j E f f ^ Concrete Design
a. A single test result (average of two
BASIC C O N C R E T E
REQUIREMENTS
Strength Requirements:
1. Standard deviation of the result of tests
as prescribed by NSCP Section 405.4.1 shal
represent the conduct of work as a whoJt
within 7 MPa of the prescribed fc'
2. Required average compressive stress,
fa" shall be the bigger of:
fcr' = fc' + 1.34s
or
= f - + 2.33s - 3.5
c
where:
s = standard deviation of test results
3. Do a n extended analysis/test if a s i n g l i
test result is lower by more than 3.5 MPa.
4. For laboratory tested specimen, do a»
extended analysis/test if:
NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS
cylinders) is lower by more than 3.5
MPa.
b. The average of all sets of three
consecutive strength tests is less
than the prescribed f '.
c
Samples for each class of concrete
placed each day shall be taken for:
a. at least once each day
b. at least once for every 120 cum of
concrete
c at least once for every 500 sq.
meters of slab or wall area,
d not less than a total of 5 tests for the
entire project.
Note:
a. a sample may not be needed for a
project of less than 40 c u m . of
concrete whose strength can be
proven as satisfactory as approved
by the building official.
». The average of two cylinders taken
from the same sample shall be the
result of a test.
[ f f f y Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS ^Bjl

Maximum Water - Cement RaB •TAILS O F

Requirements:
In the absence of a specified «
ilNFORCEMENT
cement ratio, the following shall be uM
(NSCP 1992 Table 5.5.4) J
mdard Hook
Absolute w a t e r - c e m e i H
ratio by weight Longitudinal Bars:
fc' Non-air- Air- I
entrained entraine™
concrete concreJ
17 0.66 0.54"T y Minimum e is the bigger
20 0.60 0.49 J of 4 d or 65 m m
b

25 0.50 0.39 T
*
30 0.40
35 * •
* shall be proportioned based on NSCP V Minimum e = 1 2 d b

Section 5.5.3

ties and stirrups:

\m
emln 6db =

For d > 1 6 m m
b

I emin 12dft
=
ffy^ Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS ^ g j ]

Minimum Main B a r S p a c i n g
• S C P Section 407.7
* Minimum horizontal clear spacing
between horizontal bars shall be the b i g g e r
p f d b , 4/3 a g g r e g a t e s i z e , a n d 25 m m

Minimum vertical clear distance between

l layers of bars shall be 25 m m

Minimum horizontal clear spacing

in vertical bars shall be the b i g g e r o f
Minimum bend diameters : 4/3 a g g r e g a t e s i z e , a n d 40 m m

Minimum inside bend I Minimum horizontal clear spacing (at

diameter | B * C S of beams) between beam tendons shall
Bar Size
Ties and i t i e 4 d t f o r wire and 3db for strands.
Main Bars
stirrups i

4d Mote: Bars larger than 36 mm shall not

10 to15 m m 6d B B

4d be bundled in beams. (This is 32 mm in

16 mm 6d B
B

me 1992 NSCP)
20 to 25 mm 6d B
6d B

28 to 32 m m 8d B
8d B

36 m m 8d *B 8d *
B j cimum A g g r e g a t e S i z e
1 0 d in the 1992 NSCP
b • B C P Section 403.4.2
fce maximum aggregate size shall be the
• • • e s t of the following:
E f - f i ^ Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS

a. 1/5 smallest clearance between forms c. Shells, folded plate members:

b. 1/3 slab thickness £ 20 m m * bars 20 m m
c. V* minimum clear distance between bars < 20 m m * bars 1 2 " mm
* Atof found in NSCP 1992
"different in NSCP 1992
Minimum Concrete Cover
NSCP Section 407.8.1 & 2
Precast concrete
a. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
C a s t in p l a c e c o n c r e t e
Wall panels
a. Concrete cast and permanently exposed
45 & 60 m m <>t bars* 40mm
to earth 75 mm
< 3 6 " m m <J> bars 20mm
b. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Other members
a. 20 to 36 m m <J> bars 50 mm
45 & 60 m m $ bars* 50mm
b. 16 m m and smaller 40 mm
20 to 36** mm <>t bars 40 m m
c. Concrete not exposed or in contact I 16 m m <>t bars, W 3 1 , or D31
the ground: wire, or smaller 30 m m
m. Concrete not exposed or in contact with
a. slabs, walls, joists t i e ground:
a. slabs, walls, joists
4 5 to 60 m m <J> bars* 50 mm
45 & 60 m m <>| bars* 30mm
$ 3 6 " m m 4> bars 20 mm
36**mm <J> bars and smaller ..15 m m
b. Columns, beams: b. Columns, beams:
main bars, ties, main bars db but not less
stirrups, spiral 40 mm than 15 nor more
than 40 mm
 Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS ^Bjj

ties, stirrups, spiral 10 m m 16 m m * bars and smaller

c. Shells, folded plate members: . D 3 1 . W 3 1 wires 10 m m
20 mm<j> bars and bigger. .15 m m
smaller than 20 m m * bars . .10 mm Note:
NSCP Section 5.7.7.3.2
* Not found in NSCP 1992 For prestressed concrete
"different in NSCP 1992 members exposed to earth, weather,
or corrosive environments, and in
Prestressed concrete which permissible tensile stress of
a. Concrete cast and permanently exposed Section 5.18.4.2 (b) is exceeded,
to earth 75 mm minimum cover shall be increased by
50%
b. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
a. wall panels, slabs, j o i s t s . . 2 5 m m
b. other members 40 mm

c. Concrete not exposed or in contact with

the ground:
a. slabs, walls, joists 20 mm
b. Columns, beams:
main bars 40 mm
ties, stirrups, spiral 2 5 mm
c. Shells, folded plate members:
£ 20 m m * bars db but not
less than
20 mm
 Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH deformed 25 mm *

