or briefly STATISTICS.
Sampling theory is also useful in determining whether observed
differences between two samples are actually due to chance variation or
whether they are really significant.
In general, a study of inferences made concerning a population by
use of samples drawn from it, together with indications of the accuracy of
such inferences using probability theory, is called STATISTICAL INFERENCE.
Rando m Samp les, rando m N umbers

In order that conclusions of sampling theory and statistical inference
be valid, samples must be chosen so as to be REPRESENTATIVE of the
population. A study of methods of sampling and the related problems which
arise is called DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To determine the number of samples (sample size):

N
n
1  Ne 2
where: n  sample size
N  population size
e  margin of error (desired)
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MAT 106
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
A process of taking samples in which every member of the
population has an equa l and indep endent chance of being selected
such that any difference that exists between the sample and the
population should be small and not systematic and should be the
result of chance and not of bias on the part of the one taking the
sample.
* Random sampling involves two basic principles:
a. Equal chance – every member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected
b. Independence – the selection of one member
does not affect the chance of the other members
to be selected
1. TABLES OF RANDOM NUMBERS
Is an exactly large list of numbers in random order
that is, without arrangement or pattern, produced by
mechanical or electronic process which ensures that the
number obtained are independent of each other and are the
result of chance.
2. LOTTERY SAMPLING
In lottery sampling all members of the population
are assigned each a number written on piece of paper and
put them in a box.
* two arrangement using lottery sampling as according to
Fox: a) sampling without replacement wherein the drawn
pieces of paper are not returned to the box, b) sampling
with replacement in which each piece of paper drawn is
returned to the box after getting the number.
B. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Stratified random sampling selects simple random sampling
from mutually exclusive subpopulations, or strata, of the population.
Instructor II: COE
In stratified random sampling the population is subdivided

into strata such that the data of interest are fairly homogeneous
within a given stratum.
C. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling selects every k th element in the
population for the sample, with the starting point determined at
random from the first k elements.
Systematic samples are very easy to obtain and are often
used as if they were random samples. In fact, some systematic
samples can lead to more precise inferences concerning population
parameters simply because the sample values spread evenly over the
entire population. However, a real danger in systematic sampling
exists if one happens to choose a sampling interval that corresponds
to any hidden periodicity. For example, in sampling average monthly
gasoline sales, one should not sample every 12 th month, since the
sample would then include sales always for the same month and this
might be a consistently high summer month for gasoline sales.
D. CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling selects a sample containing either all, or a
random selection, of the elements from clusters that have
themselves been selected randomly from the population.
Cluster sampling has the advantage of being most efficient
when the population is widely scattered. For example, in studying
the investment habits of working adults in a given state, it is much
cheaper to interview and collect data from individuals living close
together in several randomly selected clusters or regions than to
select a simple random sample from the entire state. When the
clusters are geographic areas, such as regions of a state, or
subdivisions of a large city, this kind of sampling is also called a rea
sa mp ling .
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
LINEAR REGRESSION
Regression is a term used to describe the process of estimating the
relationship between two variables. The relationship is estimated by fitting a
straight line through the given data. The method of least squares permits us
to find a line of best fit called regression line which keeps the errors of
prediction to a minimum. The equation for a fitted line is:
Y  a  bx
where : Y  predicted value
a  y-intercept
b  slope of the regression line
To find the value of a:
a
 y x   x xy
2
N  x   x 
2 2
where :  x  sum of the values of x

 y  sum of the values of y
 x  sum of the values of the square of x
2
 xy  sum of the values of the product of x and y

N total number of pairs
Instructor II: COE
To find the slope b:
N  xy   x y
b
N  x 2   x 
2

2

Exa mp le
X Y
1 1
3 2
4 4
6 4
8 5
9 7
11 8
14 9
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
MEASURES OF CORRELATION
The focus of attention in many fields of discipline is the relation
between two or more variables. In education, psychology and the social
sciences, relations between variables are very important.
The degree of relationship between variables, which seeks to

determine how well a linear or other equation describes or explains the
relationship between variables. It also implies “association” between two
variables. Correlation seeks to determine how well a linear or other equation
describes or explains the relationship between variables.
Pea rso n Pro duc t M o ment Co rrela t io n Co effic ient

It is used when the variables are quantitative, that is of the interval or
ratio type of scale.
N  xy   x y
r
N  x   x N  y
2 2 2
  y 
2

2
 y  sum of the values of the square y

2

Instructor II: COE
Interpretation of r
Range of values
 1.00 Perfect positive (negative) correlation
 0.91 to  0.99 Very high positive (negative) correlation
 0.71 to  0.90 High positive (negative) correlation
 0.51 to  0.70 Moderately positive (negative) correlation
 0.31 to  0.50 Low positive (negative) correlation
 0.01 to  0.30 Negligible positive (negative) correlation
0.00 No correlation
Example:
X Y
Math Physics
65 68
63 66
67 68
64 65
68 69
62 66
70 68
66 65
68 71
67 67
69 68
71 70
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Computation of r using score deviations
r
 x  x  y  y 
 x  x    y  y 
2 2
Example:
X Y
Math Physics
65 68
63 66
67 68
64 65
68 69
62 66
70 68
66 65
68 71
67 67
69 68
71 70
Instructor II: COE
Types of Measurement Scale

I. NOMINAL: Objects are grouped into classes so that all of those in a
single class are equivalent (or nearly) with respect to same attribute or
property
1. Nominal Dichotomous
Ex. gender, racial origin, color of the eye, etc.
2. Nominal Dichotomous with Underlying Normal
Distribution
Ex. pass or fail, degree and non – degree holder, etc.
II. ORDINAL or RANK: When measurement can detect differing

degree of an attribute or property in objects
Ex. Hardness of mineral, grades for achievement, military
rank
III. INTERVAL: possible when the measurer can distinguish not only
between different amounts of the property in the objects but can also
deliver equal differences between objects.
Ex. Calendar time, scores in achievement test, measurement
of temperature
IV. RATIO: differs from interval measurement only that the zero point is
not arbitrary but indicates total absence of the property being
measured
Ex. Height, weight, age
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Measurement of Variables
1. NOMINAL-DICHOTOMOUS Measurement  the mere

presence or absence of something is noted. The data are 0‟s
and 1‟s. The order of scoring is generally arbitrary (no
definite order), also known as real dichotomous scale.
2. NOMINAL_DICHOTOMOUS with UNDERLYING

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION  it is assumed that more
sophisticated extensive, or refined measuring techniques
could produce an approximately normal distribution of the
measure but the data in hand tell only whether a person
stands above (1) or below (0) some point in this normal
distribution.
3. ORDINAL Measurement  the data are consecutive and

untied ranks; 1, 2,…,N. These ranks maybe converted
measures from some other sort of observations (as when
the raw scores 136, 14, and 97 are rank 1, 2, 3), or they
maybe the translation of perceptions into numbers.
4. INTERVAL or RATIO Measurement  A unit of

measurement exists, e.g. degree of the Celsius scale, inch,
day, etc., and (in case of ratio measurement) a zero point
on a scale corresponds to the absence (i.e. zero amount) of
the variable being measured, any real number may result
from the act of measurement, and differences between
scores reflect on the differences in amount of the
characteristics possessed.
Instructor II: COE
OTHER MEASURES of CORRELATION

1. The PHI-COEFFICIENT (  ) used when the two variables
correlated yield nominal-dichotomous measure. In computing the
phi-coefficient, data are arranged in a 2x2 contingency table as in
table 1.1, the formula is:
bc  ad

a  c b  d a  bc  d 
Table 1.1
2x2 Contingency Table
Variable x To t a l
Variable y 0 1
1 a b a+b
0 c d c+d
TOTAL A+ c b+ d
Table 1.2 (Data)

X – Marital status Y – attrition
Student (1 – married;0 – Unmarried) (1 – school dropped out
Number 0 – school remained)
1 0 0
2 1 1
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 1 1
6 1 0
7 0 0
8 1 1
9 0 0
10 0 1
11 0 1
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
12 1 1
Table 1.1
2x2 Contingency Table
Variable x To t a l
Variable y 0 1
1
0
TOTAL
2. The POINT-BISERIAL Correlation Coefficient ( rpb )  if one

variable yields nominal-dichotomous measures while the other
interval or ratio measures, rpb is used. The formula is:
x.1  x.0 n1n0

rpb 
s nn  1
where: x.1  mean of x of those who scored 1 on y

x.0  mean of x of those who scored 0 on y
s  standard deviation of all n scores on x
n1  number of entries who scored 1 on y
n  total number of entries ( n0 + n1 )
Instructor II: COE
Table 2.1
Data
Y - gender
X
Person 1 – male
Height in feet
0 - female
A 1 4.9
B 0 5.6
C 1 5.2
D 1 5.4
E 0 4.6
F 1 6.0
G 0 5.2
H 0 5.0
3. The SPEARMAN-RANK Correlation Coefficient ( rs )  when

both values yield ordinal values
6 d 2
rs  1 

n n2  1 
where: d  difference in rank
Table 3.1
Data
Hostility toward
Student X - teacher Y - student
A 2 4
B 6 3
C 8 8
D 3 5
E 1 1
F 4 2
G 5 7
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
H 7 6
4. The BISERIAL Correlation Coefficient ( rb )  used when one

variable yields dichotomous measures with underlying normal
distribution while the other yields interval or ratio measure.
 x.1  x.0   n1n0 

rb     
 s   n n 2  n 
where: x.1  mean of x of those who scored 1 on y

x.0  mean of x of those who scored 0 on y
s  standard deviation of all n scores on x
n  total number of entries ( n0 + n1 )
  ordinate of the unit normal distribution
 1  2x 2  
2
 y  e 
 2 
Table 4.1
Data
X Y
Student time spent in Scores on test
study ( hrs wk ) 1 – R, 0 - W
A 14 1
B 12 0
C 11 0
D 7 1
E 9 1
Instructor II: COE
F 10 0
5. The TETRACHOTIC Coefficient of Correlation ( rtet )  used
when the variables correlated are both nominal dichotomous with
underlying normal distributions
 1800 
rtet  cos 
 1  bc 
 ad 
Where: a, b, c, and d have the same meanings as in the

formula for phi-coefficient
Table 5.1
Data
Test I To t a l
Test II 0 1
1 5 8 13
0 15 2 17
TOTAL 20 10 30
6. The RANK BISERIAL Correlation Coefficient ( rrb )  used

when one of the variables correlated yields nominal-dichotomous
measures while the other yields ordinal measures.
rrb 
 P  Q
i i
n1n0
where: Pi  is the number of units in x = 0 that is exceeded in
rank by the ith unit in x = 1
Qi  the number of units in x = 1 that is exceeded in rank
by the jth unit in x = 0
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Ex. Themes written by ten students where judged to be either

“creative” (x = 0) and “not creative” (x = 1). A ranking of the same
students on intelligence Y was available (10-highest, 1-lowest).
Calculate the rank biserial correlation from this data:
Table 6.1
Data
Student X Y
A 1 2
B 1 6
C 1 1
D 0 7
E 0 3
F 0 10
G 1 9
H 1 5
I 0 4
J 0 8
Table 6.2
Calculation of rrb
X=1 X=0 P Q
10 5
9 4
8 4
7 4
6 2
5 2
4 2
3 2
2 0
1 0
n1 = 5 n0 = 5 P 8 i Q i
 17
Instructor II: COE
Normal Distribution
20
15
10
East
5
0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr
Normal Curve
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
0
Properties of a normal Curve

1. x  xˆ  ~
x
2. symmetrical  equal value
3. asymptotic
4. 3 standard deviation to the left & right.
5. area is 100%
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Formula for finding the standard score ( z )
xx
z
s
where: z  standard score

x  mean
s  standard deviation
x  a given value of a particular variable
Ex.
1. In a Statistics examination, the mean grade is 78 and the
standard deviation is 10.
a. Find the corresponding z scores of two students whose
grades are 93 and 62 respectively.
b. Find the grades of two students whose z scores are -0.6

and 1.2 respectively.
Areas under Normal curve
Example:
1. Find the area under the normal curve from z = - 0.68 to z = 0.
2. Show diagrams and shade required area

a. Find the area under the normal curve from z = 0 to z =
1.23
b. Find the area under the normal curve from z = 1.62 to z

