POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER ONE

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The chapter introduces the topic under study and contains the introduction, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and

limitations of the study and the definition of terms used in the research.

I. INTRODUCTION

Construction industry is one of the most booming industries in the whole world.

This industry is mainly an urban based which concerned with preparation as well as

construction real estate properties. The boost in construction activities in the Philippines

created shortage in most of concrete making materials especially cement, resulting in an

increase of price.

Cement is the most widely consumable material in the infrastructure development

works. The utilization of by-products in the production of concrete has gained

considerable interest among concrete technologist in recent years. However, As stated

from “Utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete as partial replacement of cement”

the environment issue of cement has become rising concern, as cement industries are

accountable around 2.5% of the total worldwide waste emission from industrial sources.

Moreover, initiatives are emerging worldwide to control and regulate management

of sub products, residuals, and industrial waste in order to preserve environment from

point of view of environmental contamination as well as the preservation and care of

natural areas.

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One solution of this is by recycling agroindustrial residues by burn then in a

controlled environment like sugarcane. Sugarcane is one of the leading products in the

world Sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) is a byproduct of sugar factories, a fibrous residue

of sugarcane after crushing and extraction of juice. The disposal of this material is already

causing environmental problems and health hazards around the sugar factories.

Sugarcane bagasse can be one of the materials that can replace cement.

According in “Experimental Study on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete by

partial replacement with cement” When this waste is burned under controlled conditions,

it also give ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. Pozzolanic is

a finely divided siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material that reacts chemically with

slake lime at ordinary temperature and in the presence of moisture to form a strong slow-

hardening cement.

Using waste as material for innovation will helps us a lot to improve. This will lessen

our residues and improve the other sectors. By this, the researchers come up an idea of

using Sugarcane bagasse ash as partial replacement in cement in making load bearing

concrete hollow blocks and how this will affect the compressive strength of the hollow

blocks.

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II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study utilizes General Systems Theory of Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968).

According to him, we can understand evidently one system by isolating the system thru

its parts. This is capable of giving exact definitions for such concepts and, in suitable

cases, of putting them to quantitative analysis. It means, misunderstanding can be

avoided in the system. System, as defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary (2016), is a

group of related parts that move or work together, this is also related to how human

person’s body organs works together to perform its respective function.

The researchers use Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model for collection of data and

later to the process of information gather to find the result.

IPO model was viewed as a series of boxes connected by inputs and outputs.

Information or material objects flow as a series of task or activities based on a series of

rules or decision form. It has three fundamental component parts: Input, Process, and

Output. Input is the collection of information or it could be a certain group or a particular

thing that is a center of the study. Process was making the input to work. Lastly, output

was considered the conclusion of the study (Littlejohn and Foss, 2008).

The input elements are all factors that can be manipulated in order to vary

processes and outcomes. The input refer comprise to the energy and raw materials

comprise in the system. It also includes the mission, goals, strategy of the program, and

assesses potential approaches and helps formulate a responsive plan.

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The process which refers to the methods applied to the system to transform the

raw materials or energy from the environment into products that benefits the system or

the environment. It refers to cluster behaviors that can be observed, and it is influenced

by different input elements and affects the outcome.

The output denotes to the outcome of the system. It assesses the positive or

negative outcome of the system to its environment, considering both the intended and

unintended results. It also evaluates long-term and short-term products achieved by the

system.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

Figure 1 Input Process Output Model

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III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The General Systems Theory is conducted by the researchers in conducting a

qualitative research assessment of compressive strength of load bearing concrete hollow

blocks utilizing bagasse ash as partial substitute to cement.