(NSCP 2 0 0 1 Section 4 1 2 ) wires and and bigger
20 m m <)> bars
and
General:
smaller
In the following formulas, T / V < 0 . 7 M P ^ bars
ar spacing 24Q 30Q
bars being
D e f o r m e d B a r s o r w i r e in T e n s i o n developed or
(NSCP 2 0 0 1 Section 4 1 2 . 3 ) • p i c e d not less
Development length L shall be .
d mm dt> , clear
bigger of 3 0 0 m m or either of the foil not less
formula or those in the table: db and
ps or ties
ghout L<j
! _ = 45 Qy ^ — > 45Qy(0.4) less than
c + k t r
minimum

spacing
bars being
d or
not less
2 db and
cover not
than db
Cther cases 36Q 45Q
 Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS ^ f j f l

where: I T * reinforcement size factor

y
• F o r 20 m m * and smaller bars and 0.8
• d e f o r m e d wires
H& m m and larger bars 1.0

note: ap*1.7 ghtweight aggregate concrete factor

X
a = reinforcem ent location factor
\ — I wll"iw« ww..-
— r
B n e n ugntweignt aggregate is 1.3

For Horizontal reinforcement so But when f is specified,

a A
placed that more than 300 m m of
may be taken as /1.8fa

fresh concrete is cast in the member

below the development length or but not less than 1.0
splice
Fnr other reinforcement • : J mm normal weight concrete 1.0

R = coatinq factor J
m~ spacing or cover dimension (in m m . )
For epoxy-coated bars or wires with ' '• : 1 Use the smaller of either the
distance from the center of the bar to
cover of less than 3dt>. or clear
the nearest concrete surface or yi
spacing, less than 6db
*: the center to center spacing of the
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires
- : bars being developed
Uncoated reinforcement
*r = transverse reinforcement index
[ E f f J F Concrete Design
NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS

k«r =
10sn For reference purpose, in
the NSCP 1992 is simply
where: given by the following:
A * = total cross-sectional areas of all For < 32 mm bars and
transverse reinforcement which deformed wire:
withiq the spacing s and
crosses the potential plane 0-02A„f y

splitting through the reinforce"

being developed ( m m )2

yield strength of transverse For 36 mm bars:

reinforcement
s = maximum center to center spacing 25f y

of transverse reinforcement within

the development length, U
n = number of bars or wires being
developed along the plane of
splitting elopment length of Deformed B a r s in
ipression
: P 2001 Section 412.4)
t shall be taken as the bigger of 200 m m

U = k l k 2 T T r d " * k l k 2 (O-OWbfy)
4Vc f
1 F
mm r Concrete Design NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS ^Bfl

where:
For excess reinforcement
Ki - As required / A s provided
For spiral and ties:
W h e n reinforcement enclosed within 10
mm * spiral or bigger and not more than 100
m m pitch or within 12 m m * ties in
conformance with section 407.11.5 and
spaced not more than 100 m m on center,
k = 0.75
2
D e v e l o p m e n t length of B u n d l e d B a r s
(NSCP 2001 Section 412.5)
The development length for bundled bars
is the same as that for individual bars as
discussed in previous sections multiplied by
1 2 0 % f o r 3-bar b u n d l e , and by 133% for 4-
bar b u n d l e
e l o p m e n t l e n g t h of P r e s t r e s s i n g
fid
2001 Section 412.10)
Mtive M o m e n t R e i n f o r c e m e n t
simply supported beams:
least 1/3 of positive bars shall
end for at least 150 mm beyond
face of column support
continuous beams:
1M of positive bars shall extend for at
teast 150 mm beyond face of column
support
ive M o m e n t R e i n f o r c e m e n t
At least 1/3 of the total negative
-cement at support shall be extended
the inflection point by the bigger of
following:
a. effective depth of the member
b. 1 2 d b

c. clear span /16

[ f f T y Concrete Design
NSCP BASIC REQUIREMENTS ^TOI

LOAD COMBINATIONS
= ultimate quantity
= dead load quantity
CRITICAL LOAD FACTORS
= live load quantity
& COMBINATIONS
= wind load quantity
U = 1.4D + 1.7L = earth pressure quantity
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + I.7W)
U = 0.9D + 1.3W te: Quantity here could mean load,
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + I.87E) shear, m o m e n t , force, stress, etc.
U = 0.9D + 1.43W
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E •CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS:
U = 0.9D + 1.1E
^Le flexure q> = 0.9
When structural effect, T of diffe" • t e a tension with
settlement, creep, shrinkage, or tempe I or without flexure * = 0.9
change are significant in design, U shafl H a a r and torsion <>
j = 0.85
taken as the smaller of the above or: Hkfnns
I spirally reinforced * = 0.75
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L) I I t e d reinforcement 4> = 0.70
• E E ~ ™g <>j = 0.70
but not smaller than ^ • t e n s i o n e d anchorage <)> = 0.85

U - 1.4(D + T)
] m m F Concrete Design

SINGLY R E I N F O R C E D
BEAM ANALYSIS
(SOLVING FOR M ) u

b 0.85 fc'
C-0.85f 'Ac
c

As#- - •

stress diagram
 Concrete Design S I N G L Y REINFORED B E A M ^ f l

SINGLY R E I N F O R C E D CODE PROVISIONS &

RECTANGULAR BEAM IMPORTANT C O N C E P T S
(SOLVING FOR As)
B = 0.85 - ^ (fc' - 30) > 0.65
Steps to be followed:
1. Solve for M based on the beam loading
u