= 0.43
Instructor II: COE
c. Find: Pz  2.38
d. Find: Pz  0.15
e. Find the probability that z is less than or equal to -1.10

and greater than or equal to 1.80
3. Find the z score corresponding to the given areas under the

normal curve. (show diagrams and shade given areas)
a. Area to the right of – z = 0.8289
b. Area to the right of + z = 0.0329
c. Area from 0 to – z = 0.4950
d. Area to the left of – z = 0.0250
e. Area to the left of + z = 0.9987
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Statistical Hypothesis – is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or

more population.
1. N ull Hy p o t hesis ( Ho )
Express the idea of non- significance of difference.
2. Alt erna t ive ( Ha )

Generally represents the hypothetical statement that the researcher
wants to prove.
>  one tailed test ( directional)
<  one tailed test (directional)
=  two tailed test (non-directional)
Ty p e I Erro r (  )
Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true
Ty p e II Erro r (  )
Acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false
One Tailed Test

A test of any statistical hypothesis, where the alternative is o ne -
sided
A cceptance
region A cceptance
region
rejection
region
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Instructor II: COE
Two Tailed Test

A test of any statistical hypothesis, where the alternative is t w o –
sided
A cceptance
region
rejection
rejection region
region
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Steps in hypothesis testing

1. Formulate Ho & Ha
2.
a. Set  (level of significance)
b. Determine the test to use Z – test → n > 30
t – test → n ≤ 30
c. Determine whether o ne t a iled or t w o t a iled test.
3. Determine the tabular value for the test. (see the table for t test)
For T –test
 find the degrees of freedom:
df  n  1 for single sample df  N  2 for correlation
df  n1  n2  2 for two samples.
4. Compute for Z value or T value as needed using the appropriate
formula.
5. Compare the tabular value w/ the computed value.
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
a. Reject Ho if the absolute computed value is greater than or

equal to the absolute tabular value Z C  ZT  .
b. Accept Ho if the absolute computed value is less than the
absolute tabular value Z C  ZT  .
Formulas:
A. Z – test
1. sample mean compared with population mean
ZC 
x    n

where: x  sample mean
  population mean
n  total number of samples
  population standard deviation
2. Comparing two sample means
x1  x2 
ZC 
1 1
 
n1 n2
Where: x1  mean of the first sample

x2  mean of the second sample
  population standard deviation
n1  total number of the first
sample
n2  total number of the second
Instructor II: COE
sample
3. Comparing two sample proportions
P1  P2
ZC 
p1 q1 p 2 q 2

n1 n2
Where: p1  proportion of the first sample

p 2  proportion of the second
sample
q1  1 - p1
q2  1 - p2
sample
sample
B. T- test
1. sample mean compared with population mean
tC 
x    n 1
s
where: x  sample mean

  population mean
n  total number of samples
s  sample standard deviation
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
2. Comparing two means
x1  x 2
tC 
n1  1s1 2  n2  1s 2 2 
1

1
n1  n2  2 n1 n2
where: x1  mean of the first sample

x2  mean of the second sample
sample
sample
s1  standard deviation of the first
sample
s2  standard deviation of the
second sample
3. T-test for correlation
r N 2
tc 
1 r2
where: N  total number of pairs

r  correlation coefficient
Instructor II: COE
Examples:
1. Data from school census shows that the mean weight of college
students was 45 kilos with a standard deviation of 3 kilos.
Samples of 100 college students were found to have a mean
weight of 47 kilos. Are the college students really heavier than
the rest, using 0.05 level of significance?
2. A researcher wishes to find out whether or not there is
significant difference between the monthly allowances of
morning and afternoon students in his school. By random
sampling, he took a sample of 239 students in the morning
session. These students were found to have a mean monthly
allowance of P 142. 00. the researcher also took a sample of 209
students in the afternoon session. They were found to have a
mean monthly allowance of P 148.00. the total population of
students in that school has a standard deviation of P 40.00. Is
there a significant difference between the two samples at 0.01
level of significance?
3. A sample survey of television program in Manila shows that 80
of 200 men dislike the same program. We want to decide
whether the difference between the two sample proportions
80
200 and 75
250 is significant or not with alpha equal to 0.05.
4. A researcher knows that the average height of the Filipino
women is 1.525 meter. A random sample of 26 women was
taken and was found to have a mean height of 1.56 meter with
standard deviation of 0.10 meter. Is there reason to believe that
the 26 women are taller than the others?
5. A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in the Philippines
during the past year showed an average life span of 71.8 years
with standard deviation of 8.9 years. Does this seem to indicate
that the average life span today is greater than 70 years? Use
0.05 level of significance
6. A correlation coefficient based on the sample size of 18 was
computed to be 0.32. Can we conclude at a significance level of
0.05 and 0.01 that the corresponding population correlation
coefficient differs from zero?
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
ANALYSIS of VARIANCE
ANOVA (F Test)
ANOVA  designed to test whether or not more than the two samples (or
groups) are significantly different among each other.
Steps for one – way ANOVA
1. State the H 0
2. Set 
3. compute:
a. Sum of the squares
 x 2
TSS   x 2  N
 x  2
SS b    xij  
1 2
r N
 x   x 
2 2
 x   x2 2
   ...  
i1 i2 ij
SS b
n1 n2 nj N
SS w  TSS  SS b
where:  x  sum of each column

ij
 x  Sum of the values of all items

TSS  total sum of squares
SSb  sum of squares between column
SS w  sum of squares within column
r or n1 …  number of items per column
Instructor II: COE
b. Degrees of freedom
df T  N  1
df b  k  1
df w  df T  df b
where: dfT  Total degrees of freedom

df b  degrees of freedom between column
df w  degrees of freedom within column
k  number of columns
N  total number of entries
c. Mean sum of Squares
SS b
MSS b 
df b
SS w
MSS w 
df w
where: MSSb  mean sum of squares between column

MSS w  mean sum of squares within column
4. Tabular and computed value

a. Locate the tabular value of FT by following the format…
df b
Ft   lo c at e
df w
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
b. Calculate FC
MSS b
FC 
MSS w
5. Compare the Computed against the tabular value

a. Reject Ho if the absolute computed value is greater than or
equal to the absolute tabular value FC  FT  .
b. Accept Ho if the absolute computed value is less than the
absolute tabular value. FC  FT  .
Example.
1. Consider three groups of 6 students each, where each group is

subjected to one of three types of teaching method. The grades of
the students are taken at the end of the semester and enumerated
according to grouping.
One Way Classification Model

Group I Group II Group III
Student
Method A Method B Method C
1 84 70 90
2 90 75 95
3 92 90 100
4 96 80 98
5 84 75 88
6 88 75 90
Instructor II: COE
Analysis of Enumeration Data

CHI - SQUARE  2
 expressed in the form of frequencies with represent the number of
items within specified qualitative descriptions or categories.
CLASSIFICATION
1) ONE-WAY classification
 one variable describe by at least two categories.
A) Civil status of 50 employees

St a t us frequenc y
Single 18
Married 24
Widowed 5
Legally separated 3
To t a l 50
B) Classification on the IQ of 40 Students
I.Q.
To t a l
Hig h Avera g e Lo w
15 20 5 40
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
2) TWO-WAY classification
 Two variables describe by their respective categories.
C) Contingency Table on sex and Attitude toward household

course of 50 college student.
Sex
At tit ude To t a l
M a le Fema le
Po sit ive 9 21 30
N eg ative 9 11 20
To t a l 18 32 50
D) Contingency Table on the academic performance and I.Q. of

100 students.
Ac a demic I.Q
To t a l
Performance Hig h Ave. Lo w
Pa ssed 31 45 4 80
Fa iled 1 4 15 20
To t a l 32 49 19 10 0
Steps in Solving Chi-square
1) State the H0.

a) H0: The sample distribution conforms with the hypothetical
or theoretical distribution.
b) H0: The actual observe proportion is not significantly
different from the ideal or expected proportion.
c) H0: One variable does not depend on the other variable. Or
the two variables are independent from one another.
2) set the level of significance (£)
Instructor II: COE
3) determine the degrees of freedom

A) for one-way
df  c  1 , c  No. of categories
B) For two-way
df  r  1  k  1
r  no. of rows
k  no. of columns
4) Locate the tabular χ2

5) Calculate χ2 using:
 f 0  f e 2
 
2
fe
f 0  observed frequency
f e  expected or ideal frequency
f e for one-way classification

f e  np
n  total frequency
p  known proportion
f e for two-way classification
fe 
subtotalA subtotalB 
Grand _ Total
Note: In a 2 x 2 contingency table or if df = 1 the following formula is

used:
f  f e  0.5
2
 
2 0
fe
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
6) Compare  c2 ____  T2 .
7) State the conclusion:
 c2   T2   reject
 c2   T2   accept
Examples:
1) Based on Table A, is the actual observed proportion significantly
different from the expected proportion, if the ideal proportion is
30% married, 50% single, 10% widowed and 10% legally
separated? £ = 0.05.
2) Using Table B, find out whether or not the given sample

distribution agrees with the hypothetical normal distribution
whose ratio is 1:2:1 with £ = 0.01.
3) Table C, does attitude towards household chores depend on sex

for the 50 students being considered with £ = 0.05.
4) Table D, test the hypothesis that academic performance does not

depend on I.Q. at 1% significance level.
Instructor II: COE
TABLES of
CRITICAL VALUES
and
DISTRIBUTIONS
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
TA BL E A .1 Standard Normal Probabilities

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
-3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
-3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
-3.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
-3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
-2.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
-2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
-2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
-2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
-2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
-2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
-2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
-2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
-2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
-2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
-1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
-1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
-1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
-1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
-1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
-1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
-1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
-1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
-1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
-1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
-0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
-0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
-0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
-0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
-0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
-0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
-0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
-0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
-0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
-0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
Instructor II: COE
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
TABLE A.2 Standard Normal Probabilities

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990
3.1 .4990 .4991 .4991 .4991 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4993 .4993
3.2 .4993 .4993 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4995 .4995 .4995
3.3 .4995 .4995 .4995 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4997
3.4 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4998
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Y
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
TABLE B Ordinates (Y) of the STANDARD NORMAL CURVE at z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .3989 .3989 .3989 .3988 .3986 .3984 .3982 .3980 .3977 .3973
0.1 .3970 .3965 .3961 .3656 .3951 .3945 .3939 .3932 .3925 .3918
0.2 .3910 .3902 .3894 .3885 .3876 .3867 .3857 .3847 .3836 .3825
0.3 .3814 .3802 .3790 .3778 .3765 .3752 .3739 .3725 .3712 .3697
0.4 .3683 .3668 .3653 .3637 .3621 .3605 .3589 .3572 .3555 .3568
0.5 .3521 .3503 .3485 .3467 .3448 .3429 .3410 .3391 .3372 .3352
0.6 .3332 .3312 .3292 .3271 .3251 .3230 .3209 .3187 .3166 .3144
0.7 .3123 .3101 .3079 .3056 .3034 .3011 .2989 .2966 .2943 .2920
0.8 .2897 .2874 .2850 .2827 .2803 .2780 .2756 .2732 .2709 .2685
0.9 .2661 .2637 .2613 .2589 .2565 .2541 .2516 .2492 .2468 .2444
1.0 .2420 .2396 .2371 .2347 .2323 .2299 .2275 .2251 .2227 .2203
1.1 .2179 .2155 .2131 .2107 .2083 .2059 .2036 .2012 .1989 .1965
1.2 .1942 .1919 .1895 .1872 .1849 .1826 .1804 .1781 .1758 .1736
1.3 .1714 .1691 .1669 .1647 .1626 .1604 .1582 .1561 .1539 .1518
1.4 .1497 .1476 .1456 .1435 .1415 .1394 .1374 .1354 .1334 .1315
1.5 .1295 .1276 .1257 .1238 .1219 .1200 .1182 .1163 .1145 .1127
1.6 .1109 .1092 .1074 .1057 .1040 .1023 .1006 .0989 .0973 .0957
1.7 .0940 .0925 .0909 .0893 .0878 .0863 .0848 .0833 .0818 .0804
1.8 .0790 .0775 .0761 .0748 .0734 .0721 .0707 .0694 .0681 .0669
1.9 .0656 .0644 .0632 .0620 .0608 .0596 .0584 .0573 .0562 .0551
2.0 .0540 .0529 .0519 .0508 .0498 .0488 .0478 .0468 .0459 .0449
2.1 .0440 .0431 .0422 .0413 .0404 .0396 .0378 .0379 .0371 .0363
2.2 .0355 .0347 .0339 .0332 .0325 .0317 .0310 .0303 .0297 .0290
2.3 .0283 .0277 .0270 .0264 .0258 .0252 .0246 .0241 .0235 .0229
2.4 .0224 .0219 .0213 .0208 .0203 .0198 .0194 .0189 .0184 .0180
2.5 .0175 .0171 .0167 .0163 .0158 .0154 .0151 .0147 .0143 .0139
2.6 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0126 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110 .0107
2.7 .0104 .0101 .0099 .0096 .0093 .0091 .0088 .0086 .0084 .0081
2.8 .0079 .0077 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0067 .0065 .0063 .0061
2.9 .0060 .0058 .0056 .0055 .0053 .0051 .0050 .0048 .0047 .0046
3.0 .0044 .0043 .0042 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036 .0035 .0034
3.1 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0025
3.2 .0024 .0023 .0022 .0022 .0021 .0020 .0020 .0019 .0018 .0018
3.3 .0017 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014 .0013 .0013
3.4 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0009
3.5 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0006
3.6 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004
3.7 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003
3.8 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
3.9 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001
Instructor II: COE
TABLE C t distribution critical values

