ICT REVIEWER (1ST GRADING)

Padocks Input Process Output

Computer System
- Can be defined as a group of related components
of a computer that interact to perform a task.
Store
 Computer
- Electronic device that accepts, inputs, processes Input – sense data
and stores data and produces output. Process- Human language to machine language
- An electronic device operating under the control of Output- information
instructions stored in its own memory unit that can Storage- store
accept data, process data, mathematically or
logically and produce meaningful result called Examples:
information. Input Process Output storage
Information- group of processed data Mic Voice Speaker Storage
Recorder
 System Keyboard Ms Word Monitor flashdrive
- A group of interrelated parts that work together to
perform a specific task. The computer system is made of the following
- A regularly interacting or independent group of components:
items forming a unified whole.  Hardware
 Software
Classification of Computers  Liveware
 Super Computers  Dataware
- Are very expensive and very fast,and most powerful
computers. (for scientific research centers) Hardware
1) Input Device
 Mainframe Computers - An imput device is any hardware component that
- Powerful multi-user computer that are capable of allows you to enterdata and instruction into a
supporting many of hundreds or thousands of users computer.
simultaneously (governments or large organization - Keyboard,numeric keypad, mouse, joystick,
for bulk data processing) scanner, microphone, webcam

 Mini-computer 2) Output Device

- are mid-sized multi-user computer that are capable
of supporting 4-200 users simultaneously
(corporations)
 Workstations
- Are single user but powerful computers, run my
more powerful microprocessor and monitor
enginerring applications (CAD, Desktop Publishing
that requires moderate amount of computing
power)
- An output device is a hardware component that
conveys information to one or more people who
uses the computer
- Projector, speaker, monitor, printer
3) Input/Output Device
- Are hardware devices that have the capability to
accept data and information and at the same time
send them
- Mobile devices, headphone, mp4, all-in-one printer

 Personal Computer 4) System Unit

- Documents, presetations, research - Is a case that contains electronic components of the
- Are also called microcomputers because of their computer that are used to process data.
micro processor
- Are single-user computers that have a keyboard,
monitor and storage devices.
5) Storage and Media Devices
Electronice Data Processing (EDP)
- A computer that keeps data, instructions and  Managing tasks
information on storage media.
- A storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves  Utility System
(reads) items to and from storage as a source of - Is a program that allows a user to perform
input because they transfer items from storage to maintenance type task usually related to managing
memory. computer, its devices or its programs. Most
- Flash drive, floppy disk, zip disc, PC card, smart card, operating system includes several programs for
storage tape, smart media,memory stick, micro managing disk drives, printer and other device.
drive
Utility Task Contribute:
6) Communication Device  Back up
- Is a hardware component that enables a computer  Data recovery
to send (transmit) and receive data, instruction and  File Defrogmentation
information to and from one or more computers.  Disk Repair
Communications occur over cables, telephone lines,  Virus Protection
cellular radio networks and satellites.  Data Compression
 Memory Management
Software
- Collection of computer programs and related data 2) Application Software
that provide the instructions telling a computer - Is a computer program, designed to carry out
what to do. specialization task for users. A widely used type of
- Software refers to one or more computer prgrams application software related to communication is a
and data held in the storage of the computer for web browser, which allows users with an internet
some purpose. connection to access and view web pages.
- Software today often has Graphical User Interface Other popular software include:
(GUI). With a GUI a person may interact with the  Word Processing Software
software using text, graphics and visual images such  Database Software
as icons.  Presentation graphic software