2. Solve for q from the equation below: Pmin = bigger of — or

fy 4f y

M = * bd^c'qCI-O.SQq)
u

Pmax • 0.75pba lance

3. p = qf " / f
c y Pbaonce = 0.85 ^ 3
4. A s = pbd fy 6 0 0 + fy

note:
1. The above procedure applies to:
a. rectangular beams. '2001 Section 410.6.2
b. T-beams whose axis x-x (i.e. a statically determinate T-section with
distance 'a' below the top of in tension,
flange) falls on the flange
2. For irregular section, A trial and error
be done using the flowchart, progr As mm = bigger o f b f d or bwd
SRB 4f, 2fv
B S j i ^ Concrete Design SINGLY REINFORED B E A M ^ j j J j

note: m u m s p a c i n g of t e m p e r a t u r e bars:
When the value of (fc'- 30) is negative, tan The maximum spacing shall be taken as
it as zero. (smallest of:

M i n i m u m steel requirement for non-pre or p o s t s t r e s s e d b a r s :

temperature: = smaller of 5t or 450 m m I
NSCP Section 407.13.2.1
For Slabs with Grade 275 rebars
As, =0.002bt pre or p o s t s t r e s s e d b a r s :

Smax = 1.8 m
For slabs with Grade 415 rebars or welded
wire fabric reinforcement
However, // spacing for tendons > 1.4
m. additional ordinary bonded
As, = 0.0018bt
temperature rebars between them
shall be provided. (NSCP Section
For slabs with rebars more than Grade 415
407.13.33)
measured at a yield strain of 0.35,
take the bigger of:

415
A,, = 0.0018bt or0.0014bt

Where:
t = slab thickness
[ E l y Concrete Design DOUBLYREINFORED BEAM^jjJl

DOUBLY R E I N F O R C E D Wg ratio & proportion from the strain diagram

BEAM • » C '
S 0.003
W-c c-d' c
DERIVATION O F IMPORTANT p x s we have :
FORMULAS:
L = 0 . 0 0 3 ^ i
b Be = 0.003 c

L b 0 . 0 0 3 ^
c

mam equation 1 :

| k = 2 0 0 000x0.003 —
c
strain diagram
m= SOO-^—^ | -> formula 1

From: E = - = 2 0 0 000 MPa (for Steel)

e = 200 000 x 0.0Q3 C ~ '
d

f = 200 000 e - » equation 1

^ = 6 0 0 ^ - \-+formula 2
E f ? y Concrete Design
D O U B L Y REINFORED BEAM^^fl

Note:
when DOUBLY R E I N F O R C E D
• fs > fy, steel yields thus, take fs = fy BEAM (SOLVING FOR M„)
• fs < fy, steel does not yield, use formula 1
for value of fs
• fs = fy, steel yield simultaneously with 0.85 fc
concrete, take fs = fy

when Cc
• fs" > fy, compression steel yields thus, ta Z
fs' = fy
• fs' < fy, compression steel does not yield,
use formula 2 for value of fs T= A f
s s

• fs' = fy, compression steel yield

simultaneously with concrete, take fs = fy stress diagram

t=0.85f 'Ac
c

» = A' fs'
s

.=d-d'
t= area of concrete in compression
:= distance from centroid of Ac to tension
bar(s)
m m W Concrete Design
D O U B L Y REINFORED BEAM " ^ J J ]

START subroutine x
3
J assume both tension T = Cs + Cc
l a n d c o m p r e s s i o n steel A s f s = A s ' fs' + 0.85 fc'Ac
lyields solve for a from above
equation

^ go subroutine x ]
express A c a s c = *
| go subroutine y j function of a

Yes T
Go toTY return

J
subroutine y
G o to C Y
I
l
d-c
fs = 600

fs' = 600 ( c - < r )

c
 Concrete Design DOUBLY REINFORED B E A M ^ f E B 1 |

DOUBLY R E I N F O R C E D 5. Pmax = 0.75pbal

6. ASi = pmaxbd
BEAM (SOLVING F O R As) 7. Solve for Mui by following the procedure
in page 478
STEPS TO BE F O L L O W E D : 8. MU2 = Mu - Mui
1. Solve for Mu based on the beam loading. 9. Mu2 = <|>T2Z
2. Solve for As considering a singly MU2 = <t>As2f (d - d') -> solve for A s
y 2

reinforced beam following procedure in 10. Check if compression steel yields by

page 480 using the flowchart on page 486 - 491
3. Check p If compression steel yields:
4. If p is greater than pmax, then use a fs'=fy
doubly reinforced section. C = T
2 2

A s ' f ' = AS2 fy

S

0.85 f ' c
Thus:
C =A 'fV
2 5
A s ' = AS2
5 * -• As = A s i + AS2
d

1 compression steel doesn't yield:

C = T
2 2

As' f ' = A s fy
s 2
Tl = A lfy
S T = A 2fy
2 S

Thus:
stress diagram
As' = A s f / f "
2 y s

As = A s i + A s 2
|Bf^ Concrete Design i - BbAM m m

A EFFECTIVE WIDTH, b
T - BEAM eff

• for T - b e a m
NSCP (Sec. 5.8.10) C o d e P r o v i s i o n s :
tW is the smallest of the following:
I. For T - b e a m s f o r m e d by s l a b s cast
a. center to center of adjacent beam
monolithically with the beams:
spans
b. L/4
Where: L = length of beam
c. 16t + b

