Math World

Mathematics – is science of numbers, problem

solving, theorem solving, science of measuring,
science of patterns.
- Format system for recognizing
classifying and expecting patterns.
- To organize and systemize about
patterns.
- The simplest mathematical objects are
numbers.
- The simplest of nature patterns are
numerical.
What Is mathematics for?
Levels of Measurements
- Understand patterns
- Organize underlying patterns a. Nominal – Variable with no inherent order
- To protect the natures behavior can be ( I, ii, iii) is enumeration category.
- To control nature b. Ordinal – Rank or Order ex. Mild, Moderate.
- To make practical use of what we Can be compared for equality but not how
learned about our world. much greater or less.
c. Interval – Variable are ordered as in ordinal,
Complex number systems
differences between values. Calendar dates
a. Natural Numbers – Positive integers and temperatures, Celsius,
(whole numbers) addition&subtraction, cognitive skills, test
Symbol: N score..
Example: (1, 2, 3, 4 . . . . ) d. Ratio – Variables with all properties (zero
b. Whole Numbers – Numbers without point, kelvin, age, +, -, x, ÷ (possible
fractions zero)
Example: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . )
c. Integers – a whole number that can be
positive, negative or zero. The Nature of Mathematics
Example: (…. -2 ,-1, 0, 1, 2 …) Fibonnaci – he discovered the pattern of the
d. Rational Numbers – Fractions, sequence of numbers from the set
terminating and repeating decimals. (1,1,2,3,5,8,13….)
e. Irrational Numbers – Non – terminating
and non – repeating decimals; pie Leonardo Pisano (Real Name of Fibonacci in
f. Real Numbers – Rational, Integers, Italian)
Whole and Natural
- Means Leonardo of Pisa, because he
g. Imaginary Numbers – i, 2i, -3-7i, etc (i =
π ) was born in Pisa, Italy around 1175.
Fibonacci – shortened word for the Latin term
Set of Numbers
“filius Bonacci” which stands for “son of Bonaccio”
Guglielmo Bonaccio – father of Leonardo
Johannes Kepler – German Mathematician and
Astronomer
- Observed that dividing a Fibonacci
number by a number immediately
before it in the ordered sequence yields
a quotient approximately equal to
1.6180339887… or approximately 1.618
this is called Golden Ratio and denoted
by a symbol φ (phi).
Divine Proposition or Golden Mean – other name
for Golden Ratio
Golden Rectangle – A rectangle can be drawn of
such a shape that if it is cut into square and a
rectangle, the smaller rectangle will be similar in a
shape to the larger rectangle.
Iteration – repeated application of an operation on
a given function over and over again.
Mathematical Language and Symbols
Mathematical Language – precise w/c means it is
able to make very fine distinctions or definitions
among a set of mathematical symbols.
∑ - The sum of
ⱻ - There exists
ꓯ - For every (for any)
∈ - element of (or member of)
- not an element of
⊆ - subset of
⇒ - if…, then
⇔ - if and only if
R – set of real numbers
N – set of natural numbers
Z – set of integers
Q – set of rational numbers
∞ - infinity
*Mathematical Language can describe a subset of
the real world using only the symbols above.
Left Brain Hemisphere – responsible for controlling
language and part of the brain in change of tasks
involving mathematics.
Mathematical Sentence – must state a complete
thought.
Mathematical Expression – is a name given to a
mathematical object of interest.
Truth of Sentence- mathematical sentence may
either be true or false but not both.
Example 1. Write as English sentence and say
whether they are true or false.
a . ∀ x ∈ R , x2 ≥ 0
- For any real number x, its square is
greater than or equal to 0. TRUE
b. ∀ x , y ∈ R , ( x + y )2=x 2 +2 xy+ y 2
- For any real numbers x and y, the square
of their sum is equal to the sum of their squares
plus twice their product. TRUE
c. ∃m , n∈ Z , m−n ≤ m+ n
- There exist integers m and n such that m
minus n is less than or equal to m plus n. TRUE
d. ∀ a , b ∈Q , ab=0⇒ a=0 b=0
- For any rational numbers a and b, if their
product is zero then either a or b equals O. TRUE
2
+¿ , ∃ y ∈ R , y =x
e.
∀ x ∈ Z¿
- For every positive integer x, there exists a
real number y, such that y 2=x . TRUE
Example 2. Write as mathematical sentence.
a. Ten is the square root of 100.
√ 100=10
b. Ten is greater than 9.
10 ¿ 9
c. Ten is an even number.
 10 ∈(2 n ,n ∈ N ) zx ± zy
d. Ten is a multiple of 5. e. Identity Elements of Binary Operations – is
10 ∈ ( 5 n , n ∈ N ) the number that you add to any real
number and the result will be the same real
Is – could mean equality, inequality, or membership
number. The only number that satisfies this
in a set.
property is the number 0 for addition.
Type of Numbers Ex:
5+0=0+5=5
a. Cardinal Numbers – are used for counting f. Inverse of Binary Operations
and answer the question “how many?”. Ex:
b. Ordinal Numbers – tell the position of a x + (-x) = -x + x = 0
thing in a term of first, second, third, etc. 1 1
c. Nominal Numbers – are used only as a x()()
x
=
x
x =1
name or to identify something.
Logic – Allows us to determine the validity of
Unary Operation – involve only one value. arguments in and out of mathematics.
Binary Operation – take two values, and - Illustrate the importance of precision
include the operations of addition, subtraction, and conciseness of the language of
multiplication, division, and exponentiation. math.
Properties of Binary Operations Propositions – is a statement which is either True
a. Closure of Binary Operations – the product of False.
and the sum of any two real numbers is also - Must express a complete thought.
a real number. - A declarative.
Ex: ∀ x , y∈ R,x+ y ∈R and
(x)( y )∈ R Example:
b. Commutativity of Binary Operations – a. 9 is a prime number.
addition and multiplication of any two real - False. Prime numbers have no other
numbers is commutative. factors than 1 itself. 9 can be expressed
Ex: as 3(3).
x + y = y + x (addition) b. 5 + 3 = 8
- TRUE
(x)(y) = (y)(x) (multiplication) c. 2
x +y ≥0
2