The conceptual framework shows the flow of the study using Input-Process-Output

Model. This is design to show the process of the system.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 To determine the physical
and mechanical properties of
concrete before adding the
sugarcane bagasse ash.
 To determine the effect of
sugarcane bagasse ash as
partial cement to the
compressive strength of load
bearing hollow blocks.
 To determine if the
sugarcane bagasse can be
economically substitute for
making load bearing concrete
hollow blocks.
Data gathering
 Books
 Articles
Materials
 Bagasse Ash
 Portland Cement
 Water
Use of sugar bagasse
 Mold
Laboratory experiment
ash as partial cement for
load bearing concrete
 Mixing of Bagasse,
Portland Cement, Water hollow blocks.
 Molding
Laboratory Test
 ASTM C90 (Standard
Specification for Loadbearing
Concrete Masonry Units)
ASTM C140 Standard Test
Methods for Sampling and
Testing Concrete Masonry
Units and Related Units

FEEDBACK

Figure 2 Input Process Output Model Applications

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IV. Statement of the Problem

 What are the properties of sugarcane bagasse ash to strengthen the

compressive strength of load bearing concrete hollow block?

 What is the best ratio of sugarcane bagasse ash and cement needed for

making concrete hollow block?

V. Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focuses on the properties and abilities of bagasse ash as a partial

substitute on cement for the compressive strength of load bearing concrete hollow

block. The study will not cover the other effect of sugarcane bagasse ash in making

concrete hollow block. The other components in making hollow block are not within

the scope of this experiment. By doing the study the researchers will be able to know

if bagasse ash can be substitute on cement for making concrete hollow block and

could the sugarcane bagasse ash increase the compressive strength of load bearing

concrete hollow block.

VI. Hypothesis

The researchers assumed that using of sugarcane bagasse ash as partial

cement in production of load bearing concrete hollow blocks can be good as the

cement.

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VII. Significance of the Study

This study is expected to contribute to the innovation of construction technology using

different materials and techniques for economic and strengthening purposes and in the

field of Civil Engineering.

For students, this study will help other students’ especially Civil Engineering students for

their future research.

For the professors, this study can be use by the professors of Polytechnic University of

the Philippines and other professors in other schools and universities as an instructional

material to be used in thesis writing.

For future researchers, This study will help the future researchers as a basis there study

and they can be use this as a reference for their related studies.

For Environmentalist, This study will greatly beneficial to the environmentalist in regards

of waste management of sugarcane bagasse ash.

For Concrete Producers, This research aim to produce an alternative material that can

be partially replace cement creating load bearing concrete hollow blocks. This can be

beneficially as a basis of refining future concrete technology.

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VIII. Definition of Terms

The following will be conceptually and operationally defined as follows:

Amorphous silica (SiO2) - is an inorganic material commonly used in semiconductor

circuits to isolate different conducting regions.

Bagasse Ash- Conceptually, it is a by-product of sugar factories found after burning

sugarcane bagasse which itself is found after the extraction of all economical sugar from

sugar cane. Operationally, it is used as the substitute of sand in making hollow blocks in

the study.

Cement- Cement is a substance used for construction that hardens and adheres to other

materials to bind them together.

Compressive Strength - the resistance of a material to breaking under compression.

Concrete- A composite material composed of sand, aggregates and cement.

Construction Industry - sector of national economy engaged in preparation of land and

construction, alteration, and repair of buildings, structures, and other real property.

Environmental contamination - is the result of the irrational use of resources at the

wrong place and at the wrong time.

Health hazard - means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence

based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles

that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees.

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Hollow Blocks- Conceptually, it is a concrete masonry unit. Precast concrete block

that is used in building the walls of buildings. Operationally, it will be used as a variable

in determining the effect of the sugarcane bagasse ash to the durability of hollow blocks.

Industrial waste - The waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material

that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process.

Infrastructure-the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for

the operation of a society or enterprise.

Load Bearing - supporting much of the weight of the overlying parts of a building or other

structure.

Pozzalans - are a broad class of siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material that in

itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and in the

presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures

to form compounds having cementitious properties.

Residue - a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or used.

Sugar Cane (saccharum officinarum)- Conceptually, it is a perennial grass of the family

ponceau, primarily cultivated for its juice from which sugar is processed. Operationally, it

is the source of the bagasse that will be used in the study.