• f o r s p a n d r e l (or L-shaped b e a m )
is the smallest of the following:
a. beam edge to center span
b. 6t + b
c. L/12 + b

. ISOLATED T - b e a m s :
befT 4b
b b

Beam edge
t o center of Center t o center of
beams' span beam spans
 Concrete Design D E S I G N FOR TORSION ^ E E T j l

B. TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT TORSION REINFORCEMENT

1. Transverse reinforcement shall be
designed to carry the factored loading on Torsional Limit, T L
the overhanging flange assumed actinf i Torsional reinforcement shall be required
as a cantilever. and shall be provided in combination with the
•hear reinforcements when the factored
2. Transverse reinforcement shall z~ torsional moment T exceeds T . u L

spaced not more than 5t or 450 m m .

For non-prestress member
3. W h e n the web is in tension,
p = As/bd fJvYA p C 2>
T L = <>
t
12
where: b = width of web A P c p

(NSCP 5.10.5.1)
For pre-stress member
4. When web is in compression (i.e. fl
is in tension), tension reinforcement T L = 4>
be distributed over b ff as speci
e

above or 1/10 of the span whichever

smaller (NSCP 410.7.6} •'"ere:

As = area enclosed by outside perimeter of

concrete cross section
z- = outside perimeter of the concrete
section
 Concrete Design DESIGN FOR TORSION

fpc - compressive stress in concrete (after NSCP 2001 Section 413.3.4

allowance for all prestress losses) at z = smaller of 4t or b *
centroid of cross section resistam
externally applied loads or at junction r Requirement for safety:
web and flange when the centroid lies For Solid section:
within the flange. In a composm
member, it is the resultant compressivm
stress at the centroid of composm T Ph
u 2>/V
section, or at junction of web and flangm b«,d b d
^1.7A / o r
w

when the centroid lies within the flangm

due to both prestress and mometm
For hollow section:
resisted by precast member acting atom
(NSCP definition) T Ph
u

b d w b d
w 3

beam above slab

V, = actual ultimate shear force resisted

by beam
T, = actual applied ultimate torsion
Am = area enclosed by centerlme of the
outermost closed transverse
beam below slab
torsional reinforcement
a>, = perimeter of centerline of outermost
closed transverse torsional
reinforcement
w m m r Concrete Design DESIGN FOR TORSION Tffil

• p a c i n g of t o r s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t :

24.A A f
0 t y v I
s = —cote

Mm = gross area enclosed by shear flow

** = area of non-prestressed reinforcement
in tension zone
note: Mm = yield strength of closed transverse
1. W h e n t is not uniform, the left part of torsional reinforcement
equation will be evaluated where it t = 45° for non-prestressed member(s) with
maximum less prestress than the next item below
2. W h e n t < A * / Ph. equation of safety * = 37.5° for prestressed members with an
becomes effective force not less than 4 0 % of the
tensile strength of the longitudinal
reinforcement

tb dj
w U7/W, > d 3 J R e d u c t i o n of Limiting torque, T L

T L may be reduced for statically

•determinate structures, when
••responding adjusted moments and
r e a r s were used in design, to
[ E T ^ Concrete Design I S I G N FOR TORSION ^ j f j f l l

For non-prestress member: Longitudinal bars 10 mm diameter and

bigger shall not be spaced by more than
300 mm.
T = 4>
L

12 I Pop J

For pre-stress member

2^
3f,
TL = 4> 1+ pc

. 1 2 1 " » J ft

Maximum Spacing of torsion

reinforcemen ts:
The maximum torsion reinforcement shall be
taken as the smallest of the following
1. Those required for shear reinforcement
alone
2. ( x + y i ) / 4
1

3. 300 mm

Note:
1. At least one longitudinal bar shall be
placed in each comer of a torsioi
reinforcement (NSCP Section 5.11.6.8.2)
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR^5ifl|
[ R i f ^ Concrete Design

DESIGN O F S T I R R U P S

D e s i g n of s t i r r u p s
START

I
Whenyou pray and
i(
V = 1.4D + 1 . 7 L - » taken at distance d from
U

face of support

ask for something, V = smaller of — J v bwd or — (0.7) bwd

believe that you have
c

6 6

received it, and you ml V S = ^ - - V C

note:
For circular members

be given whatever you (NSCP 2001 Section

411.4.3:
bw = D
ask for max
3A f v Y
d =0.8D 2

D = diameter of section

Mark 11 : 24
i = A v f Y

Vgb
[Ei?^ Concrete Design DESIGN FOR S H E A R ^ M

no case must v > 4 v

$ c

Vu = ultimate shear force

V = allowable shear stress on concrete
c

V , = shear force carried by stirrups,

s = spacing of stirrups
4 = 0.85 for shear
b» = width of beam web
Ay = area of stirrups

d« = stirrup diameter

V» shall be < ^Jf^b d w . Otherwise

NSCP considers section to be

inadequate for shear.
For prestressed members, change d/2
by 3h/4 , and d/4 by 3h/8 in our
•owchart.
For member with effective prestress
force, Pse > 40% f of u reinforcement:

. = bigger of
: bwd
20 MM
m m ^ Concrete Design DESIGN FOR TORSION ymWi

orlJvbwd NSCP 1992

6^ c
Torsional L i m i t , T
L

but smaller than 0.4 bwd Torsional reinforcement shall be

required and shall be provided in
combination with the shear
3Ayfy
Smax = smaller of — or reinforcements when the factored
b w
torsional moment Tu exceeds T . L

80A f dv y

Ap fp
S U
T = 4>
L Zx y2

20

3t max

y
0 Q

e:
= smaller dimension of rectangular piece
[ H f y ^ Concrete Design DESIGN FOR TORSION 'mmft\

NSCP Section 5.1.6.1.2

A rectangular hollow box section may
T L = 4> Zx y 2
assumed to be solid (for the sake of d
for torsion only) when:

orsional Moment Capacity:

T U (CAPACITY) = 4> ( T S + T )
C

T C =

Vl + M V u / C j T u ) 2

W h e n h > x/4, consider as a solid section.

