1

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Green onion, (Allium cepa) have an almost unlimited amount of uses and are very

easy to grow. Green onions can be grown from seed or assets, onion can be made into

soups, salads, on top of a nice steak, used as baked potato topping, and many other ways.

Green onions are also referred to as bunching onions, and have a milder onion

taste than onions. The green onion features a dark green stem (also called scallions) and a

white bulb with roots. Both parts of the onion are edible. Onions benefits from full sun, a

soil ph of 6-0-7-5 and a well-drained soil with plenty of premium compost or well-rotted

manure added. Feed with a complete balance fertilizer during the growing season.

The manipulation of row spacing dimensions, plant populations, and the overall

spatial arrangement of crop plants in a field has been the subject of considerable

discussion among farmers and agronomists for many years. The crop canopy has often

been manipulated by row spacing and population adjustments in an attempt to improved

yields, production efficiencies, and profits. Similarly, plant breeders have altered plant

architecture in an effort to improve light interception by crop plants. The development of

conventional, narrow and ultra narrow crop systems and breeding of plants with

columnar or bush-type architecture are examples of these type of manipulations to

improve yield. Onions are the oldest vegetables in continuous cultivation dating back to

at least 4,000 BCE. The ancient Egyptians are known to have cultivated this crop along
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the Nile River. There are no known wild ancestors, hoe ever of origin is belied. This type

of onion also known as salad onions.

Scallions are a variety of young onion also referred to as green onions and spring onions.

A scallion is made up of a white base that has not fully developed into a bulb and long

green stalks that resemble chives. Both the white and the green parts are used in recipes

and eaten both raw and cooked.

Onion plant (Allium cepa L.) is a species of the Alinaceae family that has a great

economic importance and the second most important vegetable crop in the world. Onion

plant is cultivated for ultimate uses as green onion. Additionally, it has medicinal

properties in the treatment and prevention a number of serious diseases that attributed

with onion biochemical constituents. Growth regulating substances were shown to

enhance the biosynthesis of certain chemical constituents in plants. In this respect the

amino acids which have a high integrity with different metabolic pools in plants were

used to promote plant growth. PGRs also play important roles in plant. Adaptation to

stressful environments. Improving onion plant (Allium cepa L.) growth by using amino

acids (methionine and cysteine) and glutathione (L-cystene, L-glutamine and L-glycine)

could be through improve green onion growth physiology that reflect on build blocks of

protein synthesis, which could be enzyme, hormones and antioxidants important for

metabolic activities . In plants, amino acids fulfill a wide variety of functions. Their

common role is to serve as building blocks of proteins, which exert manifold functions in

plant metabolism, and as metabolites and precursors they are involved in plant defense,

vitamin, nucleotide and hormone biosynthesis, and as precursors of a huge variety of

secondary compounds. One way or the other, as active catalysts or as precursors, amino
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acids are essentially involved in all metabolic, regulatory, and physiological aspects of

plant metabolism Amino acid can serve as the sole source of nitrogen, which can be taken

more rapidly than inorganic nitrogen.

Objectives of the study:

The study aimed to:

1. Determine the effect of pest incidence on the yield of onion applied with rates of

crop giant during dry season.

Time and place of the study:

This study was conducted at Kalinga State University experimental area from

May 2019 to July 2019.

Definition of terms:

Green onions. plant used in planting

Growth. Refers to the germination ability and increase in the height of the green

onion plants from planting to maturity.

Height. Refers to the green onion plant measured vertically from the based to the

tallest leaf

Hills. A plants or group of plant at specific distance in particular space or

location.

Bunch. Refers to a cluster of onion or growing or tied together.

Scallion. This refers to the green leaves of the green onion.

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Sprinkler. This is a device for sprinkling water to plants.

Cultivar. It is refers to the variety of green onion (bunching) used in this study.

Crop giant. It is a high grade water soluble foliar fertilizer for vegetative growth.

Cultivation. It refers to the loosening of the soil or breaking up the soil into finer

tilth for easier planting.

Sample plants. It refers to the small quantity taken from 10 continuous plants

along the center of the plots representing the general number of plants.

Slips. It refers to the secondary tillers of scallion.

Weight. It is the mass in grams or kilogram of the green onion plant.

Yield. It refers to the turn output from planting to harvesting.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Characteristics of green onion

Bunching onion (Allium cepa) is a perennial herbaceous plant grown for early

spring greens.

Bunching is undemanding in terms of growing conditions and merits attention as

a valuable green crop producing crisp, succulent tops of excellent flavor and taste in early

spring (Onions, www.ehow).