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CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses local and foreign literatures and studies which the

researchers found relevant to the study. This is a compilation of gathered facts and

information from different sources and references such as books, journals, and articles

from the Internet. This reviews are systematically presented and used the APA style of

writing, which is also called the author-date method of parenthetical documentation, since

this method is convenient and more practical to use.

A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls.

It is sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of several

precast concrete products used in construction. The term precast refers to the fact that

the blocks are formed and hardened before they are brought to the job site. Most concrete

blocks have one or more hollow cavities, and their sides may be cast smooth or with a

design. In use, concrete blocks are stacked one at a time and held together with fresh

concrete mortar to form the desired length and height of the wall.

Concrete blocks are comprised of natural sand, water and binder. Cement, as a

binder, is the most expensive input in the production of concrete blocks. This has

necessitated producers of concrete blocks to produce blocks.

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Cement

Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the

binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind

are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and

hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the

cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material

with a high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements,

which will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most

important of these is portland cement.

This article surveys the historical development of cement, its manufacture from raw

materials, its composition and properties, and the testing of those properties. The focus

is on portland cement, but attention also is given to other types, such as slag-containing

cement and high-alumina cement. Construction cements share certain

chemical constituents and processing techniques with ceramic products such as brick

and tile, abrasives, and refractories. For detailed description of one of the principal

applications of cement, see the article building construction.

According to Dharmesh (2011), cast concrete was the primary material used in

making hollow blocks. For this, commercial cement was needed to be mixed with an

aggregate such as sand. Aside from this, it was also good to mix cement with fine gravel,

especially when creating blocks that have high density. For blocks that have low density,

cement was mixed with an aggregate such as industrial waste. In the U.S., cinder blocks
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are made using cinders such as bottom ash or fly ash. Besides fine gravel, fly ash or

sand, clinker is another aggregate that can be used to produce hollow blocks. When this

aggregate is used, the end product is often referred to as clinker block. When planning to

create lightweight blocks, it is best to use aerated concrete, which is a precast building

material

Quality of Cement

Raheem (2006), assessed the quality of concrete. The results indicated that

compressive strength of 450 x 225 x 225mm (9 inches) blocks increased from 0.54

N/mm2 at age 3 days to 1.68 N/mm2 at age 28 days, while that of 450 x 225 x 150mm (6

inches) blocks increased from 0.53 N/mm2 at age 3 days to 1.59 N/mm2 at age 28 days.

Also, about 60% of the compressive strength at 28 days was developed at day 7 for both

9 and 6 inches blocks. Raheem et al. (2010a), carried out a comparative study of cement

and lime stabilized lateritic interlocking blocks. It was concluded that cement stabilized

interlocking blocks were more effective structurally and cheaper than those stabilized with

lime.

Sugarcane

Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L., an old energy source for human beings and, more

recently, a replacement of fossil fuel for motor vehicles, was first grown in South East

Asia and Western India. Around 327 B.C. it was an important crop in the Indian sub-

continent. It was introduced to Egypt around 647 A.D. and, about one century later, to

Spain(755A.D.).

Since then, the cultivation of sugarcane was extended to nearly all tropical and sub-
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tropical regions. Portuguese and Spaniards took it to the New World early in the XVI

century. It was introduced to the United States of America (Louisiana) around

1741.Botanically, sugarcane belongs to the Andropogonae tribe of the family Gramineae,

order Glumiflorae, class Monocotyledoneae, subdivision Angiospermae, division

Embryophita siphonogama. The subtribe is Sacharae and the genus, of course,

Saccharum, derived from the Sanskrit "sarkara = white sugar", a reminder that the plant

reached the Mediterranean region from India.

Sugarcane growing countries of the world are lying between the latitude 36.7° north and

31.0° south of the equator extending from tropical to subtropical zones. This map depicts

the distribution of sugarcane in the world. Worldwide sugarcane occupies an area of

20.42 million ha with a total production of 1333 million metric tons (FAO, 2003).

Sugarcane area and productivity differ widely from country to country . Brazil has the

highest area (5.343 million ha), while Australia has the highest productivity (85.1 tons/ha).