1) System Software 3) Word Processing Software

- Is a computer software that controls or manages - Allows the user to manipulate text, it is used to
computer hardware so that application software create and edit text documents.
can perform. System software serves as the Sample word Processing Software:
interface between the user, the application  Microsoft Office Word
software, and the computer hardware, two types of  Adobe
system software are the operating system and  Word Perfect
utility programs.  Open Office.org
 Ability Write
 Operating System
- Is a set of programs that coordinates all the 4) Desktop Publishing Software
activities among computer hardware devices. It -allows the user to create publication documents on
provides a means for user to communicate with the a computer. Computer programs that combine
computer and other software. Many of today;s graphics and Word Processing tools allows the user
computers use Microsoft’s operating system, the to create documents.
windows series. Sample Documents:
- Ex: Windows XP, Android, IOS,Macintosh  Microsoft Publishing Office
 Quark Xpress
Ff tasks are contributions of the Operating System:  Serif Pages Plus
 Booting  Print Master
 Managing the storage media
 Providing user interface
 Managing computer resources 5) Spreadsheet Software
 Managing files
- Is a computer application that stimulates a paper 1) Keyboard (input)
worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together - One of the primary input devices, it allows a
make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, computer to input letters, numbers,and other
each call containing either alpha numeric text or symbols into a computer.
numeric values. - With certain key combination, it can also execute
Sample Spreadsheet Software: commands such as saving or printing files.
 Office Excel The keys on computer keyboards are as follows:
 Visi Calculator  Typing Keypad (ex: pinkly finger for typing a,x,z)
 Apple Numbers  Numeric Keypad
 Open Office.org Calculator  Function Keys
 Gnumeric  Navigation Keys
 Special Keys (delete, shift, tab)
Liveware/Peopleware  Escape Keys
-refers to anything that has to do with the role of
people in the development or use of computer software Alt + 165 = ñ
and hardware system.
2) Monitor (Output)
Electronic Data Processing Department: - A monitor or screen displays information from the
 Programmer- preparing the program for the entire computer
system  CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 Computer Operator – involved in ensuring the  LCD (Liquid Crystal Displays)
proper operations and setting up of processor  Plasma
 Data Entry Operator- converts data from source  Touchscreen
documents into a magnetic media for suitable input
into a computer system. 3) Mouse (Input Device)
 Database Administrator-creates a data dictionary - Senses your motion and your clicks and sends them
that records organization wide data definitions and away to the computer so it can respond
standards. appropriately.
 System Analyst- in charge of system analysis, how
computer data processing can be applied to specific 4) Gaming Devices (Input)
use albums and in designing effective custom-made  Joystick
data processing solution.  Gamepad
 Information System Manager- focuses on internal  Game Controller
activities such as stem analysis and program
preparation. (planning,organizing implementing and 5) Image and Video Devices
controlling)  Image Scanner (Input)
 Webcam (Input)
 Graphics Tablet (Input)
Dataware  Barcode Reader (Input)
- Also known as dataware house  Printer (Output)
- It is a central repository of data which is created by
integrated data from multiple disparate sources. 6) Audio Devices
 Microphone (Input)
 Speaker (Output)

External and Internal Components of the computer 7) Storage Device

- Store and keeps records of data
 External – describes a hardware device that is  Hark Disk
installed outside of the computer.  Solid-stake Drive
 Internal - is the hardware inside the computer or is  Raid Array Controller
a device that is installed within the computer.  Removable Media (Flashdrive)