Young tops are fairly tender, juicy and less pungent than bulb onion contains: 9,5-

10,5% soluble solids: 2,6-3,0% sugar; 2,2% protein; 0,35% fat; 10,7 mg% provitamin A;

0, 33 Vitamin B1; 0,02 – B2; 0,16 – PP and 40-80 mg% of ascorbic acid.

Green onion is usually cultivated as annual or biennial it either develops a small

elongated bulb that similar to leek; grow slender or elongated pseudosterus to form a

vigorous clump. It has an aromatic substances use for flavoring and have been commonly

classified among species. They have been used drastically since earliest times. It is rich in

vitamins and minerals and even rich in calcium riboflavin. The Philippines has a more or

less steady supply of fresh onion but the technology for extending the self life oh this

commodity through dehydration and the production of dehydrator types onion have yet to

be develop.
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A. Crop response to foliar fertilizer

Bautista and Mabesa (1995) claimed that foliar fertilizer on vegetable crops good

supplement to fertilizer on crops is good supplement to fertilizers applied to the soil. In,

most condition, foliar fertilizer has relatively high nutrient element content as compared

with natural organic fertilizer and readily soluble and available.

Mabesa (1981) claimed that all fertilizer treatments are favorable to crops but

granular fertilizers give the best terms of yield.

AVRDC (1991) reported that applying of starter solution to plant after

transplanting can significantly improve the initial growth and yield of pechay and

Chinese cabbage. Hence, it is very promising technique for summer crops cultivation on

both liquid fertilizers at rate of 120 mg P2 O5 per plant and appear to be most appropriate

for pechay and cabbage.

B. Nutient composition of foliar fertilizers

Haifa chemicals Ltd. Brochure (1995) stated that crop giant foliar fertilizer is

water soluble dry crystalline form. It contains NPK and selected microelements to meet

the nutritive requirements of any crop containing 15% N, 15% P and 30% K, 150 ppm

manganese and 70 ppm molybdenum.

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Securing of planting material

Scallions as planting material was secured from the local onion farmer at Bulo,

Tabuk City, Kalinga.

Experimental design and layout

The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD) in a single

factor. An area of 75 m2 was divided in three blocks and each block was subdivided into

four plots. Each plot was prepared measuring 1meter wide and a length of 5meters. An

space between blocks was 0.5m and space between plots was 0.5m. a total of 12 plots

was prepared.

The different treatments used in the study are the following:

T1- control

T2- 2 tbs / 16 liter

T3- 4 tbs / 16 liter

T4- 5 tbs / 16 liter

Land preparation

Land preparation begins on May 2019. The area was cultivated and. The prepared

area was lay out using a meter stick, string and pegs. The area was divided into three
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blocks. The three blocks are divided into four plots, each having a dimension 1meter x 5

meters.

Soil analysis

Soil samples were collected from the experimental area. It was air dried. Ten

sampling points were selected. In each sampling point, the surface was scraped to remove

existing weeds and other materials. Using a shovel, a V-shaped pit measuring 30cm deep

was dug. In one side of the V-shaped pit, I- inch-thick shovel slices were taken. The same

procedure was done in the 9 more locations until 1 kilogram of soil sample was collected.

It was sent to the Bureau of Soil and water Management, Department of Agriculture in

Tuguegarao City.

Planting

Scallions was trimmed down with the used of sharp knife leaving only 0.5 cm

long to hasten the germination of new roots. Dried leaves were removed and the

remaining leaves was cut into a half to minimize the rate of transpiration. Planting

distance was 20 cm between hills and 30 cm between rows.

Weeding/Cultivation

Weeding was done as soon as the weeds started to grow with the used of hoe

careful cultivation was employed to avoid damage manually by pulling it. It will be

harvested during late in the afternoon to minimize the physical damage. The sample

plants were separately and weight.

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Water management

Onions have a high water requirement, usually around 75 mm of water per week.

However, late season irrigation can delay maturity and lead to skin cracking. When

grown on particularly light soils, inter-row guard crops of barley or wheat.

Foliar fertilizer Application

Foliar fertilizers was applied following the recommended amount it will be

sprayed on the foliage of plants early in the morning.

Pest and diseases control

The control of the pest and diseases was made in all treatments by spraying

insecticides to ensure good growth of plant.

Harvesting

Harvesting was made when the plant reaches its maturity. Sample plants from the

different treatments were first harvested for data on plant number of scallion.

Data to be gathered

Average number of slips / plant. This was taken by getting the number of pant

taken from the ten plants selected randomly at the time of harvesting.

Average weight of slips / plot. This was taken by getting the weight of fresh

plants using the three middle rows of plant in the plot at the time of harvesting.
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Chapter 4

OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Observation

During the planting of green onion after 10 days it was observed that the leaves of

green onion start to developed. And during the month of May to June it was observed that

there is no rainfall that one caused of leaves of green onion become wilt.

