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Memorias del sexto Congreso Panamericano BEHAVIOR OF SAND-CONCRETE INTERFACES

de Mecdnica de Suelos e Ingenieria de


Cimentaciones COHWRTAMIENTO DE LAS SUPERFICIES DE CONTACT0 ARENA-CONCRETO

FRED H. KULHAYY. C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y ; Ithaca, NY, USA


WRK 5 . Pl3ERSON. Roger Lowe Associates. Bellevue, WA. USA
Proceedings of the Sixth Panamerican
Conference on Soil Mechanics and SYNOPSIS
Foundation Engineering
The r e w l t s o f an e x t e n s l v e t e s t l n g program a r e presented t o examine
t h e s t r e n g t h and s t r e s s d e f o n n a t i o n behavior o f sand-concrete i n t e r f a c e s .
The t e s t i n g kas conducted so t h a t t h e eventual f a i l u r e plane was f o r c e d
t o develop along t h e i n t e r f a c e . Several d i f f e r e n t i n t e r f a c e roughnesses
and s o i l g r a d a t i o n s Here examined. The r e s u l t s show t h a t i n t e r f a c e
VOLUMEN II roughness can be q u a n t i f i e d e a s i l y and can be used t o e x p l a i n t h e mechan-
i c s o f i n t e r f a c e behavior. For rough i n t e r f a c e s . t h e f r i c t i o n angle o f
t h e i n t e r f a c e ( A ) i s equal t o o r g r e a t e r than t h e s o i l f r i c t i o n angle
(4). which i m p l i e s t h a t f a i l u r e i n t h e f i e l d w i l l a c t u a l l y be i n t h e soil,
o u t from t h e i n t e r f a c e . For smooth i n t e r f a c e s , 6 i s l e s s than 4 , imply-
ing i n t e r f a c e f a i l u r e . The r e s u l t s a l s o show t h a t t h e stress-deformation
behavior can be q u a n t i f i e d i n terms o f i n t e r f a c e normal and shear s t i f f -
SELECTED PAPERS O F nesses. The s t i f f n e s s e s a r e b o t h n o n l i n e a r and stress-dependent, and a r e
THE 11, 111 AND I V MAIN SESSIONS p r i m a r i l y dependent upon t h e s o i l density. E x t e n s i v e d a t a a r e presented
t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e s u l t s , and f i e l d i m p l i c a t i o n s a r e noted.

SlNOPSIS

Se presentan 10s r e s u l t a d o s de un extenso p r o g r a m experimental con


e l f i n de examinar l a r e s i s t e n c i a y e l cunportamiento esfuerzo-deforma-
c i d n de l a s s u p e r f i c i e s de c o n t a c t o arena-concreto. En todas l a c pruebas
se f o r z d e l p l a n o de f a l l a a d e s a r r o l l a r s e a l o l a r g o de d i c h a s super-
TRABAJOS SELECCIONADOS D E LAS f icies. V a r i a s rugosidades ( " i n t e r f a c e roughnesses") y gradac iones de
SESIONES PRINCIPALES 11, I l l Y I V suelo f u e r o n examinadas.

Los r e s u l tados indican, que l a rugosidad puede fa'cilmente c u a n t i f i -


carse y luego ser u t i l izada para e x p l i c a r l a mecallica d e l comportamiento
de l a s superf i c i e de contacto. En e l caso de s u p e r f i c i e s rugo>as, el
i n g u l o de f r i c c i d n e n t r e s u p e r f i c i e s (6) es i g u a l o mayor a1 angulo de
f r i c c i d n d e l suelo (4); e s t o implica que l a f a l l a en e l campo se produ-
c i r i en e l suelo, a1 ejada d e l a superf i c i e de contacto., Cuando l a s
s u p e r f i c i e s son l i s a s . 6 menor que 4. l a f a l l a o c u r r i r a en l a s u p e r f i c i e
de contacto.

Los resultados tambi & i n d i c a p que e l comportami ento esfuerzo-defor-


macidn se puede c u a n t i f i c a r en terminos de l a r i g i d e z tangencial ( r i g i d e z
de c o r t e ) y l a r l g i d e z normal a la, s u p e r f i c i e de contacto. h b a s r i g i -
deces son no-lineales, varqan segun e l estado de esfuerzos ( " s t r e s s de-
pendent") y dependen, p r i n c i palmente, de l a densidad d e l suelo.

Se presenta una gran c a n t i d a d de datos para i l l u s t r a r 10s r e s u l t a d o s


y se i n c l u y e n comentarios sobre l a s imp1 icaciones en e l campo.