When x/10 < h < x/4, consider as
section
but multiply y by e:
W h e n h < x/10, consider wall stiffness = area of one loop of leg of stirrup
spacing of stirrups

R e d u c t i o n of Limiting torque, T L a, = 0.66 + 0.33 - ^ - S 1.5 I

T|_ may be reduced for stab
indeterminate structures,
= Torsion capacity of steel. It shall be
corresponding adjusted moments
required when T < TJfy c

shears were used in design, to

= torsional strength of concrete
 DESIGN FOR TORSION ^SH|
JffFT Concrete Design

1. Those required for shear reinforcement

NSCP Section 5.11.6.9.3 alone
Longitudinal bars with area . A shall L 2. ( x i + y i ) / 4
be distributed around the perimeter of 3. 300 m m
the closed stirrup, A
Note:
Where At shall be the greater of: i . At least one longitudinal bar shall be
slaced in each corner of a torsion
reinforcement (NSCP Section 5.11.6.8.2)
s
2. Longitudinal bars 10 m m d i a m e t e r s and
Or
atgger shall not be spaced by more than 300
aim.
A 2.8xs [ T u ? A l * xi i ++ yyi .i |i

But AL shall not exceed

Maximum S p a c i n g of torsion
reinforcements:
The maximum torsion reinforcement shall rm
taken as the smallest of the following
[RE^ Concrete Design SLABS ^SH|

SLABS

ONE WAY SLABS

"Poverty is not m
ettuse for mediocrity' Minimum Cover, C (NSCP 5.7.7)
Cost in place concrete
^ concrete not exposed to
earth or weather 20mm
concrete exposed to earth or
weather
'k 20 to 3 2 m m 0 b a r 50mm
^ smaller than 2 0 m m b a r — 4 0 m m
^ c o n c r e t e permanently exposed
to earth 75mm
B T ^ Concrete Design
SLABS ^ f f l ]

2. Non-prestressed precast concrete

^ e x p o s e d to earth or weather - 1 5 mm B. Minimum T h i c k n e s s ( N S C P s e c
exposed to earth or weather 5.9.5.2.1)
* 2 0 to 3 2 m m 0 b a r 4 0 mm 1. for cue concrete = 2300 k g / m 3

^ • s m a l l e r than 2 0 m m bar 30mm a n d f y = 415

Solid - one Ribbed - one-
3. Prestressed concrete way Slab way Slab
^ n o t exposed to earth or fcmply L L
weather - 2 0 mm Supported
20 16
exposed to earth or weather - 2 5 mm
B n e end L L
(Continuous
24 is ?
7

fcoth end L L
Continuous
28 21
Cantilever L L
10 8

for lightweight concrete with ©c =

1500 to 2000 k g / m , values in table
3

shall be multiplied by the bigger of

the two factors below
 SLABS
R T ? ^ Concrete Design

AsT(min) = bigger of
( 1 . 6 5 - 0 . 0 0 0 5 we ) or
-> f o r f y > 4 1 5
-> 1.09 0.0018 ± ° ° measured at
fy yield strain
3. For fy other than 415 MPa, values ia 0.0014 Ag of 0.0035
table shall be multiplied by:

= gross concrete area

ft. Maximum spacing, S .

C . Temperature and S h r i n k a g e bars.
( N S C P Section 5.7.12) smaller of 5t or 450 m m

A*
• L Main B a r s

Smax = smaller of 2t or 300 m m

1. Minimum Area

AsT(min) = 0.002 A g I - » for fy < 415

AsT(min) = 0.0018 A g | - > f o r f y = 415

] m m F Concrete Design SLABS

//. TWO WAY SLABS B C P Table 409 - 3

Without drop panels
A. Minimum C o v e r ( N S C P section 407.8) Exterior panels Interior
S a m e as in one way slab panels
Withou With
B. Minimum t h i c k n e s s ( N S C P s t edge edge
409.6.3.3) beams beams
275 L/33 L/36 L/36
1. W h e n am £ 0.2, t shall be the bigger 415 L/30 L/33 L/33
N S C P Table 4 0 9 - 3 or Table 409 - 3b. 520 L/28 L/31 L/31
• a t must not be smaller than 125 m m

With drop panels

Exterior panels Interior panels
Withou With
t edge edge
beams beam
s
L/36 L/40 L/40
! -415 L/33 L/36 L/36
520 L/31 L/34 L/34
must not be smaller than 100 m m
 Concrete Design SLABS ^HJj|

2. When 0.2 < c t < 2, t shall be the bigger

m where:
of 125 mm or L = longer span ( m m )
L_ _ long span
= L(800 + 0.67fy) s s short span
• 36000 + 5 0 0 0 p [ a s m -0.2]
« m = average « for all beams on edge
3. W h e n a m > 2, t shall be the bigger of 9 of slab panel
m m or ^ _ Beam . K