Up p er t a i l p r ob a b i l i t y p (one tailed)
df .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 15.89 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611 3.922
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390
1000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300
z 0.674 0.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8% 99.9%
C onfi d enc e l evel C (two – tailed)
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
TABLE D Chi-square distribution critical values

Up p er t a i l p r ob a b i l i t y p
df .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005
1 1.32 1.64 2.07 2.71 3.84 5.02 5.41 6.63 7.88 9.14 10.83 12.12
2 2.77 3.22 3.79 4.61 5.99 7.38 7.82 9.21 10.60 11.98 13.82 15.20
3 4.11 4.64 5.32 6.25 7.81 9.35 9.84 11.34 12.84 14.32 16.27 17.73
4 5.39 5.99 6.74 7.78 9.49 11.14 11.67 13.28 14.86 16.42 18.47 20.00
5 6.63 7.29 8.12 9.24 11.07 12.83 13.39 15.09 16.75 18.39 20.51 22.11
6 7.84 8.56 9.45 10.64 12.59 14.45 15.03 16.81 18.55 20.25 22.46 24.10
7 9.04 9.80 10.75 12.02 14.07 16.01 16.62 18.48 20.28 22.04 24.32 26.02
8 10.22 11.03 12.03 13.36 15.51 17.53 18.17 20.09 21.95 23.77 26.12 27.87
9 11.39 12.24 13.29 14.68 16.92 19.02 19.68 21.67 23.59 25.46 27.88 29.67
10 12.55 13.44 14.53 15.99 18.31 20.48 21.16 23.21 25.19 27.11 29.59 31.42
11 13.70 14.63 15.77 17.28 19.68 21.92 22.62 24.72 26.76 28.73 31.26 33.14
12 14.85 15.81 16.99 18.55 21.03 23.34 24.05 26.22 28.30 30.32 32.91 34.82
13 15.98 16.98 18.20 19.81 22.36 24.74 25.47 27.69 29.82 31.88 34.53 36.48
14 17.12 18.15 19.41 21.06 23.68 26.12 26.87 29.14 31.32 33.43 36.12 38.11
15 18.25 19.31 20.60 22.31 25.00 27.49 28.26 30.58 32.80 34.95 37.70 39.72
16 19.37 20.47 21.79 23.54 26.30 28.85 29.63 32.00 34.27 36.46 39.25 41.31
17 20.49 21.61 22.98 24.77 27.59 30.19 31.00 33.41 35.72 37.95 40.79 42.88
18 21.60 22.76 24.16 25.99 28.87 31.53 32.35 34.81 37.16 39.42 42.31 44.43
19 22.72 23.90 25.33 27.20 30.14 32.85 33.69 36.19 38.58 40.88 43.82 45.97
20 23.83 25.04 26.50 28.41 31.41 34.17 35.02 37.57 40.00 42.34 45.31 47.50
21 24.93 26.17 27.66 29.62 32.67 35.48 36.34 38.93 41.40 43.78 46.80 49.01
22 26.04 27.30 28.82 30.81 33.92 36.78 37.66 40.29 42.80 45.20 48.27 50.51
23 27.14 28.43 29.98 32.01 35.17 38.08 38.97 41.64 44.18 46.62 49.73 52.00
24 28.24 29.55 31.13 33.20 36.42 39.36 40.27 42.98 45.56 48.03 51.18 53.48
25 29.34 30.68 32.28 34.38 37.65 40.65 41.57 44.31 46.93 49.44 52.62 54.95
30 34.80 36.25 37.99 40.26 43.77 46.98 47.96 50.89 53.67 56.33 59.70 62.16
40 45.62 47.27 49.24 51.81 55.76 59.34 60.44 63.69 66.77 69.70 73.40 76.09
50 56.33 58.16 60.35 63.17 67.50 71.42 72.61 76.15 79.49 82.66 86.66 89.56
60 66.98 68.97 71.34 74.40 79.08 83.30 84.58 88.38 91.95 95.34 99.61 102.7
80 88.13 90.41 93.11 96.58 101.9 106.6 108.1 112.3 116.3 120.1 124.8 128.3
100 109.1 111.7 114.7 118.5 124.3 129.6 131.1 135.8 140.2 144.3 149.4 153.2
Instructor II: COE
TABLE E Critical values of the correlation r