Occurrence of pest and diseases

It was observed that attack of cutworms and armyworms during the young stage

to maturity stage of green onion that the other caused of scallions become wilt and it was

controlled by spraying pesticide (lannate). It was observed that cutworm was attack

inside of the slip while armyworm attack the outside of the slip.

Based from the result of soil analysis it was observed that the soil has very low

nitrogen content.
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Results and Discussions

Table 1. Average number of slips per plant

REPLICATION Treatment Treatment

TREATMENT F test
1 2 3 Total Mean
1 6.5 7.3 4.3 18.1 6.03
2 5.9 3.6 2.8 12.3 4.10
NS
3 7.3 4.9 2.8 15 5.00
4 4.6 4.3 4.9 13.8 4.60
Replication Total 24.3 20.1 14.8 59.2
Grand Total
Grand Mean 4.93
CV= 24.84%

The average number of slips per plant has grand mean of 4.93. It shows that T1

which is control has the highest number of slips per plant with a mean of 6.03 since it was

infested by insect test, followed by T3 applied with four table spoon of Crop giant per 16

liters of water with a grand mean of 5.00 and T4 applied with five table spoon of crop

giant per 16 liter of water with a mean of 4.60 while T2 applied with two table spoon of

Crop giant per 16 liters of water produce the lowest number of slips per plant with a

mean of 4.10 because most of the plants in this treatment were infested by cut worms and

due to the absence of rain during its vegetative stage.

Based on the analysis of variance the treatments showed no significant difference

among the other treatment on the average number of slips per plants. As shown on the

computed frequency value 1.34 which is lower than the tabulated value of 4.76 at 5%

level of significance. This means that application of crop giant during dry season are

almost the same to each other.

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Average weight per plot (kg)

REPLICATION Treatment Treatment

TREATMENT F test
R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

1 4.50 4.85 2.50 11.85 3.95

2 4.20 1.50 0.80 6.50 2.16
NS
3 5.00 4.00 1.00 10.00 3.33
4 3.00 2.50 3.8 9.30 3.10
Replication Total 16.7 12.85 8.1
Grand Total 37.65
Grand Mean 3.13
CV= 41.03%

The average weight per plot was presented in table 2 which has a grand mean of

3.13 kg.

As to the crop giant applied, plants in T1 obtained the heaviest weight with a mean

of 3.95kg followed by T3 applied with four table spoon of Crop giant per 16 liters of

water with a mean of 3.33kg and T4 applied with five table spoon of crop giant per 16

liter of water with a mean of 3.10kg while T2 applied with two table spoon of Crop giant

per 16 liters produced the lowest weight with a mean of 2.16 kg.

Based on the analysis of variance the treatments showed no significant difference

among the other treatment on the average weight per plot. As shown on the computed

frequency value 0.99 which is lower than the tabulated value of 4.76 at 5% level of

significance. This means that application of crop giant during dry season are almost the

same to each other

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Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study of pest incidence on the yield of onion applied with rates of crop giant

during dry season in Kalinga State University farm, Bulanao, Tabuk city, Kalinga was

done on May 2019 aimed to determine the effect of pest incidence on the yield of onion

applied with rates of crop giant during dry season at Kalinga State University farm in

Tabuk City Kalinga.

The Randomized Complete Block Design was in the study, using an area of 75

square meters.

The effect of pest incidence on the yield of onion applied with rates of crop giant

during the dry season at Kalinga State University farm. Soil analysis is done to ensure

balanced fertilizers to be applied. the recommended used of fertilizer was followed as

formulated by Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Laboratory, regular watering and

weeding to make certain of the commodity production, the effect of pest incidence on the

yield of onion applied with rates of crop giant during dry season at Kalinga State

University farm is unproductive.

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Conclusion

The researcher concluded based on the results of the study. The weather, various

pests and diseases that attack onion plants will cause yield loss. Injury to the older slips at

a late stage in crop development will not influence the final yield. Spraying insecticide to

control a cutworm occurring at older slip is a simply waste money. Due to susceptibility

of the growth stages to onion pests, some pests are present throughout the season and can

affect onion at any growth. stage. Damage, and impact of damage on yield, and other

elements of the ecosystem like natural enemies, weather conditions, and fertilizer.

Recommendation

Based on the result of the study, the researcher like to recommend to the different

onion producers to use T1 which is control since it achieved the highest weight. The

researcher also recommend that follow up study to validate the result of this study. Soil

analysis will also be done before planting inorder to know the recommended amount of

fertilizer to be applied in onion production. Do not plant onion during dry season unless

there is sufficient water supply.