K Slab
_ L(800 + 0.67fy
36000+ 9000p s

4. At discontinuous edges, an edge beam

shall be provided by a which is more thad
0.8 and the values in the last two formula!
shall be increased by 1 0 % in the panel wild
discontinuous edge.
 Concrete Design SLABS

1. Slabs without beam(s) between supports • ^ M a x i m u m Thickness

on all sides. Take bigger of

. 1.(800+ 0.73 fy)

36000 + 9 0 0 0 p s

where:
L = longer span ( m m )
R _ L_ long span
8 s short span

L(800 + 0.73fy)

36000 + 5000 B a m s

w / o Drop Panel W i t h Drop Panel

where :
oc = average * for all beams on edge
m

of slab panel

K - i
K Slab L
]mmW Concrete Design SLABS ^ R S J

2. For slabs without beams between . Slabs without interior beams spanning
supports but with drop panels with 'ietween supports. (NSCP Table 5.9.5 C)

z £ — and to £ — ; take bigger of

6 4 NIO drop panel tmin NI drop panel tm jn

shall be taken as shall be taken as

125mm or value 100mm or value
9 0 % of values in last
jelow. Delow.
three formulas I or
Exterior nterior Exterior
Panel Panel Panel
tmin = 125 m m for cc < 2,
m
NIO NI edge N/O Nl
edge oeams edge sdge
tmin = 90 m m for <x £ 2
m seam Deams seam

_L_
33 36 36 36 40
values in table below

30 33 33 33 36

: for fy other than 275 and 415, solve by

r interpolation.
| f ^ y Concrete Design
C. D e s i g n M o m e n t s
• • A t Column Strip:
M (column strip) = - M (middle strip)
u u
Column Middle Strip
Strip
^ At discontinuous end:
-Mu(negatjve) = - ( + M at mid-span)
y
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
• • p o s e of P r e s t r e s s i n g
m. Make full use of concrete area by
p w m i z i n g area of concrete under tension
* r :h ACI specifies to be neglected)
1 Prevent excessive deflections by pre-
B r b e r i n g of beams/slabs brought about by
• c e n t r i c prestressing tendons.
Column
Strip KTHODS OF PRESTRESSING
. Pre - T e n s i o n i n g
h g e s of Analysis:
l a p 1: Tendons are pulled and held by
laments (while waiting for concrete to
a*e»op sufficient strength) by pre - stressing
ace Pi (causing tendons stress f ) pi
\ r Concrete Design PRESTRESSED C O N C R E T E ^ R H )

* e p 3: With cambering, support of beam is

p v transferred to just the ends only thus
|«wking it a simply supported beam making
DL act now to counteract the bending
->tTT by P i .

Ground reaction carries DL of COMPRESSION

beam.
The beam carries nothing and
thus experiences n6 stress yet.

TENSION
Step 2: W h e n concrete hardened
tendons thus force Pi to concrete
4: Combine effect of prestressing and
and cause beam to camber upward.
DL fn " C 2
F S 0 2 5 V V
s 0.5 V f c r at ends of simply
7
ft,
supported member
( A TENSION

COMPRESSION

<0.6 f c ^ COMPRESSION
\f!! f m r Concrete Design
PRESTRESSED C O N C R E T E ^ E f l

II Post-tensioning 3: DL acts simultaneously

Step 1: Pull tendons against hardened

COMPRESSION
concrete and let concrete develop sufficient
strength.
4^ 4' 4^ 4? ^ 4^4^
stress » O

TENSION

map 4: Combine stresses from steps 2 & 3

j ^1-^2^0.25^'
Step 2: Pull tendons against harde
concrete by post tension force, Po
COMPRESSION
TENSION
ft,
4^ 4^ \ \ 4^'

TENSION

COMPRESSION
f"d - f * u < 0 . 6 f c i '
[ E c T y Concrete Design PRESTRESSbU C O N C k b l b ^3

Step 5: With the passage of time part 7: Combine stresses from step 5 & 6
prestress will be lost leaving P acting s e
U - fei0.45fc'
the tendons
r
TENSION
COMPRESSION

b
TENSION
fc: COMPRESSION

Step 6: Consider DL & LL fse = stress in tendons

f COMPRESSION

W|_ W[

tiki
+

J U L p p 8: Check ultimate stresses

TENSION

cracks
 Concrete Design C O L U M N S ^ISSEI

P e r m i s s i b l e S t r e s s in P r e s t r e s s i n g
STRUCTURAL S T E E L
T e n d o n s ( N S C P Section 418.6)
1. Due to tendon jacking force, the smaF ENCASED C O N C R E T E
of the following: CORE (NSCP Section
a. 0.94f or py

b. 0.80fpu 5.10.14.6)
c. Tendon manufacturer's m a x i m u m . J
recommended value

2. Immediately after prestress transfer, T h d

smaller o f :
a. 0.82f py

b. 0.74 fou

3. Post-tensioning tendons, at anchorage

devices and couplers, immediately after
force transfer:
a. 0.70fpu
N thickness of steel pipe

tmin = b

= modulus of elasticity of steel enclosure

[ E l y Concrete Design COLUMNS ^ P n |

C I R C U L A R SPIRAL sSCP Requirements:

w = steel ratio = A$ / Ac
COLUMN • = 1 % minimum to 6% maximum
= spiral ratio

P» (mln) - 0.45
Ac ;
Smin - 25 m m
* l
Smax 75 m m
=

S i z e of S p i r a l
tO mm t|) for pre-cast concrete
>10 mm (J) for cast in place concrete
Concrete NSCP Section 5.7.8.1.1:
cover: 4 0 i Slope of inclined portion of offset bar
minimum shall not exceed 1:6