Upper tail probability p
n .20 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005
3 0.8090 0.9511 0.9877 .9969 0.9980 0.9995 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 0.6000 0.8000 0.9000 0.9500 0.9600 0.9800 0.9900 0.9950 0.9980 0.9990
5 0.4919 0.6870 0.8054 0.8783 0.8953 0.9343 0.9587 0.9740 0.9859 0.9911
6 0.4257 0.6084 0.7293 0.8114 0.8319 0.8822 0.9172 0.9417 0.9633 0.9741
7 0.3803 0.5509 0.6694 0.7545 0.7766 0.8329 0.8745 0.9056 0.9350 0.9509
8 0.3468 0.5067 0.6215 0.7067 0.7295 0.7887 0.8343 0.8697 0.9049 0.9249
9 0.3208 0.4716 0.5822 0.6664 0.6892 0.7498 0.7977 0.8359 0.8751 0.8983
10 0.2998 0.4428 0.5494 0.6319 0.6546 0.7155 0.7646 0.8046 0.8467 0.8721
11 0.2825 0.4187 0.5214 0.6021 0.6244 0.6851 0.7348 0.7759 0.8199 0.8470
12 0.2678 0.3981 0.4973 0.5760 0.5980 0.6581 0.7079 0.7496 0.7950 0.8233
13 0.2552 0.3802 0.4762 0.5529 0.5745 0.6339 0.6835 0.7255 0.7717 0.8010
14 0.2443 0.3646 0.4575 0.5324 0.5536 0.6120 0.6614 0.7034 0.7501 0.7800
15 0.2346 0.3507 0.4409 0.5140 0.5347 0.5923 0.6411 0.6831 0.7301 0.7604
16 0.2260 0.3383 0.4259 0.4973 0.5177 0.5742 0.6226 0.6643 0.7114 0.7419
17 0.2183 0.3271 0.4124 0.4821 0.5021 0.5577 0.6055 0.6470 0.6940 0.7247
18 0.2113 0.3170 0.4000 0.4683 0.4878 0.5425 0.5897 0.6308 0.6777 0.7084
19 0.2049 0.3077 0.3887 0.4555 0.4747 0.5285 0.5751 0.6158 0.6624 0.6932
20 0.1991 0.2992 0.3783 0.4438 0.4626 0.5155 0.5614 0.6018 0.6481 0.6788
30 0.1594 0.2407 0.3061 0.3610 0.3770 0.4226 0.4629 0.4990 0.5415 0.5703
40 0.1368 0.2070 0.2638 0.3120 0.3261 0.3665 0.4026 0.4353 0.4741 0.5007
50 0.1217 0.1843 0.2353 0.2787 0.2915 0.3281 0.3610 0.3909 0.4267 0.4514
60 0.1106 0.1678 0.2144 0.2542 0.2659 0.2997 0.3301 0.3578 0.3912 0.4143
80 0.0954 0.1448 0.1852 0.2199 0.2301 0.2597 0.2864 0.3109 0.3405 0.3611
100 0.0851 0.1292 0.1654 0.1966 0.2058 0.2324 0.2565 0.2786 0.3054 0.3242
1000 0.0266 0.0406 0.0520 0.0620 0.0650 0.0736 0.0814 0.0887 0.0976 0.1039
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
Table F
Upper critical values of the F distribution
for numerator degrees of freedom and denominator degrees of
freedom
5% significance level
\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 161.448 199.500 215.707 224.583 230.162 233.986 236.768 238.882 240.543 241.882
2 18.513 19.000 19.164 19.247 19.296 19.330 19.353 19.371 19.385 19.396
3 10.128 9.552 9.277 9.117 9.013 8.941 8.887 8.845 8.812 8.786
4 7.709 6.944 6.591 6.388 6.256 6.163 6.094 6.041 5.999 5.964
5 6.608 5.786 5.409 5.192 5.050 4.950 4.876 4.818 4.772 4.735
6 5.987 5.143 4.757 4.534 4.387 4.284 4.207 4.147 4.099 4.060
7 5.591 4.737 4.347 4.120 3.972 3.866 3.787 3.726 3.677 3.637
8 5.318 4.459 4.066 3.838 3.687 3.581 3.500 3.438 3.388 3.347
9 5.117 4.256 3.863 3.633 3.482 3.374 3.293 3.230 3.179 3.137
10 4.965 4.103 3.708 3.478 3.326 3.217 3.135 3.072 3.020 2.978
11 4.844 3.982 3.587 3.357 3.204 3.095 3.012 2.948 2.896 2.854
12 4.747 3.885 3.490 3.259 3.106 2.996 2.913 2.849 2.796 2.75 3
13 4.667 3.806 3.411 3.179 3.025 2.915 2.832 2.767 2.714 2.671
14 4.600 3.739 3.344 3.112 2.958 2.848 2.764 2.699 2.646 2.602
15 4.543 3.682 3.287 3.056 2.901 2.790 2.707 2.641 2 .588 2.544
16 4.494 3.634 3.239 3.007 2.852 2.741 2.657 2.591 2.538 2.494
17 4.451 3.592 3.197 2.965 2.810 2.699 2.614 2.548 2.494 2.450
18 4.414 3.555 3.160 2.928 2.773 2.661 2.577 2.510 2.456 2.412
19 4.381 3.522 3.127 2.895 2.740 2.628 2.544 2.477 2.423 2.378
20 4.351 3.493 3.098 2.866 2.711 2.599 2.514 2.447 2.393 2.348
21 4.325 3.467 3.072 2.840 2.685 2.5 73 2.488 2.420 2.366 2.321
22 4.301 3.443 3.049 2.817 2.661 2.549 2.464 2.397 2.342 2.297
23 4.279 3.422 3.028 2.796 2.640 2.528 2.442 2.375 2.320 2.275
24 4.260 3.403 3.009 2.776 2.621 2.508 2.423 2.355 2.300 2.255
25 4.242 3.385 2.991 2.759 2.603 2.490 2.405 2.337 2.282 2.236
26 4.225 3.369 2.975 2.743 2.587 2.474 2.388 2.321 2.265 2.220
27 4.210 3.354 2.960 2.728 2.572 2.459 2.373 2.305 2.250 2.204
28 4.196 3.340 2.947 2.714 2.558 2.445 2.359 2.291 2.236 2.190
29 4.183 3.328 2.934 2.701 2.545 2.432 2.346 2.278 2.223 2.177
30 4.171 3.316 2.922 2.690 2.534 2.421 2.334 2.266 2.211 2.165
31 4.160 3.305 2.911 2.679 2.523 2.409 2.323 2.255 2.199 2.153
32 4.149 3.295 2.901 2.668 2.512 2.399 2.313 2.244 2.189 2.142
33 4.139 3.285 2.892 2.659 2.503 2.389 2.303 2.235 2.179 2.133
34 4.130 3.276 2.883 2.650 2.494 2.380 2.294 2.225 2.170 2.123
35 4.121 3.267 2.874 2.641 2.485 2.372 2.285 2.217 2.161 2.114
36 4.113 3.259 2.866 2.634 2.477 2.364 2.277 2.209 2.153 2.106
37 4.105 3.252 2.859 2.626 2.470 2.356 2.270 2.201 2.145 2.098
38 4.098 3.245 2.852 2.619 2.463 2.349 2.262 2.194 2. 138 2.091
39 4.091 3.238 2.845 2.612 2.456 2.342 2.255 2.187 2.131 2.084
40 4.085 3.232 2.839 2.606 2.449 2.336 2.249 2.180 2.124 2.077
41 4.079 3.226 2.833 2.600 2.443 2.330 2.243 2.174 2.118 2.071
42 4.073 3.220 2.827 2.594 2.438 2.324 2.237 2.168 2.112 2.065
43 4.067 3.214 2.822 2.589 2.432 2.318 2.232 2.163 2.106 2.059
44 4.062 3.209 2.816 2.584 2.427 2.31 3 2.226 2.157 2.101 2.054
45 4.057 3.204 2.812 2.579 2.422 2.308 2.221 2.152 2.096 2.049
46 4.052 3.200 2.807 2.574 2.417 2.304 2.216 2.147 2.091 2.044
47 4.047 3.195 2.802 2.570 2 .413 2.299 2.212 2.143 2.086 2.039
48 4.043 3.191 2.798 2.565 2.409 2.295 2.207 2.138 2.082 2.035
49 4.038 3.187 2.794 2.561 2.404 2.290 2.203 2.134 2.077 2.030
50 4.034 3.183 2.790 2.557 2.400 2.286 2.199 2.130 2.073 2.026
Instructor II: COE
51 4.030 3.179 2.786 2.553 2.397 2.283 2.195 2.126 2.069 2.022
52 4.027 3.175 2.783 2.550 2.393 2.279 2.192 2.122 2.066 2.018
53 4.023 3.172 2.779 2.546 2.389 2.275 2.188 2.119 2.062 2.015
54 4.020 3.168 2.776 2.543 2.386 2.272 2.185 2.115 2.059 2.011
55 4.016 3.165 2.773 2.540 2.383 2.269 2.181 2.112 2.055 2.008
56 4.013 3.162 2.769 2.537 2.380 2.266 2.178 2.109 2.052 2.005
57 4.010 3.159 2.766 2.534 2.377 2.263 2.175 2.106 2.049 2.001
58 4.007 3.156 2.764 2.531 2.374 2.260 2.172 2.103 2.046 1.998
59 4.004 3.153 2.761 2.528 2.371 2.257 2.169 2.100 2.043 1.995
60 4.001 3.150 2.758 2.525 2.368 2.254 2.167 2.097 2.040 1.993
61 3.998 3.148 2.755 2.523 2.366 2.251 2.164 2.094 2.037 1.990
62 3.996 3.145 2.753 2.520 2.363 2.249 2.161 2.092 2.035 1.987
63 3.993 3.143 2.751 2.518 2.361 2.246 2.159 2.089 2.032 1.985
64 3.991 3.140 2.748 2.515 2.358 2.244 2.156 2.087 2.030 1.982
65 3.989 3.138 2.746 2.513 2.356 2.242 2.154 2.084 2.027 1.980
66 3.986 3.136 2.744 2.511 2.354 2.239 2.152 2.082 2.025 1.977
67 3.984 3.134 2.742 2.509 2.352 2.237 2.150 2.080 2.023 1.975
68 3.982 3.132 2.740 2.507 2.350 2.235 2.148 2.078 2.021 1.973
69 3.980 3.130 2.737 2.505 2.348 2.233 2.145 2.076 2.019 1.971
70 3.978 3.128 2.736 2.503 2. 346 2.231 2.143 2.074 2.017 1.969
71 3.976 3.126 2.734 2.501 2.344 2.229 2.142 2.072 2.015 1.967
72 3.974 3.124 2.732 2.499 2.342 2.227 2.140 2.070 2.013 1.965
73 3.972 3.122 2.730 2.497 2.340 2.226 2.138 2.068 2.011 1.963
74 3.970 3.120 2.728 2.495 2.338 2.224 2.136 2.066 2.009 1.961
75 3.968 3.119 2.727 2.494 2.337 2.222 2.134 2.064 2.007 1.959
76 3.967 3.117 2.725 2.492 2.335 2.220 2.133 2.063 2.006 1.958
77 3.965 3.115 2.723 2.490 2.333 2.219 2.131 2.061 2.004 1.956
78 3.963 3.114 2.722 2.489 2.332 2.217 2.129 2.059 2.002 1.954
79 3.962 3.112 2.720 2.487 2.330 2.216 2.128 2.058 2.001 1.953
80 3.960 3.111 2.719 2.486 2.329 2.214 2.126 2.056 1.999 1.951
81 3.959 3.109 2.717 2.484 2.327 2.213 2.125 2.055 1.998 1.950
82 3.957 3.108 2.716 2.483 2.326 2.211 2.123 2.053 1.996 1.948
83 3.956 3.107 2.715 2.482 2.324 2.210 2.122 2.052 1.995 1.947
84 3.955 3.105 2.713 2.480 2.323 2.209 2.121 2.051 1.99 3 1.945