Out of 121 sugarcane producing countries, fifteen countries (Brazil, India, China,

Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Cuba, Columbia, Australia, USA, Philippines, South Africa,

Argentina, Myanmar, Bangladesh) 86% of area and 87.1% of production . Out of the total

white crystal sugar production, approximately 70% comes from sugarcane and 30% from

sugar beet.

Sugarcane area and productivity differ widely from country to country . Brazil has the

highest area (5.343 million ha), while Australia has the highest productivity (85.1 tons/ha).

Out of 90 sugarcane producing countries, fifteen countries (Brazil, India, China, Thailand,

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Pakistan, Mexico, Cuba, Columbia, Australia, USA, Philippines, South Africa, Argentina,

Myanmar, Bangladesh) 86% of area and 87.1% of production .

Sugarcane in the Philippines

Sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the Philippines major crops. It is planted

on 513 600 ha with 37 160 farms and 30 720 planters. Weeds are one of the

major constraints to high yields reducing potential sugar yield by 25 to 93%. About 106

weed species belonging to 32 families are found in association with the crop. The critical

period of weed competition is within the first 4 months of the crop cycle. Weed

controlshould be started as soon as possible after planting or ratooning. A combination

of cultural and chemical methods is recommended. Cost-reducing and income adding

practices like the paltik system and intercropping are also being practised. In the paltik

system a subsoiler is passed along the interspaces after burning the trash. The seed

species are then planted in the subsoil line horizontally. Herbicides are applied along the

new cane rows only.

Use of alternative material in block making.

The poverty level among West African Countries and particularly Nigeria has made

these blocks widely acceptable among the populace to minimize the cost of construction

works. The improper use of these blocks led to micro cracks on the walls after

construction. The use of alternative cheaper local materials as stabilizer will enhanced

the production of concrete blocks with the desired properties at low cost. It drastically

reduced the cost of production and consequently the cost of construction works.

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A survey by raw materials research and development Council of Nigeria on

available local building materials revealed that certain building materials deserved serious

consideration as substitute for imported ones. Few of these materials included: cement /

lime stabilized bricks /blocks, sundried (Adobe) soil blocks, burnt clay bricks/ blocks, cast

in-situ walls, rice husk ash (RHA), mud and straw, lime and concrete blocks.

According to the study conducted by Oyetola and Abdullahi (2008), “Hollow blocks

from Rice Hulls and Waste Materials”, rice husk ash produced using charcoal from

firewood is pozzolanic, meaning, having properties same with ash and therefore is

suitable to use in block making. The specific gravity, uncompact bulk density, and

compacted bulk density of rice husk ash were found to be 2.13 460 kilograms per cubic

meter and 530 kilograms per cubic meter, for a given mix. The water requirement

increased as the rice husk ash content increased. The setting times of commercial

cement /RHA (Rice Husk Ash) paste increased as the ash content increased. The density

of commercial cement/RHA is within the range for concrete blocks (500 to 2100 kilogram

per cubic meter). The compressive strength for all mixed increased with age at curing and

decreased as the RHA content increased.

Pozzolanic Material.

A pozzolanic material may be defined by its ability to react with calcium hydroxide.

Therefore, pozzolanic activity can be assessed by the extent and rate of the pozzolanic

reaction. Methods for assessing pozzolanic behaviour may be direct or indirect, with the

former measuring the consumption of calcium hydroxide and the latter

measuring strength development.

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Two common direct methods include the Frattini test (BS EN 196-5, 2011) and the

saturated lime test (Thorstensen and Fidjestol, 2015; de Luxán et al., 1989). In the Frattini

test, the material under investigation is mixed with Portland cement, whereas the

saturated lime test involves placing the suspected pozzolan in a saturated calcium

hydroxide solution. For both tests, activity is assessed by monitoring the consumption of

calcium hydroxide, using a range of approaches, eg, XRD, thermal analysis or

chemical titration. However, results from the two methods do not necessarily agree with

one another (Donatello et al., 2010).

Sugarcane Bagasse ash as potential alternative for cement.