External Hardware: 8) Communication Device

 Modem
 Router
 Switch
 Halo
Internal Hardware:
1) System Unit
- is the part of a computer that houses the primary
devices that perform operations and produce
results for complex calculation. It includes the
motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components, as
well as the case in which these devices are housed.
This unit performs the majority of the functions that
a computer is required to do.
- The term system unit is generally used to
differentiate between the computer itself and its
peripheral devices, such as the keyboards, mouse,
and monitor.
- Also known as “chassis”
2) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- Or processor as it is sometimes called, it is the main
chip in the computer and it is located on the
motherboard.
- The CPU processes the computer’s data and
exchanges it with the other components and
peropherals.
- CPU is often referred to as brain of the computer.
3) Motherboad
- Or logic board, as it is known in Macintosh
Computers, is te main circuit board in the
computer. The motherboard contains many
components like the RAM, CPU expansion suit and
the heat sink. The motherboard connects all thes
peripherals together.
4) RAM
- Or Random Access Memory is the main maemory
that stores dataon the computer.
- RAM is the type of volatile memory which means it
requires electricity to store data, so when the
computer is powered down all the memory is
wiped.
- There are many types of RAM including SRAM
(Static Random Access Memory)
5) ROM
- Read Only Memory (ROM), computer memory on
which data has been written onto a ROM chip. It
cannot be removed and can only be read.
- Unlike RAM, ROM contains its contents each when
the computer is turned off.
- Non-volatile
6) Power Supply
- Supplies all the computer components which power
(electricity ). The power supply unit changes AC
(Alternating Current) from the main supply into DC
(Direct Current) which is used by the components.
7) Fans
- One of the main problem with computers especially
laptops, are that they can overheat easily. To stop
this problem, fans are added to cool the computers
down.
- The main fan is positioned on the CPU because the
CPU is prone to overheating. First, a thermal
compound is put on top of the CPU to followed by
the heat sink, and fan is placed on top of this.
8) Adapter Cards
- On the motherboard there are couple of expansion
slots, in the expansion slots go several printed
circuit boards, or adapter cards as they are more
commonly known.
- This sound cards is an adapter card that allows the
computer to have extended sound capabilities and
for sound components to be used, for example,
headphones.
- The video or graphic card is an adapter card that
allows the computer to show graphics on the
monitor.
9) NIC Card
- Or network Interface Card, is an adapter card that
allows the computer to connect to a network.
- The wireless network interface card allows the
computer to access the network wirelessly. It uses
radio signals to do.
10) Flappy Disk Drive
- Is a drive that can read and write on a removable
magnetically coated flappy disk. The rectangular
disk is quite flexible so it has been given the name
“floppy”.
- Is a type of storage medium and backup device.
11) Hard Disk Drive
- Is a drive that can read and write on a magnetically
coated platter that spins at a high speed. There can
be more than one platter (disk) in the hard drive.
- While the platter is rotating the magnetic head
reads the data stored on it.
- A computer can have more than one hard drive. In Pc assembly Guidelines
these circumstances the main hard drive is called o In PC assemble and troubleshooting, one must
the “master” while the other are called “slaves”. prepare
1. Screw drivers- to tighten/loosen the screws
12) Optical Drive 2. Brush- to remove dust
- There are two types of optical drives: 3. Pliers & wire cutter- use to bend and cut wires
- The DVD drive is a DVD player built in to the base 4. Soldering iron- to attach some components
unit. The DVD allows the computer to run DVD. Security and Safety in PC assemble
- The other optical drive is the CPU drive which
allows the computer to run CD ROMS, those 1. Keep your work place clean & proper lighting
2. Wear non-conductible apparel
however, mostly been replaced by DVD drives.
3. Unplug computer before opening the case
4. Do not force the components into ports
13) Connector 5. Discharge electricity from your body
- Is a cable that connects a peripheral device to a 6. Return coverings after installation
hardware component. There are many types of
PC assemble Precaution
connections but the main ones used today are USB
fireware, and PSR. 1. Fully shutdown & unplug the computer
2. Take off any metal objects on your arms/fingers
 USB (Universal Serial Bus) is not swappable, 3. Make sure your hands are completely dry
meaning that it can be put in or pulled out without 4. Work in a cool area
5. Prepare to keep any screws you may remove
the system unit having to be rebooted, it can 6. Handle all parts with care
support 127 devices. There are 3 stand cards or 7. Do not forcefully remove the components
USB. 8. Be careful when holding the motherboard
9. Be careful not to drop any small parts
 Ports 10. Take note the 3 of the most damaging things to a
 Video Graphic Array (VGA) computer: MOSITURE, SHOCK, DUST
(KULANG SJGHOAJSHFD) Key points in handling components safety
1. Be sure to draw off any state electrical that you may
build up in your hands
Computer Assembly
2. Touch the parts where they’re the least sensitive
1. Open the case 3. Always plan where you’ll set a component
2. Install the power supply
3. Attach the components to the motherboard
4. Install the motherboard Operating System
5. Install the internal drives (ex. Hard disk drive)
6. Install drives in external bays o Integrated set of programs
7. Install adapter cards o Enables all the programs we use
8. Connect all internal cables (SATA,PATA) o Interface between the application programs and the
9. Re-attach the side panels machine hardware
10. Connect external cables to the computer o Makes the computer actually work