85 3.953 3.104 2.712 2.479 2.322 2.207 2.119 2.049 1.992 1.944
86 3.952 3.103 2.711 2.478 2.321 2.206 2.118 2.048 1.991 1.943
87 3.951 3.101 2.709 2.476 2.319 2.205 2.117 2.047 1.989 1.941
88 3.949 3.100 2.708 2.475 2.318 2.203 2.115 2.045 1.988 1.940
89 3.948 3.099 2.707 2.474 2.317 2.202 2.114 2.044 1.987 1.939
90 3.947 3.098 2.706 2.473 2.316 2.201 2.113 2.043 1.986 1.938
91 3.946 3.097 2.705 2.472 2.315 2.200 2.112 2.042 1.984 1.936
92 3.945 3.095 2.704 2.471 2.313 2.199 2.111 2.041 1.983 1.935
93 3.943 3.094 2.703 2.470 2.3 12 2.198 2.110 2.040 1.982 1.934
94 3.942 3.093 2.701 2.469 2.311 2.197 2.109 2.038 1.981 1.933
95 3.941 3.092 2.700 2.467 2.310 2.196 2.108 2.037 1.980 1.932
96 3.940 3.091 2.699 2.466 2.309 2.195 2.106 2.036 1.979 1.931
97 3.939 3.090 2.698 2.465 2.308 2.194 2.105 2.035 1.978 1.930
98 3.938 3.089 2.697 2.465 2.307 2.193 2.104 2.034 1.977 1.929
99 3.937 3.088 2.696 2.464 2.306 2.192 2.103 2.033 1.976 1.928
100 3.936 3.087 2.696 2.463 2.305 2.191 2.103 2.032 1.975 1.927
\ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 242.983 243.906 244.690 245.364 245.950 246 .464 246.918 247.323 247.686 248.013
2 19.405 19.413 19.419 19.424 19.429 19.433 19.437 19.440 19.443 19.446
3 8.763 8.745 8.729 8.715 8.703 8.692 8.683 8.675 8.667 8.660
4 5.936 5.912 5.891 5.873 5.858 5.844 5.832 5.821 5.811 5.803
5 4.704 4.678 4.655 4.636 4.619 4.604 4.590 4.579 4.568 4.558
6 4.027 4.000 3.976 3.956 3.938 3.922 3.908 3.896 3.884 3.874
7 3.603 3.575 3.550 3.529 3.511 3.494 3.480 3.467 3.455 3.445
8 3.313 3.284 3.259 3.237 3.218 3.202 3.187 3.173 3.161 3.150
9 3.102 3.073 3.048 3.025 3.006 2.989 2.974 2.960 2.948 2.936
10 2.943 2.913 2.887 2.865 2.845 2.828 2.812 2.798 2.785 2.774
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
11 2.818 2.788 2.761 2.739 2.719 2.701 2.685 2.671 2.658 2.646
12 2.717 2.687 2.660 2.637 2.617 2.599 2.583 2.568 2.555 2.544
13 2.635 2.604 2.577 2.554 2.533 2.515 2.499 2.484 2.471 2.459
14 2.565 2.534 2.507 2.484 2.463 2.445 2.428 2.413 2.400 2.388
15 2.507 2.475 2.448 2.424 2.403 2.385 2.368 2.353 2.340 2.3 28
16 2.456 2.425 2.397 2.373 2.352 2.333 2.317 2.302 2.288 2.276
17 2.413 2.381 2.353 2.329 2.308 2.289 2.272 2.257 2.243 2.230
18 2.374 2.342 2.314 2.290 2.269 2.250 2.233 2.217 2.203 2.191
19 2.340 2.308 2.280 2.256 2.234 2.215 2.198 2.182 2.168 2.155
20 2.310 2.278 2.250 2.225 2.203 2.184 2.167 2.151 2.137 2.124
21 2.283 2.250 2.222 2.197 2.176 2.156 2.139 2.123 2.109 2.096
22 2.259 2.226 2.198 2.173 2.151 2.131 2.114 2.098 2.084 2.071
23 2.236 2.204 2.175 2.150 2.128 2.109 2.091 2.075 2.061 2.048
24 2.216 2.183 2.155 2.130 2.108 2.088 2.070 2.054 2.040 2.027
25 2.198 2.165 2.136 2.111 2.089 2.069 2.051 2.035 2.021 2.007
26 2.181 2.148 2.119 2.094 2.072 2.052 2.034 2.018 2.003 1.990
27 2.166 2.132 2.103 2.078 2.056 2.036 2.018 2.002 1.987 1.974
28 2.151 2.118 2.089 2.064 2.041 2.021 2.003 1.987 1.972 1.959
29 2.138 2.104 2.075 2.050 2.027 2.007 1.989 1.973 1.958 1.945
30 2.126 2.092 2.063 2.037 2.015 1.995 1.976 1.960 1.945 1.932
31 2.114 2.080 2.051 2.026 2.003 1.983 1.965 1.948 1.933 1.920
32 2.103 2.070 2.040 2.015 1.992 1.972 1.953 1.937 1.922 1.908
33 2.093 2.060 2.030 2.004 1.982 1.961 1.943 1.926 1.911 1.898
34 2.084 2.050 2.021 1.995 1.972 1.952 1.933 1.917 1.902 1.888
35 2.075 2.041 2.012 1.986 1.963 1.942 1.924 1.907 1.892 1.878
36 2.067 2.033 2.003 1.977 1.954 1.934 1.915 1.899 1.883 1.870
37 2.059 2.025 1.995 1.969 1.946 1.926 1.907 1.890 1.875 1.861
38 2.051 2.017 1.988 1.962 1.939 1.918 1.899 1.883 1.867 1.85 3
39 2.044 2.010 1.981 1.954 1.931 1.911 1.892 1.875 1.860 1.846
40 2.038 2.003 1.974 1.948 1.924 1.904 1.885 1.868 1.853 1.839
41 2.031 1.997 1.967 1.941 1.918 1.897 1.879 1.862 1 .846 1.832
42 2.025 1.991 1.961 1.935 1.912 1.891 1.872 1.855 1.840 1.826
43 2.020 1.985 1.955 1.929 1.906 1.885 1.866 1.849 1.834 1.820
44 2.014 1.980 1.950 1.924 1.900 1.879 1.861 1.844 1.828 1.814
45 2.009 1.974 1.945 1.918 1.895 1.874 1.855 1.838 1.823 1.808
46 2.004 1.969 1.940 1.913 1.890 1.869 1.850 1.833 1.817 1.803
47 1.999 1.965 1.935 1.908 1.885 1.8 64 1.845 1.828 1.812 1.798
48 1.995 1.960 1.930 1.904 1.880 1.859 1.840 1.823 1.807 1.793
49 1.990 1.956 1.926 1.899 1.876 1.855 1.836 1.819 1.803 1.789
50 1.986 1.952 1.921 1.895 1.871 1.850 1.831 1.814 1.798 1.784
51 1.982 1.947 1.917 1.891 1.867 1.846 1.827 1.810 1.794 1.780
52 1.978 1.944 1.913 1.887 1.863 1.842 1.823 1.806 1.790 1.776
53 1.975 1.940 1.910 1.883 1.859 1.838 1.819 1.802 1.786 1.772
54 1.971 1.936 1.906 1.879 1.856 1.835 1.816 1.798 1.782 1.768
55 1.968 1.933 1.903 1.876 1.852 1.831 1.812 1.795 1.779 1.764
56 1.964 1.930 1.899 1.873 1.849 1.828 1.809 1.791 1.775 1.761
57 1.961 1.926 1.896 1.869 1.846 1.824 1.805 1.788 1.772 1.757
58 1.958 1.923 1.893 1.866 1.842 1.821 1.802 1.785 1.769 1.754
59 1.955 1.920 1.890 1.863 1.839 1.818 1.799 1.781 1.766 1.751
60 1.952 1.917 1.887 1.860 1.836 1.815 1.796 1.778 1.763 1.748
61 1.949 1.915 1.884 1.857 1.834 1.812 1.793 1.776 1.760 1.745
62 1.947 1.912 1.882 1.855 1.831 1.809 1.790 1.773 1.757 1.742
63 1.944 1.909 1.879 1.852 1.828 1.807 1.787 1.770 1.754 1.739
64 1.942 1.907 1.876 1.849 1.826 1.804 1.785 1.767 1. 751 1.737
65 1.939 1.904 1.874 1.847 1.823 1.802 1.782 1.765 1.749 1.734
66 1.937 1.902 1.871 1.845 1.821 1.799 1.780 1.762 1.746 1.732
67 1.935 1.900 1.869 1.842 1.818 1.797 1.777 1.760 1.744 1.729
68 1.932 1.897 1.867 1.840 1.816 1.795 1.775 1.758 1.742 1.727
69 1.930 1.895 1.865 1.838 1.814 1.792 1.773 1.755 1.739 1.725
70 1.928 1.893 1.863 1.836 1.812 1.79 0 1.771 1.753 1.737 1.722
71 1.926 1.891 1.861 1.834 1.810 1.788 1.769 1.751 1.735 1.720
72 1.924 1.889 1.859 1.832 1.808 1.786 1.767 1.749 1.733 1.718
73 1.922 1.887 1.857 1.830 1 .806 1.784 1.765 1.747 1.731 1.716
74 1.921 1.885 1.855 1.828 1.804 1.782 1.763 1.745 1.729 1.714
75 1.919 1.884 1.853 1.826 1.802 1.780 1.761 1.743 1.727 1.712
76 1.917 1.882 1.851 1.824 1.800 1.778 1.759 1.741 1.725 1.710
77 1.915 1.880 1.849 1.822 1.798 1.777 1.757 1.739 1.723 1.708
78 1.914 1.878 1.848 1.821 1.797 1.775 1.755 1.738 1.721 1.707
Instructor II: COE
79 1.912 1.877 1.846 1.819 1.795 1.773 1.754 1.736 1.720 1.705
80 1.910 1.875 1.845 1.817 1.793 1.772 1.752 1.734 1.718 1.703
81 1.909 1.874 1.843 1.816 1.792 1.770 1.750 1.733 1.716 1.702
82 1.907 1.872 1.841 1.814 1.790 1.768 1.749 1.731 1.715 1.700
83 1.906 1.871 1.840 1.813 1.789 1.767 1.747 1.729 1.713 1.698
84 1.905 1.869 1.838 1.811 1.787 1.765 1.746 1.728 1.712 1.697
85 1.903 1.868 1.837 1.810 1.786 1.764 1.744 1.726 1.710 1.695
86 1.902 1.867 1.836 1.808 1.784 1.762 1.743 1.725 1.709 1.694
87 1.900 1.865 1.834 1.807 1.783 1.761 1.741 1.724 1.707 1.692
88 1.899 1.864 1.833 1.806 1.782 1.760 1.740 1.722 1.706 1.691
89 1.898 1.863 1.832 1.804 1.780 1.758 1.739 1.721 1.705 1.690
90 1.897 1.861 1.830 1.803 1.779 1.757 1.737 1.720 1.703 1.688
91 1.895 1.860 1.829 1.802 1.778 1.756 1.736 1.718 1.702 1.687
92 1.894 1.859 1.828 1.801 1.776 1.755 1.735 1.717 1.701 1.686
93 1.893 1.858 1.827 1.800 1.775 1.753 1.734 1.716 1.699 1.684
94 1.892 1.857 1.826 1.798 1.774 1.752 1.733 1.715 1.698 1.683
95 1.891 1.856 1.825 1.797 1.773 1.751 1.731 1.713 1.697 1.682
96 1.890 1.854 1.823 1.796 1. 772 1.750 1.730 1.712 1.696 1.681
97 1.889 1.853 1.822 1.795 1.771 1.749 1.729 1.711 1.695 1.680
98 1.888 1.852 1.821 1.794 1.770 1.748 1.728 1.710 1.694 1.679
99 1.887 1.851 1.820 1.793 1.769 1.747 1.727 1.709 1.693 1.678
100 1.886 1.850 1.819 1.792 1.768 1.746 1.726 1.708 1.691 1.676
for numerator degrees of freedom and denominator degrees of freedom