The study conducted by R.Srinivasan and K.Sathiya was carried out on sugarcane

bagasse. Ash was obtained by controlled combustion of sugarcane bagasse. This paper

analyzes the effect of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete by partial replacement of

cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% by weight. The experimental study

examined the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, young’s

modulus and density of concrete. The main ingredients consist of cement, sugarcane

bagasse ash (SCBA), river sand, coarse aggregate and water. After mixing, concrete

specimens were casted and subsequently all test specimens were cured in water at seven

and 28 Days

In a study conducted by Mojares, et al. (2012), “Mussel Shells (Perna viridis) And

Suagrcane Bagasses (Saccharum officinarum) Hollow Block” stated that among the four

(4) treatments, Treatment 2 (50% cement, 20% sugarcane bagasse, 30% mussel shells)

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had the mean highest compressive strength (1991.06 Newton meter per second squared

(Nm/s2)) while Treatment 1 (50% cement, 30% sugarcane bagasse, 20% mussel shells)

had the lowest compressive strength (1390.11 Nm/s2).

T-test was used to determine if there was a significant difference among the best

treatment and the commercial hollow blocks. Results showed that treatment 2 with 20 %

sugarcane bagasse and 30% mussel shells produced a good hollow block that was highly

comparable with commercial ones.

Based on T-test, results showed that T-computed (32.44) is higher than T-

tabulated (4.303) at degrees of freedom equal to 1 at 5% level of significance. Therefore,

there is a significant difference between the best treatment (Treatment 2) and the

commercial hollow blocks in terms of compressive strength.

Synthesis

Most of the past studies and literatures that the researchers have found shows

how the researchers have come up with the idea of doing this study wherein using

bagasse ash as alternative partial substitute for cement in making load bearing concrete

hollow blocks. These information will help the researchers advance through this study.

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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODS

I. Research Design

The study used an experimental method and approach wherein the process of

gathering and interpretation of data is to be shown based on the outcome and results of

the procedures.

The experiment method of research provides a logical and systematic way to know

the possible effect of using sugarcane bagasse ash as substitute in concrete as partial

replacement of cement. This also requires a structured design to allow the researchers

to draw conclusion regarding the cause and effect relationships between variables.

II. Procurement of Materials

For the conduct of the study, the researchers will prepare the following materials;

twelve (12) kg of cement, three (3) liters of water, and bagasse ash that were gathered

from San Nicolas, Batangas. The researchers also needed the following equipment; two

(2) shovels, one (1) bucket, and a hollow block making machine that were all provided by

the researchers

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III. Preparation of Treatments

With the help of a professional in the field of hollow blocks making, the researchers

made two (2) sets of four (4) hollow blocks with different percentage of bagasse ash

content and bought another set that had been made using partial replacement of cement.

Treatment 1. Hollow blocks with 0% of bagasse ash and 100% of cement

The researchers purchased four (4) hollow blocks from the local hollow blocks

store to use during the experiment. This treatment will serve as the controlled treatment.

Treatment 2. Hollow blocks with 25% of bagasse ash and 75% of cement

The researchers combined 25% of bagasse ash with 75% of cement and a liter

and a half of water. The materials were mixed together.

Treatment 3. Hollow blocks with 50% of bagasse ash and 50% of cement

The researchers combined 50% of bagasse ash with 50% of cement and a liter

and a half of water. The materials were mixed together.

Treatment 4. Hollow blocks with 75% of bagasse ash and 25% of cement

The researchers combined 75% of bagasse ash with 25% of cement and a liter

and a half of water. The materials were mixed together.