Computer Disassembly Structure of operating system

1. Power-off the system o 2 primary objectives of an operating system

2. Unplug power cables 1. Make a computer system easier to use
3. Disconnect external cables from the computer 2. Manage the resources of the computer
4. Detach the side panels/ open the case system
5. Disconnect all internal cables
Users
6. Uninstall adapter cards
7. Uninstall drives from external bays Other System
8. Uninstall internal drives Operating System
9. Uninstall motherboard
10. Detach the components to the motherboard Computer Hardware
11. Uninstall the power supply
Main Function of Operating System Basic Computer Troubleshooting Guide
1. Process management 1. Don’t panic. Relax. Take a breath
- Process management module takes care of creation o Many computer problems appear more serious than
and deletion of processes they really are.
2. Memory Management
- Takes care of allocation and de-allocation of memory 2. Make sure there really is a problem. Can’t start your
space computer? Check the basics.
3. File management o Examine the cables, connectors, and power cords
- Takes care of file related activities to make sure they’re plugged in securely. Often times
4. Security a loose cable or connector (power, network,
- Protects the resources and information of the keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor cable, etc.) is the
computer system cause of the problem.
5. Command interpretation o Try plugging something else directly into the
- Takes care of interpreting user commands and electrical outlet to make sure there isn’t a power
directing system resources to process commands problem.
o Check to see if your monitor is on. Sounds silly, but
it has solved my own problem more than once.
Two types of user interface
o Command line- typing specific commands 3. Can’t get on to the network or the Internet?
o Graphic user interface o Check to see if anyone else around you is having a
- built-in commands similar problem. If so, there may be a service outage
- user friendly affecting a wider area
o Check to make sure the network cable is connected
to both the computer and the wall or modem
Operating System can be also classified as o Check where the network cable connection is made to
the back of the computer
o single user system
- run on standalone system where no user accounts are 4. Error Messages - Write them down.
required o What tipped you off to the problem? Sometimes it’s
o multi user system an error code or message displayed on screen. Be
- provides regulated access for a number of users by sure to write it down
maintaining database of known users o Other times you get no warning — everything just
freezes. Message or no message, be sure note what
Installing Operating System was going on when the problem occurred. Were
you starting your computer? Were you on the
1. turn on your computer then press DEL & F2 Windows Desktop? Were you in a particular
2. go to boot menu and choose boot from CD/DVD application? Surfing the Web?
3. press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS
4. insert windows 7 DVD drive 5. Think about what changed recently on your computer.
5. select your language, time & currency format , Try to pinpoint when the trouble first started. Did the
keyboard or input method and click next problem coincide with any recent changes?
6. click install now o Did you change any settings
7. check I accept license terms and click next o Any peripherals been added or removed recently
8. click upgrade o Has anyone else been using your computer
9. select the drive where you want to install windows 7 recently?
and click next o Have downloaded anything off the Web?
10. copying of windows files
11. expanding windows files 6. The computer is on but…
12. installing features and updates o Everything on the screen is frozen and the keyboard
13. it will automatically restart and mouse are not responding
14. completing installations - Try tapping on the Num Lock key. It’s located on the
15. it will automatically restart right-hand side of the keyboard above the number 7.
16. setting user name/ computer name While tapping the Num Lock key, notice whether or
17. setting the password not the Num Lock light goes on and off. If it doesn’t, the
18. type the product key computer is completely locked up. You’ll have to
19. select your desired option for windows update REBOOT the computer. If the light does go off and on,
20. select your time wait a minute before giving up hope. It may come back
21. set network connection to life on its own.
o Pressing Alt + F4
- If a software program stops working or freezes up, try o Check that the output level matches the input level of
pressing the ALT+F4 keys to close the window that your computer
you’re currently working in. This can shut down a o Make sure the signal timing of the computer system is
frozen window and bring the computer back to life. If within the specification of the monitor
the keyboard is frozen as well, you’ll have to reboot.
o The “Blue Screen” has appeared. 3. The position is not in the center
- The dreaded “Blue Screen of Death”. There’s not a lot o Adjust the H-Size, H-Phase or V-Size, V-Center
to be done except to reboot the machine. If it keeps controls. Check if the signal timing of the computer
occurring, this is an indication of a major problem with system is within the specification of the monitor.
the computer.
o The computer is on, but there is no sound.
- See if any of the volume controls have been muted or 4. The screen is too bright or too dark
turned all the way down. Uncheck any Mute boxes that o Check if the Brightness or contrast control is at the
are selected appropriate position, not at the maximum or
o The computer is on, but the keyboard doesn’t work minimum.
- Swap the keyboard or try plugging the keyboard into o Check if the specified voltage is applied
another computer o Check if the signal timing of the computer system is
o CTRL-ALT-DEL within the specification of the monitor.
- When you press the Ctrl-Alt-Delete buttons together, o Especially, check the horizontal frequency.
you will bring up a control panel where you can select
“Task Manager “and see if any of the programs are
shown as “not responding”. You may be able to shut
down the offending program from there. If you 5. The screen is shaking
can’t get to this screen, you’ll have to reboot. o Move all objects that emit a magnetic field, such as a
o Rebooting can do wonders. motor or transformer, away from the monitor.
- Don’t just pull the plug! o Check if the specified voltage is applied.
- A simple reboot may clear up the problem. Go to the o Check if the signal timing of the computer system is
Start Menu and select Shutdown. Didn’t work? Its within the specification of the monitor.
time to try a forced reboot — with, unfortunately, no
way to save your work — by pressing the keys CTRL-
ALT-DEL simultaneously twice in a row. Troubleshooting Tips for a New Motherboard
- If that didnt work, you have no choice: you have to
turn the computer off manually with the power switch. System has no power at all. Power light does not
Hold the power button down illuminate, fan inside the power supplydoes not turn
on, and indicator light on keyboard does not turn on.
BEEP CODES
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
o The beep pattern is telling you what part of the CAUSE
hardware is failing.
Power cable is Visually inspect Make sure
BEEP DESCRIPTION unplugged power cable power cable is
o 1 Short Beep= Normal POST, computer is ok securely plugged
o Continuous Beep= RAM problem in
o One Long and Three Short Beeps= Indicates a
video error has occurred and the BIOS cannot Defective power Visual Replace cable
initialize the video screen to display any cable inspection, try
additional information another cable