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APPENDICES
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EXPERIMENTAL LAY-OUT

R1 R2 R3

T1 T2 T1 T3 T4 T2

T4 T3 T4 T2 T1 T3

Figure 1:

Legend

Total Experimental Area ……………………………………………………75 sq. m

Plot Size ……………………………………………………………………1m x 5m

Rows / Plot …………………………………………………………………2

Distance between Plots …………………………………………………….0.5m

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REFERENCE

Brewster, James and Haim Rabinowitch. Onions and Allied

Crops. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida. 1989.

Harington, Geri. Grow your own Chinese Vegetables. Garden

Way Publishing, Pownal, Vermont. 1984. 268 pp.

Jones, Henry and Louis Mann. Onions and their allies.

Internscience Publisher Inc., New York. 1963.

Mansour, N. S. Green Bunching Onions. Oregan State

University Vegetable Crops Recommendations. 1990

Yamaguchi, Mas. World Vegetables. AVI Publishing Company,

Inc., Westport Connecticut. 1983. 415 pp.

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Average number of slips per plant

REPLICATION Treatment Treatment

TREATMENT F test
1 2 3 Total Mean
1 6.5 7.3 4.3 18.1 6.03
2 5.9 3.6 2.8 12.3 4.1
NS
3 7.3 4.9 2.8 15 5
4 4.6 4.3 4.9 13.8 4.6
Replication Total 24.3 20.1 14.8
Grand Total 59.2
Grand Mean 4.93

ANOVA

Source of Degree of Sum of Mean of CFV F Tabular

Variation Freedom Square Square 5% 1%
Treatment 3 6.06 2.02 1.34 4.76% 9.78%
Replication 2 11.33 5.66 3.77 5.14% 10.92%
Error 6 9 1.5
Total 11 26.39
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Average weight per plot

REPLICATION Treatment Treatment

TREATMENT F test
R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

1 4.5 4.85 2.5 11.85 3.95

2 4.2 1.5 0.8 6.5 2.16
3 5 4 1 10 3.33
4 3 2.5 3.8
Replication Total 16.7 12.85 8.1
Grand Total 9.3
Grand Mean 3.1

ANOVA

Source of Degree of Sum of Mean of CFV F Tabular

Variation Freedom Square Square 5% 1%
Treatment 3 4.93 1.64 0.99 4.76% 9.78%
Replication 2 9.28 4.64 2.81 5.14% 10.92%
Error 6 9.91 1.65
Total 11 26.39
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PICTORIALS
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Figure 3: A photo showing the researcher preparing the area

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Figure 4: A photo showing to measuring the plots

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Figure 5: A photo showing planting green onion

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Figure 6: Photo of green onion that the leafminer attack

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Figure 7: Photo of green onion that army worm attack

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Figure 8: Photo measuring the length of green onion

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Figure 9: photo of the green onion per plot in kilogram

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Figure 10: A field visit conducted by dean, chairman, adviser and statistician

Figure 11: a photo where the dean is suggesting solution to the thesis
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CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Personal information

Name Narisa S. Lingan

Birth Date October 16, 1996

Birth Place Musimut Kabugao Apayao

Civil Status Single

Gender Female

Religion Roman Catholic

II. Educational background

Elementary Musimut Elementary

School

Secondary Kalinga national high

school

Tertiary Kalinga State University

Degree Bachelor of science in

Agriculture

Major Crop Science

III. Family Background

Father Orlando B. Lingan

Mother Lydia S. Lingan

Brothers Smael, Freddie, Vergel, Jhondy

Sonnyboy, Jr. Orlando Sister Liza,

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Republic of the Philippines

KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture
Bulanao, Tabuk City

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that NARISA S. LINGAN a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

student, executed all the rigors stated in this undergraduate thesis during the second

semester summer school year 2018-2019 under my direct supervision and guidance.

This certification is issued to vouch the authenticity of results stated in this

manuscript.

CARMEN A. BAGLINIT
Adviser
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Republic of the Philippines

KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Bulanao, Tabuk City

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that NARISA S. LINGAN a Bachelor of science in Agriculture

student, followed all the statistical requirements and procedure in coming up with the

tables presented both in chapter four and appendix tables in this undergraduate thesis

under my direct supervision and guidance.

This certification is issued to vouch the authenticity of results stated in this

manuscript.

LORETO B. JUAN, MS
Statistician
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Republic of the Philippines

KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture and forestry
Bulanao, Tabuk City

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the undersigned has examined closely the thesis manuscript

of NARISA S. LINGAN, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture student as a format,

organization and style.

CHRISTINA LYN A. ESPITA

English Critic