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IV. Description of Research Instrument Used

This study uses method of tests to determine essential data and this methods

follows the following standards:

1.) ASTM C90 (Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units)

The requirements of this specification have been researched, evaluated, and

established for over a century, resulting in the physical properties and attributes defined

here. These requirements are uniquely and solely applicable to concrete masonry units

manufactured on equipment using low or zero slump concrete and the constituent

materials defined herein. Many performance attributes of concrete masonry units are

indirectly accounted for, or inherently reflected within, the requirements of this

specification without direct measurement, assessment, or evaluation. Applying the

requirements of this specification to products that may be similar in appearance, use, or

nature to those covered by this specification may not address all pertinent physical

properties necessary to ensure performance or serviceability of the resulting construction

in real-world applications under typical exposure environments. Products manufactured

using alternative materials, manufacturing methods, or curing processes not covered by

this specification should not be evaluated solely using the requirements in this

specification; however, developers of new products can consider the property

requirements of this specification as a beginning benchmark for unit performance. It is

reasonable to test new products for system performance as well as unit performance.

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When particular features are desired such as surface textures for appearance or

bond, finish, color, or particular properties such as density classification, higher

compressive strength, fire resistance, thermal performance or acoustical performance,

these features should be specified separately by the purchaser. Suppliers should be

consulted as to the availability of units having the desired features.

2.) ASTM C140 (Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry

Units and Related Units)

These test methods provide general testing requirements for application to a broad

range of concrete products. Those general testing requirements are included in the body

of this standard.

NOTE: Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or other resources

for more specific measurement or testing guidelines for those products not addressed

with the annex of this standard.

These test methods provide specific testing requirements in two distinct sections,

the requirements applicable to all units covered by these test methods and those

applicable to the specific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units are included

in the body of these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types are

included within the annexes.

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V. Procedures for Slump Test:

1. Dampen the slump test mold and place it on a flat, moist, nonabsorbent, rigid surface,

like a steel plate.

2. Fill the mold to 1/3 full by volume (about 2 1/2 inches), and rod the bottom layer with

25 evenly spaced strokes.

3. Fill the mold to 2/3 full (about 6 inches), and rod the second layer with 25 strokes

penetrating the top of the bottom layer.

4. Heap the concrete on top of the mold, and rod the top layer with 25 strokes penetrating

the top of the second layer.

5. Strike off the top surface of the concrete even to the top of the mold.

6. Remove the mold carefully in the vertical direction (take about five seconds).

7. Immediately invert an place the mold beside the slumped concrete and place the rod

horizontally across the mold, and measure the slump, in inches, to the nearest 1/4 inch.

The slump test should take approximately 2 1/2 minutes.

Curing of the Hollow Blocks

After the creation of the hollow blocks, the researchers placed them under the sun

to dry for four (4) weeks.

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VI. Laboratory Experiment

To test the compressibility of the sample, the researchers will send the sample to

the DPWH Laboratory Testing Center to conduct the One-Dimensional Consolidation

Test.

Compressive strength of concrete Blocks or concrete masonry units are required to

know the suitability of these in construction works for various purposes.

Four blocks with different percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash are taken to

determine the average compressive strength of concrete masonry block. The blocks

should be tested with in 3days after collected in lab. The age of each block shall be 28

days.

The compressive strength testing machine consist of two steel bearing blocks, one is

in rigid position on which the masonry unit is placed and another one is movable which

transmit the load to the masonry unit when applied.

If the bearing area of masonry unit is more than the bearing area of steel blocks, then

separate steel plates are used. The plates are arranged on steel blocks in such a way

that the centroid of masonry unit coincide with the center of thrust of blocks.

Bearing area of concrete masonry units are capped with the Sulphur and granular

materials coating or gypsum plaster capping.

After placing the unit in testing machine, one-half of the expected maximum load is

applied at a constant rate, and the remaining load is applied in not less than 2 minutes.

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Note down the load at which masonry unit fails and the maximum load divided by gross

sectional area of unit will give the compressive strength of block.

VII. Flowchart

Compressive Strength of Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Blocks Utilizing

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Partial Substitute on Cement

Making of different treatment of Concrete Hollow Blocks

with different ratio of cement and bagasse ash

Testing of treatment using machine that comply to the

ASTM C90

Checking of result

Is the treatment is
No
good to be a
Concrete Hollow
Blocks?

Yes

The treatment is good to be a Concrete Hollow Blocks

Tabulation and comparison of results of different treatment

with different ratio of bagasse ash and cement

Figure 3. Flowchart of the Study

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