P S e c t i o n 5.7.10.4.4&5:
Anchorage of spiral reinforcement
shall be provided by Vh extra turns at
each end of spiral unit.
Spiral: 10 m m <»
| For splices, it shall be 48d , or 300mm
b

, whichever is bigger. Otherwise, it shall

minimum for pre-cast
be welded to the succeeding spiral.
concrete
[ E f E ^ Concrete Design COLUMNS ^ B f l l

NSCP Requirements:
RECTANGULAR TIED
: = steel ratio - As / Ac
COLUMN p = 1 % minimum to 6 % maximum

Minimum s i z e of ties:
10 m m <>| for longitudinal bars <32 m m $
12 mm $ for longitudinal bars >32 mm<Ji
and for bundled longitudinal bars

M a x i m u m S p a c i n g of ties:
t shall be the smallest of:
a. 1 6 d b

k. 4 8 d lie

c least column dimension

Tie S p a c i n g from footing o r s l a b

m. maximum of s/2 above footing or slab
b. maximum of s/2 below lowest horizontal
reinforcement of slab or drop panel
above it.
Where "s" is taken as the m a x i m u m
spacing of the ties taken from above NSCP
•commendation.

longitudinal bar*
PCS minimum
 Concrete Design COLUMNS

M i n i m u m s p a c i n g of t i e s : Program column
It shall be 4/3 the maximum aggregate size
I
Is the increase in column and
N S C P S e c t i o n 5.7.10.5.3: moments due to second-order
77es shall be so arranged so that effects less than 5 % of the 1 s t

every comer and alternate longitudinal order effects?

bars shall have lateral comer tie Or
support with an included angle of not
( ^
more than 135°, and that no > PuA 0

intenvediate longitudinal bar shall be Is Q- S0.05?

farther by 150 mm clear from such V L
U C

supported bar
• mi
N S C P S e c t i o n 5.7.10.5.5:
77es MAY be terminated not more
that 75 mm below lowest rebar of one
of four beams in case four
frame in to a single column
beams
1 I
N S C P S e c t i o n 5.7.8.1.1:
Slope of inclined portion of offset bar
shall not exceed 1:6

Column Capacity ere:

For column capacity, see the flowchai
. = total vertical load in the story
program c o l u m n sidered
= story shear in the story considered
= 1 order relative
s
 C o n c r e t e Desi COLUMNS

U(a ..ow) = O.84. P for rectangular

c | f v W = P (15 +
u

= 0.85* P for circular

c

I M «s the smaller of M2 or M
S 2

(for members braced against sidesway &

no loads between ends
M = 8 M
c n s 2

I
^
Hherwise, C m = 1 0 e =M / P c u

Enter values in the

interaction curves for
manual computation to
obtain reinforcement
required

I END \
 COLUMNS
ifjgy ConcreteDe^gn
jEE^ Concrete Design COLUMNS ^ E H |

CX7

Puoiiow) = 0.8<t> P for rectangular

c
Mc = Mns +6s M s

= 0.85<i P for circularc

~ " T "
e = M / Pc u

6 may be taken as any of the following:

S

1
5,= £ 1 Enter values in the
1- interaction curves for
0751 P. 1

manual computation to
1 obtain reinforcement
5,= required
1-Q
or by result from second - order elastic i
analysis based on the member stiffness
given in Section 410.12.1
[ E S y y Concrete Design COLUMNS ^^B33|

smaller factored moment P = nominal axial load at a given

n

bigger factored moment eccentricity

= + for single curvature I P = summation of all vertical loads at the
U

story considered
= - for double curvature I P ' = summation of P ' for all sway resisting
E e

columns
Mms and M2ns = factored end moment on a Plo = nominal axial load at a zero eccentricity
compression member at the end at
which Mi acts, due to loads that
cause no appreciable sidesway. Section Properties for use in the
calculated using first order el • o w c h a r t (NSCP S e c t i o n 410.12.1)
frame analysis • o d u l u s of Elasticity

p = creep factor
d
E c = 4700 ^ / V

Moment o f Inertia
• beams 0.35 l 0

ISE = moment of inertia of reinforcing bars For columns 0.70 l g

For walls
about the centroidal axis
P ' = critical buckling at which an
e
Uncracked 0.70 l 0

equivalent pinned - end column w i l Cracked 0.35 l 0

buckle WOT flat plates and flat slabs 0.25 l g

<>| = 0.7 for tied column

<t> = 0.75 for spiral Note: When sustained lateral
Pu = factored axial load at a given loads act or for stability checks
eccentricity made in accordance of NSCP
| E 3 f y Concrete Design FOOTINGS^Eg

Section 410.14.6, divide values

FOOTINGS
above by: (1 + fid).

R a d i u s of Gyration DESIGN O F FOOTINGS:

The radius of gyration may be taken as
the following: I Assume wt. of footing and soil above it
For rectangular section r = 0.3h 2- Solve for Area of footing
For circular section r = 0.25D
Area of footing =J?±Qta\_
Unsupported Length, L u w allow
It shall be taken as the clear distance
between the floor slabs, beams, or any where:
member capable of providing lateral support Waiiow = allowable service soil bearing
in the direction being considered. capacity.
Ptotai • total service weight carried by
Modular constant, E l soil
P.oui = P + P L + W + S
D

PD = Superimposed dead load

s'se
El = P L = Superimposed live load
1 + Pd W = weight of footing
S = weight of soil above footing
For a conservative value,
1 Solve for footing dimension
-Cg
Area of footing = LB
El = 2.5 may be used
2 5 For a square footing:
1 + Pd
fl^y Concrete Design FOOTINGS^SEfl

For wall footing: just take 1 m strip

L = 1 m Critical
section for
4. Solve for effective ultimate soil pressure
Shear
1.4D + 1.7L
Wu= x

note :
a. D does not include weight of
footing and soil above it
b. wu = ultimate soil bearing
pressure.