\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 39.863 49.500 53.593 55.833 57.240 58.204 58.906 59.439 59.858 60.195
2 8.526 9.000 9.162 9.243 9.293 9.326 9.349 9.367 9.381 9.392
3 5.538 5.462 5.391 5.343 5.309 5.285 5.266 5.252 5.240 5.230
4 4.545 4.325 4.191 4.107 4.051 4.010 3.979 3.955 3.936 3.920
5 4.060 3.780 3.619 3.520 3.453 3.405 3.368 3.339 3.316 3.297
6 3.776 3.463 3.289 3.181 3.108 3.055 3.014 2.983 2.958 2.937
7 3.589 3.257 3.074 2.961 2.883 2.827 2.785 2.752 2.725 2.703
8 3.458 3.113 2.924 2.806 2.726 2.668 2.624 2.589 2.561 2.538
9 3.360 3.006 2.813 2.693 2.611 2.551 2.505 2.469 2.440 2.416
10 3.285 2.924 2.728 2.605 2.522 2.461 2.414 2.377 2.347 2. 323
11 3.225 2.860 2.660 2.536 2.451 2.389 2.342 2.304 2.274 2.248
12 3.177 2.807 2.606 2.480 2.394 2.331 2.283 2.245 2.214 2.188
13 3.136 2.763 2.560 2.434 2.347 2.283 2.234 2.195 2.164 2.138
14 3.102 2.726 2.522 2.395 2.307 2.243 2.193 2.154 2.122 2.095
15 3.073 2.695 2.490 2.361 2.273 2.208 2.158 2.119 2.086 2.059
16 3.048 2.668 2.462 2.333 2.244 2.178 2.128 2.088 2.055 2.028
17 3.026 2.645 2.437 2.308 2.218 2.152 2.102 2.061 2.028 2.001
18 3.007 2.624 2.416 2.286 2.196 2.130 2.079 2.038 2.005 1.977
19 2.990 2.606 2.397 2.266 2.176 2 .109 2.058 2.017 1.984 1.956
20 2.975 2.589 2.380 2.249 2.158 2.091 2.040 1.999 1.965 1.937
21 2.961 2.575 2.365 2.233 2.142 2.075 2.023 1.982 1.948 1.920
22 2.949 2.561 2.351 2.219 2.128 2.060 2.008 1.967 1.933 1.904
23 2.937 2.549 2.339 2.207 2.115 2.047 1.995 1.953 1.919 1.890
24 2.927 2.538 2.327 2.195 2.103 2.035 1.983 1.941 1.906 1.877
25 2.918 2.528 2.317 2.184 2.092 2.024 1.971 1.929 1.895 1.866
26 2.909 2.519 2.307 2.174 2.082 2.014 1.961 1.919 1.884 1.855
27 2.901 2.511 2.299 2.165 2.073 2.005 1.952 1.909 1.874 1.845
28 2.894 2.503 2.291 2.157 2.064 1.996 1.943 1.900 1.865 1.836
29 2.887 2.495 2.283 2.149 2.057 1.988 1.935 1.892 1.857 1.827
30 2.881 2.489 2.276 2.142 2.049 1.980 1.927 1.884 1.849 1.819
31 2.875 2.482 2.270 2.136 2.042 1.973 1.920 1.877 1.842 1.812
32 2.869 2.477 2.263 2.129 2.036 1.967 1.913 1.870 1.835 1.805
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
33 2.864 2.471 2.258 2.123 2.030 1.961 1.907 1.864 1.828 1.7 99
34 2.859 2.466 2.252 2.118 2.024 1.955 1.901 1.858 1.822 1.793
35 2.855 2.461 2.247 2.113 2.019 1.950 1.896 1.852 1.817 1.787
36 2.850 2.456 2.243 2.108 2.014 1.945 1.891 1.847 1.811 1.781
37 2.846 2.452 2.238 2.103 2.009 1.940 1.886 1.842 1.806 1.776
38 2.842 2.448 2.234 2.099 2.005 1.935 1.881 1.838 1.802 1.772
39 2.839 2.444 2.230 2.095 2.001 1.931 1.877 1.833 1.797 1.767
40 2.835 2.440 2.226 2.091 1.997 1.927 1.873 1.829 1.793 1.763
41 2.832 2.437 2.222 2.087 1.993 1.923 1.869 1.825 1.789 1.759
42 2.829 2.434 2.219 2.084 1.989 1.919 1.865 1.821 1.785 1.755
43 2.826 2.430 2.216 2.080 1.986 1.916 1.861 1.817 1.781 1.751
44 2.823 2.427 2.213 2.077 1.983 1.913 1.858 1.814 1.778 1.747
45 2.820 2.425 2.210 2.074 1.980 1.909 1.855 1.811 1.774 1.744
46 2.818 2.422 2.207 2.071 1.977 1.906 1.852 1.808 1.771 1.741
47 2.815 2.419 2.204 2.068 1.974 1.903 1.849 1.805 1.768 1.738
48 2.813 2.417 2.202 2.066 1.971 1.901 1.846 1.802 1.765 1.735
49 2.811 2.414 2.199 2.063 1.968 1.898 1.843 1.799 1.763 1.732
50 2.809 2.412 2.197 2.061 1.966 1.895 1.840 1.796 1.760 1.729
51 2.807 2.410 2.194 2.058 1.964 1.893 1.838 1.794 1.757 1.727
52 2.805 2.408 2.192 2.056 1.961 1.891 1.836 1.791 1.755 1.724
53 2.803 2.406 2.190 2.054 1.959 1.888 1.833 1.789 1.752 1.722
54 2.801 2.404 2.188 2.052 1.957 1.886 1.831 1.787 1.750 1.719
55 2.799 2.402 2.186 2.050 1.955 1.884 1.829 1.785 1.748 1.717
56 2.797 2.400 2.184 2.048 1.953 1.882 1.827 1.782 1.746 1.71 5
57 2.796 2.398 2.182 2.046 1.951 1.880 1.825 1.780 1.744 1.713
58 2.794 2.396 2.181 2.044 1.949 1.878 1.823 1.779 1.742 1.711
59 2.793 2.395 2.179 2.043 1.947 1.876 1.821 1.777 1 .740 1.709
60 2.791 2.393 2.177 2.041 1.946 1.875 1.819 1.775 1.738 1.707
61 2.790 2.392 2.176 2.039 1.944 1.873 1.818 1.773 1.736 1.705
62 2.788 2.390 2.174 2.038 1.942 1.871 1.816 1.771 1.735 1.703
63 2.787 2.389 2.173 2.036 1.941 1.870 1.814 1.770 1.733 1.702
64 2.786 2.387 2.171 2.035 1.939 1.868 1.813 1.768 1.731 1.700
65 2.784 2.386 2.170 2.033 1.938 1.8 67 1.811 1.767 1.730 1.699
66 2.783 2.385 2.169 2.032 1.937 1.865 1.810 1.765 1.728 1.697
67 2.782 2.384 2.167 2.031 1.935 1.864 1.808 1.764 1.727 1.696
68 2.781 2.382 2.166 2.029 1.934 1.863 1.807 1.762 1.725 1.694
69 2.780 2.381 2.165 2.028 1.933 1.861 1.806 1.761 1.724 1.693
70 2.779 2.380 2.164 2.027 1.931 1.860 1.804 1.760 1.723 1.691
71 2.778 2.379 2.163 2.026 1.930 1.859 1.803 1.758 1.721 1.690
72 2.777 2.378 2.161 2.025 1.929 1.858 1.802 1.757 1.720 1.689
73 2.776 2.377 2.160 2.024 1.928 1.856 1.801 1.756 1.719 1.687
74 2.775 2.376 2.159 2.022 1.927 1.855 1.800 1.755 1.718 1.686
75 2.774 2.375 2.158 2.021 1.926 1.854 1.798 1.754 1.716 1.685
76 2.773 2.374 2.157 2.020 1.925 1.853 1.797 1.752 1.715 1.684
77 2.772 2.373 2.156 2.019 1.924 1.852 1.796 1.751 1.714 1.683
78 2.771 2.372 2.155 2.018 1.923 1.851 1.795 1.750 1.713 1.682
79 2.770 2.371 2.154 2.017 1.922 1.850 1.794 1.749 1.712 1.681
80 2.769 2.370 2.154 2.016 1.921 1.849 1.793 1.748 1.711 1.680
81 2.769 2.369 2.153 2.016 1.920 1.848 1.792 1.747 1.710 1.679
82 2.768 2.368 2.152 2.015 1.919 1.847 1.791 1.746 1. 709 1.678
83 2.767 2.368 2.151 2.014 1.918 1.846 1.790 1.745 1.708 1.677
84 2.766 2.367 2.150 2.013 1.917 1.845 1.790 1.744 1.707 1.676
85 2.765 2.366 2.149 2.012 1.916 1.845 1.789 1.744 1.706 1.675
86 2.765 2.365 2.149 2.011 1.915 1.844 1.788 1.743 1.705 1.674
87 2.764 2.365 2.148 2.011 1.915 1.843 1.787 1.742 1.705 1.673
88 2.763 2.364 2.147 2.010 1.914 1.84 2 1.786 1.741 1.704 1.672
89 2.763 2.363 2.146 2.009 1.913 1.841 1.785 1.740 1.703 1.671
90 2.762 2.363 2.146 2.008 1.912 1.841 1.785 1.739 1.702 1.670
91 2.761 2.362 2.145 2.008 1 .912 1.840 1.784 1.739 1.701 1.670
92 2.761 2.361 2.144 2.007 1.911 1.839 1.783 1.738 1.701 1.669
93 2.760 2.361 2.144 2.006 1.910 1.838 1.782 1.737 1.700 1.668
94 2.760 2.360 2.143 2.006 1.910 1.838 1.782 1.736 1.699 1.667
95 2.759 2.359 2.142 2.005 1.909 1.837 1.781 1.736 1.698 1.667
96 2.759 2.359 2.142 2.004 1.908 1.836 1.780 1.735 1.698 1.666
97 2.758 2.358 2.141 2.004 1.908 1.836 1.780 1.734 1.697 1.665
98 2.757 2.358 2.141 2.003 1.907 1.835 1.779 1.734 1.696 1.665
99 2.757 2.357 2.140 2.003 1.906 1.835 1.778 1.733 1.696 1.664
100 2.756 2.356 2.139 2.002 1.906 1.834 1.778 1.732 1.695 1.663
Instructor II: COE
\ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 60.473 60.705 60.903 61.073 61.220 61.350 61.464 61.566 61.658 61.740
2 9.401 9.408 9.415 9.420 9.425 9.429 9.433 9.436 9.439 9.441
3 5.222 5.216 5.210 5.205 5.200 5.196 5.193 5.190 5.187 5.184
4 3.907 3.896 3.886 3.878 3.870 3.864 3.858 3.853 3.849 3.844
5 3.282 3.268 3.257 3.247 3.238 3.230 3.223 3.217 3.212 3.207
6 2.920 2.905 2.892 2.881 2.871 2.863 2.855 2.848 2.842 2.836
7 2.684 2.668 2.654 2.643 2.632 2.623 2.615 2.607 2.601 2.595
8 2.519 2.502 2.488 2.475 2.464 2.455 2.446 2.438 2.431 2.425
9 2.396 2.379 2.364 2.351 2.340 2.329 2.320 2.312 2.305 2.298
10 2.302 2.284 2.269 2.255 2.244 2.233 2.224 2.215 2.208 2.201
11 2.227 2.209 2.193 2.179 2.167 2.156 2.147 2.138 2.130 2.123
12 2.166 2.147 2.131 2.117 2.105 2.094 2.084 2.075 2.067 2.060
13 2.116 2.097 2.080 2.066 2.053 2.042 2.032 2.023 2.014 2.0 07
14 2.073 2.054 2.037 2.022 2.010 1.998 1.988 1.978 1.970 1.962
15 2.037 2.017 2.000 1.985 1.972 1.961 1.950 1.941 1.932 1.924
16 2.005 1.985 1.968 1.953 1.940 1.928 1.917 1.908 1.899 1.891
17 1.978 1.958 1.940 1.925 1.912 1.900 1.889 1.879 1.870 1.862
18 1.954 1.933 1.916 1.900 1.887 1.875 1.864 1.854 1.845 1.837
19 1.932 1.912 1.894 1.878 1.865 1.852 1.841 1.831 1.822 1.814
20 1.913 1.892 1.875 1.859 1.845 1.833 1.821 1.811 1.802 1.794
21 1.896 1.875 1.857 1.841 1.827 1.815 1.803 1.793 1.784 1.776
22 1.880 1.859 1.841 1.825 1.811 1.798 1.787 1.777 1.768 1.759
23 1.866 1.845 1.827 1.811 1.796 1.784 1.772 1.762 1.753 1.744
24 1.853 1.832 1.814 1.797 1.783 1.770 1.759 1.748 1.739 1.730
25 1.841 1.820 1.802 1.785 1.771 1.758 1.746 1.736 1.726 1.718
26 1.830 1.809 1.790 1.774 1.760 1.747 1.735 1.724 1.715 1.706
27 1.820 1.799 1.780 1.764 1.749 1.736 1.724 1.714 1.704 1.695
28 1.811 1.790 1.771 1.754 1.740 1.726 1.715 1.704 1.694 1.685
29 1.802 1.781 1.762 1.745 1.731 1.717 1.705 1.695 1.685 1.676
30 1.794 1.773 1.754 1.737 1.722 1.709 1.697 1.686 1.676 1.667
31 1.787 1.765 1.746 1.729 1.714 1.701 1.689 1.678 1.668 1.659
32 1.780 1.758 1.739 1.722 1.707 1.694 1.682 1.671 1.661 1.652
33 1.773 1.751 1.732 1.715 1.700 1.687 1.675 1.664 1.654 1.645
34 1.767 1.745 1.726 1.709 1.694 1.680 1.668 1.657 1.647 1.638
35 1.761 1.739 1.720 1.703 1.688 1.674 1.662 1.651 1.641 1.632
36 1.756 1.734 1.715 1.697 1.682 1.669 1.656 1.645 1.635 1.62 6
37 1.751 1.729 1.709 1.692 1.677 1.663 1.651 1.640 1.630 1.620
38 1.746 1.724 1.704 1.687 1.672 1.658 1.646 1.635 1.624 1.615
39 1.741 1.719 1.700 1.682 1.667 1.653 1.641 1.630 1 .619 1.610
40 1.737 1.715 1.695 1.678 1.662 1.649 1.636 1.625 1.615 1.605
41 1.733 1.710 1.691 1.673 1.658 1.644 1.632 1.620 1.610 1.601
42 1.729 1.706 1.687 1.669 1.654 1.640 1.628 1.616 1.606 1.596
43 1.725 1.703 1.683 1.665 1.650 1.636 1.624 1.612 1.602 1.592
44 1.721 1.699 1.679 1.662 1.646 1.632 1.620 1.608 1.598 1.588
45 1.718 1.695 1.676 1.658 1.643 1.6 29 1.616 1.605 1.594 1.585
46 1.715 1.692 1.672 1.655 1.639 1.625 1.613 1.601 1.591 1.581
47 1.712 1.689 1.669 1.652 1.636 1.622 1.609 1.598 1.587 1.578
48 1.709 1.686 1.666 1.648 1.633 1.619 1.606 1.594 1.584 1.574
49 1.706 1.683 1.663 1.645 1.630 1.616 1.603 1.591 1.581 1.571
50 1.703 1.680 1.660 1.643 1.627 1.613 1.600 1.588 1.578 1.568
51 1.700 1.677 1.658 1.640 1.624 1.610 1.597 1.586 1.575 1.565
52 1.698 1.675 1.655 1.637 1.621 1.607 1.594 1.583 1.572 1.562
53 1.695 1.672 1.652 1.635 1.619 1.605 1.592 1.580 1.570 1.560
54 1.693 1.670 1.650 1.632 1.616 1.602 1.589 1.578 1.567 1.557
55 1.691 1.668 1.648 1.630 1.614 1.600 1.587 1.575 1.564 1.555
56 1.688 1.666 1.645 1.628 1.612 1.597 1.585 1.573 1.562 1.552
57 1.686 1.663 1.643 1.625 1.610 1.595 1.582 1.571 1.560 1.550
58 1.684 1.661 1.641 1.623 1.607 1.593 1.580 1.568 1.558 1.548
59 1.682 1.659 1.639 1.621 1.605 1.591 1.578 1.566 1.555 1.546
60 1.680 1.657 1.637 1.619 1.603 1.589 1.576 1.564 1.553 1.543
61 1.679 1.656 1.635 1.617 1.601 1.587 1.574 1.562 1.551 1.541
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
62 1.677 1.654 1.634 1.616 1.600 1.585 1.572 1.560 1. 549 1.540
63 1.675 1.652 1.632 1.614 1.598 1.583 1.570 1.558 1.548 1.538
64 1.673 1.650 1.630 1.612 1.596 1.582 1.569 1.557 1.546 1.536
65 1.672 1.649 1.628 1.610 1.594 1.580 1.567 1.555 1.544 1.534
66 1.670 1.647 1.627 1.609 1.593 1.578 1.565 1.553 1.542 1.532
67 1.669 1.646 1.625 1.607 1.591 1.577 1.564 1.552 1.541 1.531
68 1.667 1.644 1.624 1.606 1.590 1.57 5 1.562 1.550 1.539 1.529
69 1.666 1.643 1.622 1.604 1.588 1.574 1.560 1.548 1.538 1.527
70 1.665 1.641 1.621 1.603 1.587 1.572 1.559 1.547 1.536 1.526
71 1.663 1.640 1.619 1.601 1 .585 1.571 1.557 1.545 1.535 1.524
72 1.662 1.639 1.618 1.600 1.584 1.569 1.556 1.544 1.533 1.523
73 1.661 1.637 1.617 1.599 1.583 1.568 1.555 1.543 1.532 1.522
74 1.659 1.636 1.616 1.597 1.581 1.567 1.553 1.541 1.530 1.520
75 1.658 1.635 1.614 1.596 1.580 1.565 1.552 1.540 1.529 1.519
76 1.657 1.634 1.613 1.595 1.579 1.564 1.551 1.539 1.528 1.518
77 1.656 1.632 1.612 1.594 1.578 1.563 1.550 1.538 1.527 1.516
78 1.655 1.631 1.611 1.593 1.576 1.562 1.548 1.536 1.525 1.515
79 1.654 1.630 1.610 1.592 1.575 1.561 1.547 1.535 1.524 1.514
80 1.653 1.629 1.609 1.590 1.574 1.559 1.546 1.534 1.523 1.513
81 1.652 1.628 1.608 1.589 1.573 1.558 1.545 1.533 1.522 1.512
82 1.651 1.627 1.607 1.588 1.572 1.557 1.544 1.532 1.521 1.511
83 1.650 1.626 1.606 1.587 1.571 1.556 1.543 1.531 1.520 1.509
84 1.649 1.625 1.605 1.586 1.570 1.555 1.542 1.530 1.519 1.508
85 1.648 1.624 1.604 1.585 1.569 1.554 1.541 1.529 1.518 1.507
86 1.647 1.623 1.603 1.584 1.568 1.553 1.540 1.528 1.517 1.506
87 1.646 1.622 1.602 1.583 1.567 1.552 1.539 1.527 1.516 1.505
88 1.645 1.622 1.601 1.583 1.566 1.551 1.538 1.526 1.515 1.504
89 1.644 1.621 1.600 1.582 1.565 1.550 1.537 1.525 1.514 1.503
90 1.643 1.620 1.599 1.581 1.564 1.550 1.536 1.524 1.513 1.503
91 1.643 1.619 1.598 1.580 1.564 1.549 1.535 1.523 1.512 1.502
92 1.642 1.618 1.598 1.579 1.563 1.548 1.534 1.522 1.511 1.501
93 1.641 1.617 1.597 1.578 1.562 1.547 1.534 1.521 1.510 1.500
94 1.640 1.617 1.596 1.578 1. 561 1.546 1.533 1.521 1.509 1.499
95 1.640 1.616 1.595 1.577 1.560 1.545 1.532 1.520 1.509 1.498
96 1.639 1.615 1.594 1.576 1.560 1.545 1.531 1.519 1.508 1.497
97 1.638 1.614 1.594 1.575 1.559 1.544 1.530 1.518 1.507 1.497
98 1.637 1.614 1.593 1.575 1.558 1.543 1.530 1.517 1.506 1.496
99 1.637 1.613 1.592 1.574 1.557 1.542 1.529 1.517 1.505 1.495
100 1.636 1.612 1.592 1.573 1.557 1.542 1.528 1.516 1.505 1.494
for numerator degrees of freedom and denominator degrees of freedom