Power supply Power cable and Contact

Troubleshooting tips for New Monitors failure wall Contact technical
technical socket support
1. The picture does not appear
are OK, but
o Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly
connected in the socket support system
o Check to see if the computer system’s power is ON is still dead.
o Check that the Brightness Control is at the
Faulty wall Plug device into Use different
appropriate position, not at the minimum
outlet;circuit socket know to socket, repair
2. The screen is not synchronized breaker or fuse work and test. outlet, reset
o Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly blown circuit breaker
connected in the socket or replace fuse.
System inoperative. Keyboard lights are on, power Damaged hard Format hard Contact
indicator lights are lit, and hard drive is spinning. disk or disk disk; if unable to technical
controller do so, the hard support
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
disk may be
CAUSE
defective
Expansion card Turn off your Using even
Hard disk Run the FDISK Backing up the
is partially computer prssure on both
directory of FAT program, format hard drive is
dislodge from ends of the
Take cover off is scrambled the hard drive extremely
expansion slot expanssioncard,
system unit (see HARD important. All
on the press down
DRIVE section hard disk are
motherboard Check all expansion firmly on
manual). Copy capable of
cards ensure they expansion card
your backup breaking down
are securely seated data back onto at any time
card hard drive
Defective floppy Turn system off Contact System only boots from Floppy Disk. Hard Disk can be
disk drive or technical read and applicationscan be used, but booting from
tape drive Disconnect the support Hard Disk is impossible.
cables from one of
the floppy drives Error message reading "SECTOR NOT FOUND" or other
error messagesindication certain data is not allowed
Turn on the system, to be retrieved.
check if the
keyboard operates PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
normally CAUSE

Repeat until you Hard disk boot A number of Back up data and
have located program has causes could be application files.
defective unit been destroyed behind this Reformat the
hard drive as
described in the
hard drive
Defective Turn computer off Make sure
section of the
expansion card expansion card
Remove an manual. Re-
is secure in
expansion card install
expansion
application and
socket
data using
System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be backup disks
booted from floppy disk drive.
Error message reading "SECTOR NOT FOUND" or other
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION error messages indication certain data is not allowed
CAUSE to be retrieved.

Connector When Check cable PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

between hard attempting to running form CAUSE
drive and system run the FDISK disk to disk
A number of Usa a file by file Back up any
board unplugged utility described controller on the
causes could be backup instead salvageable data.
in the HARD board. Make
behind this of an image Then do a low
DISK section of sure both ends
backup to level format,
the manual you are securely
backup the hard partition, and
get a message, plugged in;
disk high level format
INVALID DRIVE check the drive
of the hard drive
SPECIFICATION type in the
(see hard disk
Standard CMOS
section of your
Setup (in your
manual for
motherboard
instructions).
manual)
Re-install all
saved data when
 competed or not connected to
plugged in display card,
Disk formatted on IBM PS/2 will not operate with this change I/O address
system.
on network card
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
Monitor not See instruction
CAUSE
connceted to above
The IBM PS/2 IBM PS/2 format Format disk in computer
uses a dipperent will not work at the AT type
Network card See instruction
format that othe AT type computer insert
I/O address above
computer computer disk into the IBM
conflict
PS/2 and copy
the files you System does not boot from hard dsk drive, can be
wish booted from floppy disk drive

After install an expansion card (network card, tape PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
drive card, etc.) the system no longer works properly CAUSE
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION Connector Invalid drive Make sure they
CAUSE between hard specification are securely
drive and system plugged in
No power to All or part of the Change the
board unplugged
monitor system may be interrupt or
inoperable. The RAM address on Problem
new card may the new
work but a expansion card. PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
mouse or COM See the
Memory Problem, Reboot computer
port may not documentation
display card jumpers , re-install
work that came with
are not set correctly memory
the new card in
order to change Computer virus Use anti- virus
pin settings program
many expansion
devises come Screen goes blank periodically
with proprietery PROABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
software that
will assis you in Screen saver Disable screen
doing this enabled saver

Screen message says “invalid configuration” or “CMOS Keyboard failure

failure”
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION CAUSE
CAUSE
Keyboard is Make sure the Connect the
Incorrect Check the Review system’s disconnected keyboard is keyboard
information configuration equipment. connected properly
entered into the program. Make sure
configuratuon Replace any correct No color on screen
program incorrect information is in PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
information setup CAUSE
Screen is blank Faulty monitor Connect the monitor to
PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION another system
CAUSE
CMOS Call technical support
No power to Power Plug the power incorrectly set
monitor connectors connectors. Make up
may be loose sure the monitor is
Error reading drive A

PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

Bad floppy disk Try new floppy disk

Floppy disk not Format floppy disk

formatted

C: drive failure

PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

SETUP program does Boot from drive A

not have correct info.

Hard drive cable not Connect the

connected properly cable properly

Cannot boot system after installing second hard drive

PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

Master/slave jumpers Set master/slave

not set correctly jumpers correctly

Hard Drives not Run SETUP

compatible program and select
correct drive types

Missing operating system on hard drive

PROBABLE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

CAUSE

CMOS setup has Run setup and

been changed select correct drive
type

Keyboard is locked, no keys functions

PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

Keys jammed or Replace

defective keyboard

Keyboard is locked, no keys function

PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION

Keyboard is Unlock keyboard

locked