5. Assume minimum p
Solve for the actual critical ultimate
nt
1 1.4 Vv

w„x
Mu(actual) = —-
Pmin = bigger of — o r —

note: throughout this

M fc' book, whenever w appear,u

unless otherwise specified,

it is automatically
understood that we are
f j f * * ^ C o n c r e t e Design .
FOOTINGS^JJJ

referring to effective actual

9. Solve for d considering punching shear
soil pressure.
on a perimeter d/2 distance from each of
column faces.
7. Solve for effective depth, d from moment

Mu(actual) = <fr b d fc' q(1 - 059 q ) |

2

jitical section
fcr Punching
where <J> • 0.9
Shear
8. Solve for d considering shear at d
distance from face of support.

Vu(actual) ^ V u (allow)

where: <>
t = 0.85

C = column dimension
R = Resultant shear force acting on sheared
area
R = P-w (c + d)
u 2
mmW Concrete Design FOOTINGS'^!]

V p(actual) ^ V up (allow )
u Solve for the footing thickness

<4»—Vfc , — t
4(c + d)d 3
A
4b — \ 1
where: <J> = 0.85 J 4/2 — ^
^mmamm
4/2 5T3
Note.
a. d shall be the biggest among the
'75 m m ( m i n ) . for footings on soil
three values we obtained from steps
7, 8, and 9. 100 m m for footing on piles
b. For all footings except square-
NSCP Code - Depth of
axially loaded footing, d above are
footing above bottom
taken from the bottom bar and must
reinforcement shall not be
not be smaller than 150 mm for
less than 150 m m for footing
footing on soil and 300 mm for footing
on soil nor no less than 300
on piles.
m m for footing on piles.
c. For square-axially loaded footing,
d above is taken from the top bar and
r a square-axially loaded footing, d is that
must not be smaller than (150 - dt)
! top bar. Thus,
mm for footing on soil and (300 - d y
mm for footing on piles.
t = d + 1.5t + 7 5 m m | -> for footing on soil

t = d + 1.5t + 175mnj -* for footing on piles

mmW Concrete Design FOOTINGS'^!S1|

For all other footings, " d " computed is that RECTANGULAR FOOTING
the bottom bar.
DE PROVISIONS :
t = d + 0.5t + 75mm j - > for footing on sol
F O R PUNCHING S H E A R :
t = d + 0.5t + 175mm| -> for footing on

11. Solve for the required rebars

As = p bd
e:
A s

n = longer column dimension

- shorter column dim ension
i<»2

DISTRIBUTION O F T R A N S V E R S E B A R S
where:
n = number of bars which is rounded-off to
A,!
the nearest higher whole number ex
for wall footing.

For wall footing:

s = 1000/n 5
L
s = bar spacing
n = the value obtained above which is
not yet rounded-off
| E 3 S ^ Concrete Design FOOTINGSTET3I

4 . A R E A OF D O W E L S REQUIRED :
As 1 2
As " p +1
f
Ad = 0.005 Ac

Ac = Area of column
• • n i m u m no. of dowels = 4 for rectangular
column
A s i = Area of reinforcing bars to be placed minimum no. of dowels = 6 for circular
at middle S strip column
As = Total area of transverse bars require*]
K LENGTH OF D O W E L S TO B E
3. C O L U M N B E A R I N G : DEVELOPED
• f e e the bigger o f :
fbearing(allowable) = 4> ( 0-85 ) fC . -j^
fy Ad
>200
Vfc 7
provided
where :
<>
j = 0.7 for bearing Ad
A F = Area of center footing Ld ;> 0.044 db fy >200
V, A provided J
AF = S 2

Ac = Area of column

note : <2 = 0.005 Ac

= actual area of bars provided at
column footing joint
= diameter of bar used as dowels
^[ m m f C o n c r e t e Design
FOOTINGS'*^!!]

Step 1: Solve for the eccentricity

e = M/P
Step 2: Place P at centerline of the footing
so as not to create an eccentricity to it. See

f
' fgure below.
n n B/2

Critical
section
for M o m e n t

FOOTINGS S U B J E C T E D T
MOMENT

OFFSET FOOTING
A s much as possible, if situation
permit it, we try to avoid having a
rectangular soil pressure. When the f
is subjected to moment, we can have
uniform soil pressure still by using an
footing.
JfffiF Concrete Design FOOTINGS^5ZI|

Step 3: just follow the rest of the procedures

FOOTINGS ON P I L E S
in the design of footing

Critical section
FOOTING WITH NON- for M o m e n t
UN IFO R M S O I L R E A C T I O N 3 0 0 m m Cmin)
-NSCP Sec.«
5.15.7

75 m m
100mm
CrriiQl
 N = PTOTAL / r capacity per pile
N = P (TOTAL) / Pu (capacity per pile)
u

Where:
N = number of piles required (use the b :

of the two rounded to nearest higher

whole number)
Ptotai = total service loads including the
weight of footing and soil above it
P (total) = total service loads including the
u

weight of footing and soil above it

Pcapadty per pile = service load capacity of
pile
• u (capacity per pile) ultimate load capacity
=

one pile