\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 4052.19 4999.52 5403.34 5624.62 5763.65 5858.97 5928.33 5981.10 6022.50 6055.85
2 98.502 99.000 99.166 99.249 99.300 99.333 99.356 99.374 99.388 99.399
3 34.116 30.816 29.457 28.710 28.237 27.911 27.672 27.489 27.345 27.229
4 21.198 18.000 16.694 15.977 15.522 15.207 14.976 14.799 14.659 14.546
5 16.258 13.274 12.060 11.392 10.967 10.672 10.456 10.289 10.158 10.051
6 13.745 10.925 9.780 9.148 8.746 8.466 8.260 8.102 7.976 7.874
7 12.246 9.547 8.451 7.847 7.460 7.191 6.993 6.840 6.719 6.620
8 11.259 8.649 7.591 7.006 6.632 6.371 6.178 6.029 5.911 5.8 14
9 10.561 8.022 6.992 6.422 6.057 5.802 5.613 5.467 5.351 5.257
10 10.044 7.559 6.552 5.994 5.636 5.386 5.200 5.057 4.942 4.849
11 9.646 7.206 6.217 5.668 5.316 5.069 4.886 4.744 4.632 4.539
12 9.330 6.927 5.953 5.412 5.064 4.821 4.640 4.499 4.388 4.296
13 9.074 6.701 5.739 5.205 4.862 4.620 4.441 4.302 4.191 4.100
14 8.862 6.515 5.564 5.035 4.695 4.456 4.278 4.140 4.030 3.939
Instructor II: COE
15 8.683 6.359 5.417 4.893 4.556 4.318 4.142 4.004 3.895 3.805
16 8.531 6.226 5.292 4.773 4.437 4.202 4.026 3.890 3.780 3.691
17 8.400 6.112 5.185 4.669 4.336 4.102 3.927 3.791 3.682 3.593
18 8.285 6.013 5.092 4.579 4.248 4.015 3.841 3.705 3.597 3.508
19 8.185 5.926 5.010 4.500 4.171 3.939 3.765 3.631 3.523 3.434
20 8.096 5.849 4.938 4.431 4.103 3.871 3.699 3.564 3.457 3.368
21 8.017 5.780 4.874 4.369 4.042 3.812 3.640 3.506 3.398 3.310
22 7.945 5.719 4.817 4.313 3.988 3.758 3.587 3.453 3.346 3.258
23 7.881 5.664 4.765 4.264 3.939 3.710 3.539 3.406 3.299 3.211
24 7.823 5.614 4.718 4.218 3.895 3.667 3.496 3.363 3.256 3.168
25 7.770 5.568 4.675 4.177 3.855 3.627 3.457 3.324 3.217 3.129
26 7.721 5.526 4.637 4.140 3.818 3.591 3.421 3.288 3.182 3.094
27 7.677 5.488 4.601 4.106 3.785 3.558 3.388 3.256 3.149 3.062
28 7.636 5.453 4.568 4.074 3.754 3.528 3.358 3.226 3.120 3.032
29 7.598 5.420 4.538 4.045 3.725 3.499 3.330 3.198 3.092 3.005
30 7.562 5.390 4.510 4.018 3.699 3.473 3.305 3.173 3.067 2.979
31 7.530 5.362 4.484 3.993 3.675 3.449 3.281 3.149 3.043 2.95 5
32 7.499 5.336 4.459 3.969 3.652 3.427 3.258 3.127 3.021 2.934
33 7.471 5.312 4.437 3.948 3.630 3.406 3.238 3.106 3.000 2.913
34 7.444 5.289 4.416 3.927 3.611 3.386 3.218 3.087 2 .981 2.894
35 7.419 5.268 4.396 3.908 3.592 3.368 3.200 3.069 2.963 2.876
36 7.396 5.248 4.377 3.890 3.574 3.351 3.183 3.052 2.946 2.859
37 7.373 5.229 4.360 3.873 3.558 3.334 3.167 3.036 2.930 2.843
38 7.353 5.211 4.343 3.858 3.542 3.319 3.152 3.021 2.915 2.828
39 7.333 5.194 4.327 3.843 3.528 3.305 3.137 3.006 2.901 2.814
40 7.314 5.179 4.313 3.828 3.514 3.2 91 3.124 2.993 2.888 2.801
41 7.296 5.163 4.299 3.815 3.501 3.278 3.111 2.980 2.875 2.788
42 7.280 5.149 4.285 3.802 3.488 3.266 3.099 2.968 2.863 2.776
43 7.264 5.136 4.273 3.790 3.476 3.254 3.087 2.957 2.851 2.764
44 7.248 5.123 4.261 3.778 3.465 3.243 3.076 2.946 2.840 2.754
45 7.234 5.110 4.249 3.767 3.454 3.232 3.066 2.935 2.830 2.743
46 7.220 5.099 4.238 3.757 3.444 3.222 3.056 2.925 2.820 2.733
47 7.207 5.087 4.228 3.747 3.434 3.213 3.046 2.916 2.811 2.724
48 7.194 5.077 4.218 3.737 3.425 3.204 3.037 2.907 2.802 2.715
49 7.182 5.066 4.208 3.728 3.416 3.195 3.028 2.898 2.793 2.706
50 7.171 5.057 4.199 3.720 3.408 3.186 3.020 2.890 2.785 2.698
51 7.159 5.047 4.191 3.711 3.400 3.178 3.012 2.882 2.777 2.690
52 7.149 5.038 4.182 3.703 3.392 3.171 3.005 2.874 2.769 2.683
53 7.139 5.030 4.174 3.695 3.384 3.163 2.997 2.867 2.762 2.675
54 7.129 5.021 4.167 3.688 3.377 3.156 2.990 2.860 2.755 2.668
55 7.119 5.013 4.159 3.681 3.370 3.149 2.983 2.853 2.748 2.662
56 7.110 5.006 4.152 3.674 3.363 3.143 2.977 2.847 2.742 2.655
57 7.102 4.998 4.145 3.667 3.357 3.136 2.971 2.841 2. 736 2.649
58 7.093 4.991 4.138 3.661 3.351 3.130 2.965 2.835 2.730 2.643
59 7.085 4.984 4.132 3.655 3.345 3.124 2.959 2.829 2.724 2.637
60 7.077 4.977 4.126 3.649 3.339 3.119 2.953 2.823 2.718 2.632
61 7.070 4.971 4.120 3.643 3.333 3.113 2.948 2.818 2.713 2.626
62 7.062 4.965 4.114 3.638 3.328 3.108 2.942 2.813 2.708 2.621
63 7.055 4.959 4.109 3.632 3.323 3.10 3 2.937 2.808 2.703 2.616
64 7.048 4.953 4.103 3.627 3.318 3.098 2.932 2.803 2.698 2.611
65 7.042 4.947 4.098 3.622 3.313 3.093 2.928 2.798 2.693 2.607
66 7.035 4.942 4.093 3.618 3 .308 3.088 2.923 2.793 2.689 2.602
67 7.029 4.937 4.088 3.613 3.304 3.084 2.919 2.789 2.684 2.598
68 7.023 4.932 4.083 3.608 3.299 3.080 2.914 2.785 2.680 2.593
69 7.017 4.927 4.079 3.604 3.295 3.075 2.910 2.781 2.676 2.589
70 7.011 4.922 4.074 3.600 3.291 3.071 2.906 2.777 2.672 2.585
71 7.006 4.917 4.070 3.596 3.287 3.067 2.902 2.773 2.668 2.581
72 7.001 4.913 4.066 3.591 3.283 3.063 2.898 2.769 2.664 2.578
73 6.995 4.908 4.062 3.588 3.279 3.060 2.895 2.765 2.660 2.574
74 6.990 4.904 4.058 3.584 3.275 3.056 2.891 2.762 2.657 2.570
75 6.985 4.900 4.054 3.580 3.272 3.052 2.887 2.758 2.653 2.567
76 6.981 4.896 4.050 3.577 3.268 3.049 2.884 2.755 2.650 2.563
77 6.976 4.892 4.047 3.573 3.265 3.046 2.881 2.751 2.647 2.560
78 6.971 4.888 4.043 3.570 3.261 3.042 2.877 2.748 2.644 2.557
79 6.967 4.884 4.040 3.566 3.258 3.039 2.874 2.745 2.640 2.554
80 6.963 4.881 4.036 3.563 3.255 3.036 2.871 2.742 2.637 2.551
81 6.958 4.877 4.033 3.560 3.252 3.033 2.868 2.739 2.634 2.548
82 6.954 4.874 4.030 3.557 3.249 3.030 2.865 2.736 2.632 2.545
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
83 6.950 4.870 4.027 3.554 3.246 3.027 2.863 2.733 2.629 2.542
84 6.947 4.867 4.024 3.551 3.243 3.025 2.860 2.731 2.626 2.539
85 6.943 4.864 4.021 3.548 3.240 3.022 2.857 2.728 2.623 2.537
86 6.939 4.861 4.018 3.545 3.238 3.019 2.854 2.725 2.621 2.534
87 6.935 4.858 4.015 3.543 3.235 3.017 2.852 2.723 2.618 2.532
88 6.932 4.855 4.012 3.540 3.233 3.014 2.849 2.720 2.616 2.529
89 6.928 4.852 4.010 3.538 3. 230 3.012 2.847 2.718 2.613 2.527
90 6.925 4.849 4.007 3.535 3.228 3.009 2.845 2.715 2.611 2.524
91 6.922 4.846 4.004 3.533 3.225 3.007 2.842 2.713 2.609 2.522
92 6.919 4.844 4.002 3.530 3.223 3.004 2.840 2.711 2.606 2.520
93 6.915 4.841 3.999 3.528 3.221 3.002 2.838 2.709 2.604 2.518
94 6.912 4.838 3.997 3.525 3.218 3.000 2.835 2.706 2.602 2.515
95 6.909 4.836 3.995 3.523 3.216 2.998 2.833 2.704 2.600 2.513
96 6.906 4.833 3.992 3.521 3.214 2.996 2.831 2.702 2.598 2.511
97 6.904 4.831 3.990 3.519 3.212 2.994 2.829 2.700 2.596 2.509
98 6.901 4.829 3.988 3.517 3.210 2.992 2.827 2.698 2.594 2.507
99 6.898 4.826 3.986 3.515 3.208 2.990 2.825 2.696 2.592 2.505
100 6.895 4.824 3.984 3.513 3.206 2.988 2.823 2.694 2.590 2.503
\ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. 6083.35 6106.35 6125.86 6142.70 6157.28 6170.12 6181.42 6191.52 6200.58 6208.74
2. 99.408 99.416 99.422 99.428 99.432 99.437 99.440 99.444 99.447 99.449
3. 27.133 27.052 26.983 26.924 26.872 26.827 26.787 26.751 26.719 26.690
4. 14.452 14.374 14.307 14.249 14.198 14.154 14.115 14.080 14.048 14.020
5. 9.963 9.888 9.825 9.770 9.722 9.680 9.643 9.610 9.580 9.553
6. 7.790 7.718 7.657 7.605 7.559 7.519 7.483 7.451 7.422 7.396
7. 6.538 6.469 6.410 6.359 6.314 6.275 6.240 6.209 6.181 6.155
8. 5.734 5.667 5.609 5.559 5.515 5.477 5.442 5.412 5.384 5.359
9. 5.178 5.111 5.055 5.005 4.962 4.924 4.890 4.860 4.833 4.808
10. 4.772 4.706 4.650 4.601 4.558 4.520 4.487 4.457 4.430 4.405
11. 4.462 4.397 4.342 4.293 4.251 4.213 4.180 4.150 4.123 4. 099
12. 4.220 4.155 4.100 4.052 4.010 3.972 3.939 3.909 3.883 3.858
13. 4.025 3.960 3.905 3.857 3.815 3.778 3.745 3.716 3.689 3.665
14. 3.864 3.800 3.745 3.698 3.656 3.619 3.586 3.556 3.529 3.505
15. 3.730 3.666 3.612 3.564 3.522 3.485 3.452 3.423 3.396 3.372
16. 3.616 3.553 3.498 3.451 3.409 3.372 3.339 3.310 3.283 3.259
17. 3.519 3.455 3.401 3.353 3.312 3.275 3.242 3.212 3.186 3.162
18. 3.434 3.371 3.316 3.269 3.227 3.190 3.158 3.128 3.101 3.077
19. 3.360 3.297 3.242 3.195 3.153 3.116 3.084 3.054 3.027 3.003
20. 3.294 3.231 3.177 3.130 3.088 3 .051 3.018 2.989 2.962 2.938
21. 3.236 3.173 3.119 3.072 3.030 2.993 2.960 2.931 2.904 2.880
22. 3.184 3.121 3.067 3.019 2.978 2.941 2.908 2.879 2.852 2.827
23. 3.137 3.074 3.020 2.973 2.931 2.894 2.861 2.832 2.805 2.781
24. 3.094 3.032 2.977 2.930 2.889 2.852 2.819 2.789 2.762 2.738
25. 3.056 2.993 2.939 2.892 2.850 2.813 2.780 2.751 2.724 2.699
26. 3.021 2.958 2.904 2.857 2.815 2.778 2.745 2.715 2.688 2.664
27. 2.988 2.926 2.871 2.824 2.783 2.746 2.713 2.683 2.656 2.632
28. 2.959 2.896 2.842 2.795 2.753 2.716 2.683 2.653 2.626 2.602
29. 2.931 2.868 2.814 2.767 2.726 2.689 2.656 2.626 2.599 2.574
30. 2.906 2.843 2.789 2.742 2.700 2.663 2.630 2.600 2.573 2.549
31. 2.882 2.820 2.765 2.718 2.677 2.640 2.606 2.577 2.550 2.525
32. 2.860 2.798 2.744 2.696 2.655 2.618 2.584 2.555 2.527 2.503
33. 2.840 2.777 2.723 2.676 2.634 2.597 2.564 2.534 2.507 2.482
34. 2.821 2.758 2.704 2.657 2.615 2.578 2.545 2.515 2.488 2.4 63
35. 2.803 2.740 2.686 2.639 2.597 2.560 2.527 2.497 2.470 2.445
36. 2.786 2.723 2.669 2.622 2.580 2.543 2.510 2.480 2.453 2.428
37. 2.770 2.707 2.653 2.606 2.564 2.527 2.494 2.464 2.437 2.412
38. 2.755 2.692 2.638 2.591 2.549 2.512 2.479 2.449 2.421 2.397
39. 2.741 2.678 2.624 2.577 2.535 2.498 2.465 2.434 2.407 2.382
40. 2.727 2.665 2.611 2.563 2.522 2.484 2.451 2.421 2.394 2.369
41. 2.715 2.652 2.598 2.551 2.509 2.472 2.438 2.408 2.381 2.356
Instructor II: COE
42. 2.703 2.640 2.586 2.539 2.497 2.460 2.426 2.396 2.369 2.344
43. 2.691 2.629 2.575 2.527 2.485 2.448 2.415 2.385 2.357 2.332
44. 2.680 2.618 2.564 2.516 2.475 2.437 2.404 2.374 2.346 2.321
45. 2.670 2.608 2.553 2.506 2.464 2.427 2.393 2.363 2.336 2.311
46. 2.660 2.598 2.544 2.496 2.454 2.417 2.384 2.353 2.326 2.301
47. 2.651 2.588 2.534 2.487 2.445 2.408 2.374 2.344 2.316 2.291
48. 2.642 2.579 2.525 2.478 2.436 2.399 2.365 2.335 2.307 2.282
49. 2.633 2.571 2.517 2.469 2.427 2.390 2.356 2.326 2.299 2.274
50. 2.625 2.562 2.508 2.461 2.419 2.382 2.348 2.318 2.290 2.265
51. 2.617 2.555 2.500 2.453 2.411 2.374 2.340 2.310 2.282 2.257
52. 2.610 2.547 2.493 2.445 2.403 2.366 2.333 2.302 2.275 2.250
53. 2.602 2.540 2.486 2.438 2.396 2.359 2.325 2.295 2.267 2.242
54. 2.595 2.533 2.479 2.431 2.389 2.352 2.318 2.288 2.260 2.235
55. 2.589 2.526 2.472 2.424 2.382 2.345 2.311 2.281 2.253 2.228
56. 2.582 2.520 2.465 2.418 2.376 2.339 2.305 2.275 2.247 2.222
57. 2.576 2.513 2.459 2.412 2.370 2.332 2.299 2.268 2.241 2.21 5
58. 2.570 2.507 2.453 2.406 2.364 2.326 2.293 2.262 2.235 2.209
59. 2.564 2.502 2.447 2.400 2.358 2.320 2.287 2.256 2.229 2.203
60. 2.559 2.496 2.442 2.394 2.352 2.315 2.281 2.251 2 .223 2.198
61. 2.553 2.491 2.436 2.389 2.347 2.309 2.276 2.245 2.218 2.192
62. 2.548 2.486 2.431 2.384 2.342 2.304 2.270 2.240 2.212 2.187
63. 2.543 2.481 2.426 2.379 2.337 2.299 2.265 2.235 2.207 2.182
64. 2.538 2.476 2.421 2.374 2.332 2.294 2.260 2.230 2.202 2.177
65. 2.534 2.471 2.417 2.369 2.327 2.289 2.256 2.225 2.198 2.172
66. 2.529 2.466 2.412 2.365 2.322 2.2 85 2.251 2.221 2.193 2.168
67. 2.525 2.462 2.408 2.360 2.318 2.280 2.247 2.216 2.188 2.163
68. 2.520 2.458 2.403 2.356 2.314 2.276 2.242 2.212 2.184 2.159
69. 2.516 2.454 2.399 2.352 2.310 2.272 2.238 2.208 2.180 2.155
70. 2.512 2.450 2.395 2.348 2.306 2.268 2.234 2.204 2.176 2.150
71. 2.508 2.446 2.391 2.344 2.302 2.264 2.230 2.200 2.172 2.146
72. 2.504 2.442 2.388 2.340 2.298 2.260 2.226 2.196 2.168 2.143
73. 2.501 2.438 2.384 2.336 2.294 2.256 2.223 2.192 2.164 2.139
74. 2.497 2.435 2.380 2.333 2.290 2.253 2.219 2.188 2.161 2.135
75. 2.494 2.431 2.377 2.329 2.287 2.249 2.215 2.185 2.157 2.132
76. 2.490 2.428 2.373 2.326 2.284 2.246 2.212 2.181 2.154 2.128
77. 2.487 2.424 2.370 2.322 2.280 2.243 2.209 2.178 2.150 2.125
78. 2.484 2.421 2.367 2.319 2.277 2.239 2.206 2.175 2.147 2.122
79. 2.481 2.418 2.364 2.316 2.274 2.236 2.202 2.172 2.144 2.118
80. 2.478 2.415 2.361 2.313 2.271 2.233 2.199 2.169 2.141 2.115
81. 2.475 2.412 2.358 2.310 2.268 2.230 2.196 2.166 2.138 2.112
82. 2.472 2.409 2.355 2.307 2.265 2.227 2.193 2.163 2.135 2.109
83. 2.469 2.406 2.352 2.304 2.262 2.224 2.191 2.160 2. 132 2.106
84. 2.466 2.404 2.349 2.302 2.259 2.222 2.188 2.157 2.129 2.104
85. 2.464 2.401 2.347 2.299 2.257 2.219 2.185 2.154 2.126 2.101
86. 2.461 2.398 2.344 2.296 2.254 2.216 2.182 2.152 2.124 2.098
87. 2.459 2.396 2.342 2.294 2.252 2.214 2.180 2.149 2.121 2.096
88. 2.456 2.393 2.339 2.291 2.249 2.211 2.177 2.147 2.119 2.093
89. 2.454 2.391 2.337 2.289 2.247 2.20 9 2.175 2.144 2.116 2.091
90. 2.451 2.389 2.334 2.286 2.244 2.206 2.172 2.142 2.114 2.088
91. 2.449 2.386 2.332 2.284 2.242 2.204 2.170 2.139 2.111 2.086
92. 2.447 2.384 2.330 2.282 2 .240 2.202 2.168 2.137 2.109 2.083
93. 2.444 2.382 2.327 2.280 2.237 2.200 2.166 2.135 2.107 2.081
94. 2.442 2.380 2.325 2.277 2.235 2.197 2.163 2.133 2.105 2.079
95. 2.440 2.378 2.323 2.275 2.233 2.195 2.161 2.130 2.102 2.077
96. 2.438 2.375 2.321 2.273 2.231 2.193 2.159 2.128 2.100 2.075
97. 2.436 2.373 2.319 2.271 2.229 2.191 2.157 2.126 2.098 2.073
98. 2.434 2.371 2.317 2.269 2.227 2.189 2.155 2.124 2.096 2.071
99. 2.432 2.369 2.315 2.267 2.225 2.187 2.153 2.122 2.094 2.069
100. 2.430 2.368 2.313 2.265 2.223 2.185 2.151 2.120 2.092 2 .067
Instructor II: COE
MAT 106
References:
Wa lpole, Ronald E. Introduction to Statistics, 3rd ed. Jurong, Singapore:
Pearson Education, Asia Pte Ltd
Wa lpole, Ronald E. and Myers, Raymond H. , Probability and Statistics for