c. Associativity of Binary Operations – Given - TRUE

any three real numbers you may take any
two and perform addition or multiplication
as the case maybe and you will end with the
same answer.
Ex:
(1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3)
(2)(3)4 = 2(3)(4)
d. Distributivity of Binary Operations –
Distributivity applies when multiplication is
performed on a group of two numbers
added or subtracted together.
Ex:
d. 10<−3
- False. A negative number is always less
than a positive number.
Truth table – is a table that shows the truth value
of a compound statement for all possible truth
values of its simple statements.
Negation – A statement is a negation of another if
the word is not introduced in the negative
statement. (¬)
Example: What is the negation of the ff.
statements?
 a. P: √ 2 is a rational number. c. If Pres. Duterte is a good president
- √ 2 is not a rational number or √ 2 and people are happy, then
is irrational. In symbols, ¬P. government officials are not corrupt.
b. R: 6 is an odd number. d. Pres. Duterte is not a good president
- 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even if and only if government officials
number. In symbols, ¬R. are corrupt and the people are not
Logical Connective – is the mathematical happy.
equivalent of a conjunction in English. The most Answer:
common conjunctions in mathematics are “and”
and “or” which are denoted by ∧ and ∨. 1. P ⇒ ¬Q
2. ¬Q⇔R
Conjunction: P ∧ Q, (P and Q) 3. P∧R⇔¬Q
4. ¬ P ⇔ (Q ∧ ¬ R)
Disjunction: P ∨ Q (P or Q)
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive:
Implication: P⇒Q
Given: If P then Q
Implications - Logical implication is a type of
relationship between two statements or sentences. Inverse: If not P then not Q

P – called premise Converse: If Q then P

Q – called conclusions Contrapositive: If not Q then not P

Other ways of reading P ⇒ Q are: Example: Give the converse, inverse and
contrapositive of the following implications:
P implies Q
a. If this movie is interesting, then I am
Q if P
watching it.
P is implied by Q b. If p is a prime number, then it is odd.

Q only if P Answer:

Bi Implication or Biconditional – it is the more
complicated form of implication denoted by the
symbol ⇔.
Example: Write the following in symbolic form
using P, Q, and R for the statements and the
symbols ¬, ∧, ∨, ⇒ and ⇔ where
P: Pres. Duterte is a good president.
Q: Government officials are corrupt.
R: People are happy.
a. If Pres. Duterte is a good president,
then government officials are not
corrupt.
b. If government officials are not
corrupt, then the people are happy.
a. Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then
I am not watching it
Converse: If I am watching this movie, then
it is interesting.
Contrapositive: If I am not watching this
movie, then it is not interesting.
b. Inverse: If p is not a prime number, then it is
not odd.
Converse: If p is an odd number, then it is
prime.
Contrapositive: If p is not odd, then it is not
a prime number.
Quantifiers – are used to described the variables in
a statement.
Types:
 1. Universal Quantifier – usually written in
English language as “for all” or “for every”.
It is denoted by the symbol ꓯ.
2. Existential Quantifier – expressed in words
as “there exists” or “for some”. This
quantifier is denoted by ⱻ.
PROBLEM SOLVING
The primary goal of problem solving is making
sense of mathematics.
Problem Solving – means engaging in a task for
which the solution method is not known in
advance.
- It encompasses exploring, reasoning,
strategizing, estimating, conjecturing,
testing, explaining and proving.
Problem – is a task that requires the learner to
reason through a situation that will be challenging
but not impossible.
- Is a situation that confronts the learner,
that requires a resolution, and for which
the path to the answer is not
immediately known.
Exercise/Drill – is a set of number sentences
intended for practice in the development of a skill.
- PROBLEMS CAN BECOME EXERCISES.
George Polya (1888-1985)
- THE FATHER OF PROBLEM SOLVING
- Four step process for problem solving.
The most famous study of problem
solving techniques was developed by
George Polya.
1. Understand the Problem (Preparation)
2. Devise a plan (thinking time)
3. Carry out the plan (Insight)
4. Look Back (Verification)
Problem Solving Strategies
 Guess and check
 Look for a pattern
 Make an orderly list
 Draw a picture or diagram
 Solve a simpler problem
 Use a model
 Work backwards
 Use direct reasoning
 Use formula
 Solve an equation
 Use common sense
Inductive Reasoning – type of reasoning that uses
specific examples to reach a general conclusion of
something.
Conjecture – conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning. A conjecture is an idea that may not be
correct.
Example: Use inductive reasoning to predict the
next number in each of the ff lists.
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ?
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
Answer:
a. Each successive number is 5 units larger
than the preceding number. Thus, it can be
predicted that the next number in the list is
5 units larger 25, which is 30.
b. Observe that all the numbers are perfect
squares.
1=12 , 4=22 ,9=32 , 16=42 , 25=52 . Thus
it can be predicted that the next number to
be is 36=62 .
Deductive Reasoning – is the process of reaching a
general conclusion by applying general
assumptions, procedures or principles.
Ex: Use deductive reasoning to make a conjecture.
Consider the ff. procedure: Pick a number. Multiply
the number by 10, add 8 to the product, divide the
sum by 2 and subtract by 4.
Solution:
Let n represent the original number.
Multiply n by 10: 10n
Add 8 to the to the product: 8 = 10n
 8+10 n c. Students who like at least one subject
Divide the sum by 2: = 4 + 5n
2 Answer: 100 – 5 = 95
d. Students who like at most two subjects
Subtract the quotient by 4: 4+5n – 4 = 5n
Answer: 100 – 15 = 85
Ex: e. Students who like Chemistry or Physics
Answer: 25 + 15 = 40
The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 75. f. Students who like Calculus only
Find the largest integer. Answer: 10
Sol:
Let
x = 1st odd integer
x+2 = 2nd odd integer
x+4 = 3rd odd integer
x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 75
3x + 6 = 75
3x = 5+75 – 6
3x = 69
X = 23
Ex:
Therefore, the largest off integer is 23 + 4 =
27 There was a jar of chocolate chip cookies on the
table. James and Monica were very hungry because
they hadn’t had anything to eat since breakfast, so
Ex: they ate half of the cookies. He ate one-third of
what was left in the jar. Sharon, who was waiting
An Engineering Professor conducted a survey
around nearby, decided to take one-fourth of the
among SEA students in the campus regarding their
cookies left in the jar. Then Tiffany came rushing up
subjects. The data gathered ae as follows: 60
and took one cookie to munch on in her class.
students like Chemistry, 50 like Calculus, 45 likes
When Valerie looked at the cookie jar, she saw
Physics, 30 students like both Chemistry and
there were two cookies left. How many cookies
Calculus, 25 students both like Calculus and Physics,
were in the jar to begin with.
20 students like both Chemistry and Physics. Only
15 students like all the three subjects. If there were Sol:
100 students who participated in the survey,
Let x = total of the cookies
determine the following:
1 x
a. The number of students who do not like any x− x=
2 2
of the three.
Answer: 5 x 1 x 2x x
b. The number of students who like only one
− ()
2 3 2
= =
6 3
subject.
x 1 x 3x x
3 4 ( 3 ) 22 4
Answer: 25 + 10 + 15 = 50 − = =
 x x
−1=2, =3
4 4
X = 12x