D i c i e m b r e 1979
Lima - P e r u
SIXTH PANAMfIKlCAN CONFI:RENCLi BEHAVIOR OF SANDCONCRETE INTERFACES 227

INTRODUCTION was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g program. The v a r i a b l e s included:


t w s o i l types. t h r e e n o r m 1 stresses. t h r e e r e l a t i v e d e n s i t i e s , and f o u r
I n a n a l y s i s and design which i n v o l v e s s o i l - s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n , a i n t e r f a c e roughnesses, i n a d d i t i o n t o c o n t r o l t e s t s f o r t h e s o i l alone.
knowledge of t h e s t r e n g t h and stress-deformation behavior o f the i n t e r - 178 t e s t s were conducted.
faces between t h e s o i l and s t r u c t u r e i s important. The most c m o n o f
these problems r e l a t e t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f e a r t h pressures on r e t a i n i n g Test Apparatus and S o i l Types Testing was conducted i n a \dykeham-
s t r u c t u r e s and t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e compression o r u p l i f t c a p a c i t y o f Farrance s t r a i n - c o n t r o l l e d d i r e c t shear machine using a 101.6 mn (4 in.)
deep foundations. Not o n l y does t h e v a l u e o f the i n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n an- square shear box. 50.3 mn ( 2 i n . ) deep. which allowed more representa-
g l e ( 6 ) change t h e stresses on t h e s t r u c t u r e , i t s v a l u e r e l a t i v e t o t h e , t i v e s i z e specimens and a l s o reduced s i z e e f f e c t s t o a minimum. The
s o i l f r i c t i o n a n g l e ( o ) determines whether i n t e r f a c e o r s o i l shear con- normal stresses were 95.8, 287.5 and 479.2 k ~ / m Z(1, 3 and 5 t s f ) .
t r o l s i n a given situation. I f 6 < $, i n t e r f a c e ' s h e a r occurs, b u t i f
6 , $, the i n t e r f a c e i s stronger than the s o i l so t h a t t h e c o n t r o l l i n g The t w cohesionless s o i l s used were a u n i f o r m sand obtained f r a n a
shear s u r f a c e i s away f r a n t h e i n t e r f a c e I n t h e s o i l . borrow p i t south o f Syracuse, NY, and a more graded sand used comnercial-
l y a s a concrete aggregate. Gradation curves and o t h e r p r o p e r t y data a r e
Reference sources r a r e l y t r e a t the e v a l u a t i o n o f 6 c r i t i c a l l y . The g i v e n on F i g u r e 1. For t e s t i n g , the s o i l s were prepared a t loose, medium
usual approaches range from not d i s c u s s i n g t h e value o f 6 (e.9.. 11) t o and dense states.
assuming t h a t 6 ranges from 1/2 $ t o 2/3 $ f o r smooth c o n c r e t e i n t e r f a c e s
t o 4 f o r rough concrete i n t e r f a c e s (e.9.. 9 ) . Exceptions do e x i s t where Interface Preparation To simulate a broad range o f s o i l - c o n c r e t e
s p e c i f i c data a r e c i t e d (e.9.. 7 ) . i n t e r f a c e s , f o u r d i f f e r e n t concrete t e x t u r e s were examined. The f i r s t
t h r e e were precast blocks w i t h snooth, intermediate and rough t e x t u r e s
Since t h i s q u e s t i o n has n o t been addressed I n a comprehensive manner, w h i l e t h e f o u r t h was poured i n t h e shear box and cured w i t h t h e d e s i r e d
t h e f o l l o w i n g s t u d i e s were conducted t o c l a r i f y t h e n a t u r e o f sand-con- s o i l d e n s i t y and t e s t normal stress.
Crete i n t e r f a c e behavior f o r s o i l - s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n problems.
The concrete used i n t h e preparation o f t h e precast blocks was de-
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS signed f o r a 28 day s t r e n g t h o f 27.6 M N / ~(4~ k s i ) , w i t h a water/cement
r a t i o o f 0.45 and a 76 mm ( 3 i n . ) slump. Type 1 P o r t l a n d Cement was used.
A number o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s have addressed s o i l - c o n c r e t e i n t e r f a c e be- Mix 1 used t h e graded sand shown i n F i g u r e 1 as t h e aggregate r ~ h i l emix 2
h a v i o r . Most o f t h e s t u d i e s were o r i e n t e d toward s i t e - s p e c i f i c conditions used t h e same sand, s c a l p i n g the m a t e r i a l g r e a t e r than t h e No. 4 sieve
o r they considered o n l y t h e l i m i t i n g boundary c o n d i t i o n s o f smooth and (4.76 mn).
rough f o r t h e s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l s . The d e f i n i t i o n s f o r vnoott and rough
v a r i e d between these s t u d i e s and were o f t e n a r b i t r a r y . T y p i c a l l y , n o o t h To produce t h e snooth surface.the concrete was formed i n a 101.6 mn
surfaces were prepared b y pouring concrete a g a i n s t a s t e e l o r g l a s s plate, (4 in. ) square mold, 9.5 mn (3/8 in. ) deep. which was placed f a c e down on a
w h i l e rough surfaces were prepared by pouring concrete d i r e c t l y a g a i n s t g l a s s p l a t e . A f t e r a l l o w i n g t h e concrete t o set f o r 24 h o u r s , i t was r e -
t h e s o i l t o be t e s t e d o r on a rough ground surface. Only Brumund and Leo- moved from t h e mold and placed i n water i n a wet room f o r 28 day curing.
nards ( 1 ) and Clemence ( 2 ) a c t u a l l y attempted t o d e f i n e roughness. Brum- Test c y l i n d e r s were a l s o made and t e s t e d i n compression t o i n s u r e t h a t
und and Leonards concluded t h a t when t h e s t r u c t u r a l surface i s rough i n proper s t r e n g t h was obtained. Both concrete mixes were used i n makinq
comparison t o t h e sand g r a i n size, 6 > O and t h e shear s u r f a c e occurs i n t h e smooth blocks, b u t no v i s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n surface t e x t u r e was noted.
t h e sand. Clemence d e f i n e d a rough s u r f a c e a s one where t h e s i z e o f t h e
g r a i n s o r s u r f a c e p r o j e c t i o n s a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e average g r a i n s i z e To produce the i n t e r m e d i a t e and rough blocks, a s u r f a c e r e t a r d e r was
(D50) of the s o i l placed a g a i n s t t h e surface. placed on t h e g l a s s p l a t e before p o u r i n g t h e concrete. The r e t a r d e r
slowed t h e r a t e o f concrete s e t f o r approximately 3 t o 6 mn ( 1 / 8 t o 1/4
i n . ) i n t o the concrete surface. When t h e mold was removed from the b l o c k
Regardless o f t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s . a l l o f the i n v e s t i g a t o r s g e n e r a l l y
a f t e r 24 hours. t h e incompletely s e t s u r f a c e concrete was washed and v i g -
agreed t h a t t h e i n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n a n g l e depended on: t h e g r a i n size, an-
o r o u s l y brushed t o leave an exposed aggregate surface. The concrete
g u l a r i t y and g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the s o i l , t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f
t h e s o i l , t h e t y p e o f i n t e r f a c e m a t e r i a l and i t s texture,and t h e normal b l o c k was then cured a s described above. Mix 1 developed a rough surface
w h i l e mix 2 developed an i n t e r m e d i a t e surface.
s t r e s s on t h e i n t e r f a c e . The r e s u l t s o f these s t u d i e s a r e shown i n Table
1. Study of t h e data shows t h a t no d e f i n i t i v e work has been done t o d e f i n e
t h e i n t e r f a c e roughness q u a n t i t a t i v e l y and t o demonstrate the c o n d i t i o n s T k surface roughness o f the t h r e e precast blocks d i f f e r e d consid-
under which e i t h e r t h e i n t e r f a c e o r t h e surrounding s o i l w i l l c o n t r o l the e r a b l y . The smooth block was e s s e n t i a l l y n o o t h l i k e the g l a s s p l a t e .
s o i l - s t r u c t u r e f a i l u r e c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s study addresses these questions A d e t a i l e d examination o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e and rough b l o c k s showed t h a t
i n detail. t h e dominant exposed aggregate c o n s i s t e d p r i m a r i l y o f t h e upper h a l f o f
t h e g r a d a t i o n c u r v e f o r t h e aggregate. The r e s u l t i n g g r a d a t i o n curves
LABORATORY PROCEDURES obtained f r a n d e t a i l e d measurements o f the exposed aggregate a r e shown
i n F i g u r e 2.
The s t r e s s - d e f o r m a t i o n - s t r e n g t h behavior o f s o i l - c o n c r e t e interfaces The f o u r t h i n t e r f a c e was t h a t o f poured concrete. The concrete mix
228 SIXTH PANAMERICAN CONFERENCE BEHAVIOR 01:SANDCONCRETE INTl~RI:ACL1S 229

was redesigned f o r t h i s case w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f a h i g h - e a r l y admixture were n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l so t h e t e s t i n g was c o n d u c t e d a t t h e h i g h e r r a t e .


so t h a t a 27.6 ~ ~ / m( 42 k s i ) s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e c o u l d be obtained i n 3 t o
5 days. The mix c o n t a i n e d a w a t e r l c e n e n t r a t i o o f 0.5 w i t h a 76 mn ( 3
i n . ) slump. The s u r f a c e roughness o f t h e poured t e s t s was dependent upon RESULTS OF TESTING PROGRAM
t h e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e sand a g a i n s t t h e concrete. D e t a i l e d examination o f
these i n t e r f a c e s y i e l d e d t h e g r a d a t i o n curves shown i n F i g u r e 2. F i g u r e As d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e t e s t i n g was s i m i l a r t o c o n v e n t i o n a l d i r -
3 shows t h e i n t e r f a c e s t h a t @ r e considered. e c t shear t e s t i n g , except f o r t h e i n t e r f a c e a s p e c t s . T y p i c a l r e s u l t s a r e
p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 4 , which show t h a t t h e i n t e r f a c e t e s t r e s u l t s a r e sim-
T e s t i n g Procedures The t e s t i n g procedures were s i m i l a r t o conven- i l a r i n appearance t o t h o s e f o r s o i l a l o n e .
t i o n a l d i r e c t shear t e s t i n g . w i t h t h e major d i f f e r e n c e s b e i n g i n t h e
set-up of t h e samples. A standard amcunt o f s o i l was used f o r each t y p e Peak I n t e r f a c e S t r e n g t h A p r i m a r y purpose o f t h i s s t u d y was t o i r ~ v e s -
o f t e s t ( c o n t r o l , u n i f o r m sand-interface. graded s a n d - i n t e r f a c e ) . Also. t i g a t e t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e i n t e r f a c e s and t h e i r r e l a t i v e s t r e n g t h con)-
f o r a l l p r e c a s t b l o c k t e s t s , t h e b l o c k s were m a i n t a i n e d i n a water bath pared t o t h e s o i l a l o n e . The data o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s s t u d y were p l o t t e d
t o avoid moisture migration. I n 7 - 0 space, and a l e a s t - s q u a r e s b e s t - f i t l i n e a r i z a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e o r i -
g i n was used t o o b t a i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e f r i c t i o n a n g l e s . The r e s u l t s a r e
The shear box was assembled i n t h e t e s t i n g ?chine, w i t h t h e con- shown i n F i g u r e 5 f o r t h e peak f r i c t i o n a n q l e .
c r e t e i n t h e bottom half, and t h e sand was placed i n t h e t o p h a l f o f t h e
I t can be seen t h a t , f o r
a l l o f the tests, t h e f r i c t i o n angle increases w i t h decreasing void r a t i o
box by a z e r o f a l l technique. A standard toothed g r a t i n g was placed on
and i s l o w e s t f o r t h e smooth i n t e r f a c e . The d a t a a l s o show i n t e r f a c e
t h e sand and a tamping b l o c k was used t o compact t h e sand t o t h e d e s i r e d
d e n s i t y . The l o a d i n g head was a s s m b l e d , t h e normal s t r e s s was a p p l i e d . f r i c t i o n a n g l e s t y p i c a l l y h i g h e r t h a n those f o r t h e s o i l a l o n e i n t h e
t h e sample and c o n c r e t e were inundated, and t h e shearing was begun. The dense s t a t e w h i l e , i n t h e l o o s e s t a t e , t h e i n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n a n g l e i s
shear deformation was a p p l i e d a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e u n t i l about 10 t o 12 nun equal t o o r s l i g h t l y l e s s than t h e s o i l a l o n e .
(0.4 t o 0.5 i n . ) o f d e f o r m a t i o n occurred. A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e d i r e c t i o n of
shear was reversed and t h e s o i l underwent an u n l o a d i n g and r e l o a d i n g c y c l e To u n d e r s t a n d t h i s b e h a v i o r , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o v i s u a l i z e what i s
i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n , back t o t h e o r i g i n a l shear box l o c a t i o n . o c c u r r i n g a t t h e i n t e r f a c e . F i g u r e 6 i l l u s t r a t e s a number o f models r e p -
r e s e n t i n g t h e p r o b a b l e range of i n t e r f a c e b e h a v i o r . Case A shows l a r g e
The o n l y v a r i a t i o n s f o r t h e poured t e s t s r e l a t e d t o sample prepara- p a r t i c l e s and m a l l a s p e r i t i e s . A p p l i c a t i o n o f a h o r i z o n t a l shear f o r c e
t i o n . A f t e r t h e c o n c r e t e was mixed, i t was placed i n t h e bottom of t h e would cause l i t t l e s o i l p a r t i c l e i n t e r a c t i o n , b u t would a l l o w t h e p a r t i -
shear box, v i b r a t e d and l e v e l e d . The sand was placed as described above, c l e s t o s k i d o r s l i d e a l o n g t h e i n t e r f a c e , y i e l d i n g a lower s t r e n g t h
b u t then the shear box was placed i n a l o a d i n g frame, inundated and con- f o r t h e i n t e r f a c e t h a n f o r t h e s o i l a l o n e . Case B shows small p a r t i c l e s
sol i d a t e d under t h e normal s t r e s s a t which t h e sample was t o be sheared. w i t h m a l l amp1 i t u d e . l a r q e wavelenqth a s p e r i t i e s . A h o r i z o n t a l shear
When t h e t e s t c y l i n d e r s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h was reached f o r c e would a l s o cause l i t t l e s o i l p a r t i c l e i n t e r a c t i o n , b u t would a l l o w
( t y p i c a l l y 3 t o 5 days), t h e normal s t r e s s was released and t h e shear box t h e p a r t i c l e s t o s k i d o r s l i d e a l o n g a g e n t l y u n d u l a t i n g shear s u r f a c e .
was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e d i r e c t shear machine f o r t e s t i n g . T h i s w u l d y i e l d a n i n t e r f a c e s t r e n g t h h i g h e r than Case A, b u t i t prohah-
l y would b e l o w e r t h a n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e s o i l a l o n e . Cases C and D a r e
Testing Details Since t h e t e s t i n g program was developed t o e s t a b l i s h
f o r l a r g e a m p l i t u d e , small m v e l e n g t h rough a s p e r i t i e s f o r e i t h e r snlall
t h e behavior o f t h e i n t e r f a c e s , c o n s i d e r a b l e c a u t i o n had t o be e x e r c i s e d
o r large particles. I n t h e dense s t a t e , t h e r e would be c o n s i d e r a b l e s o i l
t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e i n t e r f a c e a c t u a l l y was being tested. A f t e r a number
o f t r i a l runs, i t w s found t h a t t h e spacing between t h e shear box halves p a r t i c l e i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h a shear p l a n e d e v e l o p i n g a l o n g t h e h i q h e s t a s -
should be v a r i e d t o be c e r t a i n t h a t t h e shear s u r f a c e w s being forced t o perities. I n t h e l o o s e s t a t e t h e b e h a v i o r c o u l d r a n g e frm t h a t i n t h e
develop along t h e i n t e r f a c e . dense t o t h a t o f Case B.

General 1y t h e spacing was increased w i t h i n c r e a s i n g roughness, de- The above d i s c u s s i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e s u l t i n g b e h a v i o r o f an i n -


c r e a s i n g d e n s i t y and b e t t e r g r a d i n g o f t h e sand. When t e s t i n g t h e i n t e r - t e r f a c e depends p r i m a r i l y upon t h e g r a d a t i o n s of t h e s o i l and t h e face o f
mediate and rough p r e c a s t blocks, t h e l e v e l o f t h e b l o c k n o t a f f e c t e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r a l component. I t was found t h a t t h e roughness o f t h e s o i l o r
t h e surface r e t a r d e r was a l i g n e d w i t h t h e l e v e l o f t h e bottom h a l f of t h e s t r u c t u r a l f a c e c o u l d be d e s c r i b e d b e s t as:
shear box. For t h e poured i n t e r f a c e s . account was taken of t h e concrete
shrinkage t o a l i g n t h e i n t e r f a c e p r o p e r l y . The f i n a l spacings used
r a n ed f r a n 3 t o 4.5 mn (0.12 t o 0.18 i n . ) f o r t h e graded sand t o 1 t o 3
rn 70.04 t o 0.12 i n . ) f o r t h e uniform sand.
i n which: R = roughness and D60, D50 and D l 0 = r e s p e c t i v e p a r t i c l e s i z e s
The e f f e c t s o f d e f o r m a t i o n r a t e d u r i n g t h e t e s t were a l s o examined. a t 601, 50%. and 10% f i n e r . The roughness o f b o t h t h e s o i l and t h e e x -
C o n t r o l t e s t s were conducted f o r b o t h s o i l s , a t l o w and h i g h not-ma1 posed s t r u c t u r a l f a c e can be determined, u s i n g t h e data d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r .
s t r e s s e s and i n l o o s e and dense s t a t e s . u s i n g deformation r a t e s o f 0.24 The r e l a t i v e roughness o f t h e i n t e r f a c e ( R R ) can t h e n be d e f i n e d as:
and 0.61 mn p e r m i n u t e (0.0096 and 0.024 i n . per m i n u t e ) . The r e s u l t s

R = R s t r u c t u r a l face
Rsoil
BEHAVIOR O F SANDCONCRETE INTERFACES 23 1
230 SIXTH PANAMllRlCAN C0NI'I:RICNCE

show maximum decreases ranging f r a 6% i n t h e loose s t a t e t o 20% i n t h e


The roughness values i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s study a r e shown i n Table 2, i n - dense s t a t e w i t h average decreases r a n g i n g from 3% to, 12%. I t a l s o ap-
d i c a t i n g values o f r e l a t i v e roughness from 0 t o 7.27; a s o i l - s o i l i n t e r - pears t h a t sand t y p e has l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e s t r e n g t h decrease.
f a c e g i v e s R as u n i t y and would separate t h e smooth ( R R < l ) and rough
(RR>l) i n t e r f a c e s . As shown i n F i g u r e 4. once t h e maximum shear deformation m s reached.
Using t h e above d e f i n i t i o n s and the data i n F i g u r e 5;the relative t h e sample was unloaded t o zero and t k n reloaded back t o t h e o r i g i n a l
i n t e r f a c e s t r e n g t h (6/4) can be examined as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i v e sample l o c a t i o n . T h i s peak s t r e n g t h a f t e r r e l o a d i n g i s important f o r de-
roughness o f t h e i n t e r f a c e , as i l l u s t r a t e d I n F i g u r e 7. T h i s f i g u r e t e r m i n i n g s o i l - s t r u c t u r e c a p a c i t y a f t e r a f a i l u r e has occurred. I n t e r -
shows t h a t f o r smooth i n t e r f a c e s ( R R < l ) , 6/$ i s always l e s s than 1 and face f r i c t i o n angles were a l s o determined f o r peak s t r e n g t h a f t e r r e l o a d -
ranges f r a about 0.84 f o r t h e raded sand t o about 0.94 f o r t h e uniform i n g and these a r e a l s o shown i n Table 3. c a p a r e d t o t h e i n t e r f a c e f r i c -
sand. For s o i l on s o i l ( I R = 17. 614 i s equal t o 1 so I t w u l d be expec- t i o n angle i n t h e softened s t a t e . I t can be seen t h a t t h e values a r e a
t e d t h a t f o r rough i n t e r f a c e s (RR71), 6/4 would be equal t o o r g r e a t e r few percent l e s s t h a n one, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e r e l o a d values a r e more
than 1. The data show t h a t f o r rough i n t e r f a c e s and r e l a t i v e l y l o o s e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e f u l l y softened o r r e s i d u a l s t a t e . I n several o f
s o i l s t a t e s , t h e value o f 6/4 c o u l d be a few percent l e s s than 1, which t h e t e s t s conducted, two a d d i t i o n a l c y c l e s o f unloading and r e l o a d i n g
corresponds t o an i n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n a n g l e o f l oo r 1.5' l e s s than t h e were r u n and t h e s t r e n g t h s developed a f t e r t h e a d d i t i o n a l c y c l e s o f load-
s o i l f r i c t i o n angle. I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s magnitude of d i f f e r e n c e ing were n o t n o t i c e a b l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e s t r e n g t h a f t e r i n i t i a l loading.
can be a t t r i b u t e d t o experimental s c a t t e r . For medium and dense s t a t e s ,
6 1. 4. I n t e r f a c e Stress-Deformation R e s u l t s It i s a l s o important t o charac-
t e r i z e t h e stress-deformation behavior of t h e i n t e r f a c e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
A r e v i e w o f t h e experimental data o b t a i n e d b y others, shown i n Table f o r use i n f i n i t e element s o i l - s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n studies. Clough ( 3 )
1, i n d i c a t e s s i x rough i n t e r f a c e s w i t h 6/4 r a n g i n g f r o m 0.93 t o 1.00 f o r has demonstrated t h a t t h e stress-defotmation behavior of i n t e r f a c e s can
an average o f 0.99, and e i g h t smooth i n t e r f a c e s w i t h 6 / + r a n g i n g f r a 0.78 be described e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h a normal s t i f f n e s s , K,. and a shear s t i f f -
t o 1.00 f o r an average o f 0.89. The s i x m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e s o f undefined ness. K, as described by Goodman, T a y l o r and Brekke (5). These s t i f f -
roughness y i e l d 614 values w i t h i n t h e ranges noted above. Other data pre- nesses a r e defined as t h e stresses per u n i t displacement i n t h e n o m l
sented by Meyerhof ( 6 ) a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e above. The data a l s o show and t a n g e n t i a l (shear) d i r e c t i o n s t o t h e i n t e r f a c e .
t h a t o n l y when v e r y smooth i n t e r f a c e s a r e considered ( i .e.. t e f l o n o r
g r a p h i t e coated) does t h e value o f 6/4 d r o p v e r y low t o t h e approximate Clough demonstrated t h a t t h e shear s t i f f n e s s i s both n o n l i n e a r and
range frm 1 / 2 t o 2/3. normal stress-dependent. He showed t h a t t h e n o n l i n e a r behavior c o u l d be
described by a h y p e r b o l i c r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e form:
Comparison o f t h e r e s u l t s from t h e 1 i t e r a t u r e w i t h those obtained
h e r e i n l e a d s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t , f o r rough i n t e r f a c e s , 6 I_ $ and, f o r
smooth i n t e r f a c e s , 5 = 0.8 t o 1.0 4 w i t h an average o f 6 = 0.9 4. The Kst = KSi (1 - -
R f T )2
o tan 6
f i e l d i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t , when concrete i s poured d i r e c t l y i n c o n t a c t
w i t h a g r a n u l a r s o i l , a rough i n t e r f a c e w i t h RR > 1 i s developed, and i n which: K s t = tangent shear s t i f f n e s s . Ksi = i n i t i a l tangent shear
t h i s leads t o 6 L 4. With t h e i n t e r f a c e stronger t h a n t h e s o i l , t h e s t i f f n e s s . Rf = f a i l u r e r a t i o , r = a p p l i e d shear s t r e s s , o = normal stress
shear s u r f a c e alcmg which f a i l u r e would occur would be i n t h e s o i l , away on i n t e r f a c e , and 6 = i n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n angle. The value o f R i s t h e
from t h e i n t e r f a c e . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h i s shear s u r f a c e would be a - r a t i o o f t h e shear s t r e s s a t f a i l u r e i n t h e i n t e r f a c e t e s t t o tffe u l t i -
bout 1 t o 2 times Dl00 o f t h e s o i l o u t from t h e i n t e r f a c e . The second mate shear s t r e s s a t f a i l u r e p r e d i c t e d by t h e hyperbola. making i t t h e
f i e l d i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t , when concrete i s poured a g a i n s t a form and c o r o l l a r y of the R described by Duncan and Chang ( 4 ) f o r t r i a x i a l t e s t
cured p r i o r t o having s o i l b a c k f i l l e d a g a i n s t i t , a smooth i n t e r f a c e w i t h data. Clough f u r t f i e r demonstrated t h a t K S i i s s t r e s s d e p e n d e n t i n t h e
RR < 1 i s developed. T h i s leads t o 6 = 0.8 t o 1.0 4 w i t h an average 6 = f o l l o w i n g manner:
0.9 $, and t o a shear s u r f a c e a l o n g t h e i n t e r f a c e . I t i s d o u b t f u l t h a t
RR would be equal t o zero i n a c t u a l f i e l d s i t u a t i o n s because c o n c r e t e
forms t y p i c a l l y a r e n o t p e r f e c t l y smooth and impervious as t h e y can be i n
t h e l a b o r a t o r y . T h e r e f o r e i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e average 6 = 0 . 9 4 i s i n which: K a shear s t i f f n e s s number, yw = u n i t weight o f water, pa
reasonable f o r d e s i g n a p p l i c a t i o n s . atmospheric i r e s s u r e . and n = shear s t i f f n e s s exponent. The YW and Pa
terms a r e introduced i n u n i t s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h those o f K and o , r e -
Post-Peak I n t e r f a c e S t r e n q t h As s h o w i n F i g u r e 4, a l l o f the t e s t s s p e c t i v e l y , t o make K j and n pure numbers. P h y s i c a l l y . i l g h e r values o f
e x h i b i t e d s t r a i n - s o f t e n i n g past t h e peak s t r e n q t h . I t was noted e a r l i e r Kj. n and Rf i n d i c a t e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , s t i f f e r , more stress-dependent and
t h a t t h e t e s t s were conducted t o a maximum shear deformation o f about 10 more nonl inear i n t e r f a c e s .
t o 12 mn, which caused a decrease t o a lower s i i e a r i n ~r e s i s t a n c e anala-
gous t o t h e softened s t a t e i n c l a y s . . I n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n angles w r e c a - The data obtained i n thus study were i n t e r p r e t e d i n terms o f t h i s
puted f o r t h e s t r e s s e s a t t h i s softened s t a t e f o r a l l of t h e t e s t s con- model and i t m s found t h a t t h e r e s u l t s c o u l d be described by Equations
ducted, and i t m s found t h a t t h e r a t i o o f t h e softened t o peak i n t e r - 3 and 4. The r e s u l t s were p l o t t e d versus t h e r e l a t i v e roughness o f the
face f r l c t l o n angles. as s h o w I n T a b l e 3. w s c o n s i s t e n t and was essen- i n t e r f a c e as shown i n F i g u r e 8. Although no d e f i n i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
t i a l l y independent of t h e i n t e r f a c e type. The values g i v e n I n t h e t a b l e
BEHAVIOR OF SANDCONCRETE INTERFACES 233
23 2 SIXTH PANAMERlCAN CONFERENCE

faces, appear t o be r e l a t i v e l y independent of the surface roughness


develop, there i s a strong trend implying t h a t t h e s t i f f n e s s parameters. and t o be p r i m a r i l y dependent upon the s o i l density.
for rough interfaces. are r e l a t i v e l y independent o f surface roughness and
a r e p r i m a r i l y dependent upon t h e s o i l density. The t e n t a t i v e dotted lines 7. Prel iminary data f o r the normal s t i f f n e s s o f the i n t e r f a c e i n d i c a t e
shown a r e belived t o provide r e a S 0 ~ b l ebounds for these rough i n t e r f a c e t h a t i t i s normal stress-dependent i n the same manner as t h e shear
data. For the s o i l (R = 1 ) and smooth interfaces (RR =. 0), the shear s t i f f n e s s . The l i m i t e d data suggest t h a t , a t a given normal stress,
s t i f f n e s s parameters f f u c t u a t e from the trends observed w i t h the rough the normal s t i f f n e s s i s 1.5 t o 10 times the shear s t i f f n e s s , with
interfaces. t h e lower range applying f o r looser s o i l and lower normal stresses.
E f f o r t s were a l s o made t o determine the normal s t i f f n e s s , Kn, which ACKNOWLEOGEMENTS
i s the normal stress d i v i d e d by the normal displacement o f the interface.
However t h i s parameter i s very d i f f i c u l t t o determine because corrections This research bas supported by t h e Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation.
must be made t o t h e measured normal displacement t o account for the d i s - The views and conclusions expressed i n t h i s paper are those o f the au-
placements of a l l t e s t components as well as the " e l a s t i c " displacements t h o r s alone and do not represent the o f f i c i a l views. e i t h e r expressed or
of the s o i l . The r e s u l t i n g i n t e r f a c e displacement a f t e r making the cor- imp1 led, o f the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation. Messrs. L.R. Nucci,
r e c t i o n s i s small r e l a t i v e t o t h e measurements and i s therefore open t o J.L. Withfam, N.C.-W. Wong and B.A. Wasil assisted i n various phases of
question. However t h e small number of data p o i n t s considered t o be r e l i - t h i s study, 'and R.M. White offered many useful suggestions i n h i s capa-
a b l e i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e normal s t i f f n e s s i s stress-dependent and may be c i t y as c o n t r a c t monitor f o r the sponsor. W.R. Sawbridge d r a f t e d the
described by a r e l a t i o n s h i p s i m i l a r t o Equation 4: f i g u r e s and C.S. Duncanson typed the text.
(5) REFERENCES

i n which: Kk = normal s t i f f n e s s number and m = normal s t i f f n e s s expo- Brumund. W.F. and G.A. Leonards, 1973, Experimental Study o f S t a t i c
nent. The l i m i t e d data suggest t h a t rn = n and Kk = 1.5 t o 10 times K and Dynamic F r i c t i o n Between Sand and Typical Construction Materials,
w i t h the lower range f o r looser s o i l and lower normal stresses. U n t i j J. Test. Eval., l ( 2 ) : 162-165.
more d e f i n i t i v e data a r e available, i t i s suggested t h a t the above be Clemence, S.P.. 1973. Developtnent of Instrumentation and Yodel Test-
used f o r normal s t i f f n e s s dete-inations i n l i e u of the current p r a c t i c e ing f o r the Load D i s t r i b u t i o n i n a D r i l l e d Pier, Ph.D. Thesis. Ga.
of arbitrarily assuning values.
I n s t . Tech.
SUWARY AND CONCLUSIONS Clough, G.W., 1969, F i n i t e Element Analyses o f Soil-Structure I n t e r -
a c t i o n i n U-Frame Locks, Ph.0. Thesis, U. C a l i f . , Berkeley.
The r e s u l t s of an extensive t e s t i n g program conducted t o examine the
strength and stress-deformation behavior of sand-concrete i n t e r f a c e s are Duncan, J.M. and C . Y . Chang, 1970, Nonlinear Analysis o f Stress and
S t r a i n i n Soils. J. Soil Mech. Fndns. Div., ASCE, 96(!345):1629-1653.
presented. A range of s o i l parameters was considered and four d i f f e r e n t
i n t e r f a c e roughnesses were evaluated. Based on these data, the following Goodman, R.E., R.L. Taylor and T.L. Brekke, 1958, Yodel for the Mech-
conclusions were reached: anics of Jointed Rock, J. S o i l Mech. Fndns. Div., ASCE, 94(SM3):637-
659.
1. Interface roughness can be q u a n t i f i e d by using t h e r e l a t i v e rough-
ness (RR) defined herein. Meyerhof. G.G., 1961. Some Problems i n the Design o f Rigid Retaining
Walls, Proc. 15th Can. S o i l Mech. Conf., Ottawa:59-79.
2. For rough i n t e r f a c e s ( R R > ~ ) ,the i n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n angle ( 6 ) i s
Parcher. J.V. and R.E. Means, 1968, Soil Mech. and Fndns. Columbus.
equal t o o r greater than t h e s o i l f r i c t i o n angle (6). This implies
Merrill.
t h a t t h e i n t e r f a c e I s stronger than the s o i l , leading t o the conclu-
sion t h a t f a i l u r e would occur i n t h e s o i l , out from the Interface. Potyondy. J.G., 1961. Skin F r i c t i o n Between Various Soils and Con-
3. For smooth interfaces (RR<l). 6 = 0.8 t o 1.0 0 w i t h an average 6 = s t r u c t i o n Material s. Geotechnique. 1l ( 4 ) : 339-353.
0.9 0. I n t e r f a c e shear would c o n t r o l f a i l u r e i n t h i s case. Sowers, G.B. and G.F. Sowrs, 1970, I n t r o . Soil Mech. and Fndns. New
4. Concrete poured d i r e c t l y against t h e s o i l develops a rough interface. York, Macmillan.
while concrete poured i n a form w i t h s o i l placed against i t a f t e r U.S. Army Eng. S W Div., 1962, Results o f Tests i n Foundation Materi-
c u r i n g leads t o a smooth i n t e r f a c e . a l s . Lock and Dam No. 4. Arkansas River Navigation Project, SWDGL
5. The f u l l y softened, o r residual. I n t e r f a c e f r i c t i o n angles range Rpts. 7920 and 7932, Oallas.
frm 95% of t h e peak i n t e r f a c e , f r i c t i o n angle I n the loose s t a t e Wu, T.H., 1976, S o i l Mech. Boston, A l l y n and Bacon.
t o 85% i n t h e dense state.
6. The shear s t i f f n e s s o f the i n t e r f a c e i s both nonlinear and normal
stress-dependent. The shear s t i f f n e s s parameters, f o r rough l n t e r -
V.I. m ~ 1 . e unn m * . u I-, S
I,, *mar 4
1.1 61.5 - 111.a 7,- .
1111 ./.
I sao rr.0 I . o.n
,
0 -.
I
1111
."
.I w
1
.1
..
IOII.. 9.1 41.1-1.1.1 ,,.lCOI.y/.= 5 11.0 1 . 1.01
2
7)
*.I.. s. I 47.1 1 1 I,. 111. .,/.a LOU 11.1 Jb.1 0.- >
IO.," 17.1 61.1 - Ja7.I I,- 15%'.l.1 ,om s.1 1I.S 0.11
L . 4 1.1-I., L..,.. &..I 41.S - 1.1.1 7, 1-1 1
*
.
= I.DO 11.1 I . I . ..
Illl, l-4 1") *I,., 15.1 1.5 - 1 . v I h 2 5.10 11.1 n.1 1.05
m
$
--
CLrr- 1J 1 W m Ibu U r n m-4 t w l -r e-cn.~. Dr. ~ n . 1 11 L O, 61. 11.0 1.1 10.4 0.w >
I O . l h COII.... Dr. 10.1 11.a 0, LI, 1.2 Z
--
11.0 Y.2 1.-
--
-.ICI =-.... 0.. 10.1 - 13.. O, n. 1114 41.1 I 1.w n
1
-
. W L.1.I Y., h.1, CI.d.. W h IO.,.. 0 - I 0, .R
0
0.7 JJ.50 0.1
-.
lu.c Ill ll.0 0.11 z
purr, 1-4 -.ti- c.r.6 -. 4 *.o - 16.1 0, - w. 11.1~ 0 . 0 I.., 0.4. 2
m,,., ..
.-
S,.I*l.. -.I.( M "n
mr...
.Pa .art., Dr. l.0 - -.I .D. 11.10 0.. ,,.a '.., W
c.r... MI. .o.l., ar I.0 - -.I D m, 11.LO n.1 *.. 0.11 yr.
.--
.,."a I... ,.,lo. .a.l.d .- ,,,, .O - -.I D, r WA 2I.\U Y.. 29.9 0.b)
nrr,.,

~h m r t . ~ D
.v *.o - w . ~ OB - 11.10 n.. n.0 I.-

Table 1 . Results of Sme Previous Investigations for Interface Behavior

k r a IIMb~ -el#

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