Engineers and Scientist , Collier Macmillan International Ed. New York: The
Macmillan Company Inc.
Pa g oso, Cristobal m. et al, Fundamental of Statistics for College Students,

Manila: Sinagtala Publishers Inc. 1992
Sp iegel, M urray R., Theory and problems of Statistics, Shaum‟s Outline Series,
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., 1961
M ercado Del Rosario, Asuncion C., Business Statistics, Copy right 1996
V illamoran, Erlinda P., Statistics for Education and Social Sciences,
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div8989/handbook/eda/section3/eda3673.htm
http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/hs67/bpscard.pdf
Instructor II: COE

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Weekly Contact Hours: 3

Course Requirements: quiz, attendance, recitation, major

II. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

9. Mean, Median, Mode for Grouped Data

III. MEASURES OF VARIATION

VI. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1. Normal Curve vs. Skew ness

VII. TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS

STATISTICS is defined as the branch of mathematics that deals with the

interpreting quantitative or numerical data.

Two Major Areas

 comprises those methods concerned with

collecting and describing a set of data so as to yield

meaningful information. Examples are the

measures of location, measures of variability,

skewness and kurtosis.

 comprises those methods concerned with the

analysis of the subset of data leading to predictions

or inferences about the entire set of data. Examples

are the hypothesis testing using t-test, z-test, chi-

square, ANOVA, etc.

Is consists of the totality of the observations.

Where : n= number of samples

Methods on Collecting Data

data/information from the respondent directly in a face to face

2) IN D IRECT M ETHOD OR QU ESTION N AIRE. A data-gathering

instrument consisting of a list of well planned, written questions

related to a particular topic with space provided for responses to each

questions given out to acquire the needed data/information.

3) REGISTRATION M ETHOD . Examples of registration method are

the records of births, marriages, and deaths at the National Statistics

Office. Another example is the registration record of all Filipinos of

voting age at the COMELEC.

4) OBSERV ATION M ETHOD . This means of gathering data is

employed when certain data or information cannot be secured

adequately or validly through the use of the other methods.

Observation must be specific, systematic, quantitative, expert and its

results must be checked and substantiated.

5) EXPERIM EN TATION M ETHOD . This is normally done inside the

1) TEXTU AL. This mode of presentation combines text and figures in a

2) TABU LAR. The data are systematically presented through tables

consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with headings

describing these rows and columns.

3) GRAPHICAL. It is the most effective means of presenting statistical

data, because important relationships are brought out more clearly

Measures of Central Tendency of a given set of data is the value around

number which summarizes and describes the whole set.

Ungrouped Data  refer to data not organized into frequency distribution.

n  total number of observation

Median  middle data when the set is arranged in either ascending or

descending order ~x  Ex.

y  units per subject/ course

Y  total units earned

Ungrouped data: {2, 9, 7, 4, 8, 9, 8, 1, 5, 3, 8, 5, 7, 8, 1, 2}

{12, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 12, 11}

according to magnitude or size

Cla ss Limit s. The end numbers of a class.

boundaries. The lower boundaries can be determined by getting the average

class boundaries of each class.

Cla ss siz e is the width of each class interval.

STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

2. Decide on the tentative number of classes to use.

3. Determine the range using the formula: