1–18 A rigid closed tank is filled with 1 metric ton of liquid ammonia and is exposed to the sun.

At
6 am, the liquid ammonia is at a temperature of 4°C. By 3 pm, the temperature of the liquid
ammonia has increased by 2°C. Determine the amount of heat energy that has been added to the
liquid ammonia.

1–53 The inner and outer surfaces of a 4-m x 7-m brick wall of thickness 30 cm and thermal
conductivity 0.69 W/m·K are maintained at temperatures of 26°C and 8°C, respectively. Determine
the rate of heat transfer through the wall, in W. 1-56

1–69 An electric current of 5 A passing through a resistor has a measured voltage of 6 V across the
resistor. The resistor is cylindrical with a diameter of 2.5 cm and length of 15 cm. The resistor has a
uniform temperature of 90°C and the room air temperature is 20°C. Assuming that heat transfer
by radiation is negligible, determine the heat transfer coefficient by convection. 1-55

1–86 Consider a sealed 20-cm-high electronic box whose base dimensions are 50 cm 3 50 cm
placed in a vacuum chamber. The emissivity of the outer surface of the box is 0.95. If the
electronic components in the box dissipate a total of 120 W of power and the outer surface
temperature of the box is not to exceed 55°C, determine the temperature at which the
surrounding surfaces must be kept if this box is to be cooled by radiation alone. Assume the heat
transfer from the bottom surface of the box to the stand to be negligible. 1-85

1–100 The inner and outer surfaces of a 25-cm-thick wall in summer are at 27°C and 44°C,
respectively. The outer surface of the wall exchanges heat by radiation with surrounding surfaces
at 40°C, and convection with ambient air also at 40°C with a convection heat transfer coefficient of
8 W/m2 ·K. Solar radiation is incident on the surface at a rate of 150 W/m2. If both the emissivity
and the solar absorptivity of the outer surface are 0.8, determine the effective thermal
conductivity of the wall.
2.16 Consider a large 3-cm-thick stainless steel plate in which heat is generated uniformly at a
rate of 5 3 106 W/m3 . Assuming the plate is losing heat from both sides, determine the heat flux
on the surface of the plate during steady operation. Answer: 75 kW/m2. 2-18

2.26 Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form as
(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient? (b) Is heat transfer one-, two-, or three-dimensional? (c) Is
there heat generation in the medium? (d ) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or
variable?

2.44 Heat is generated in a long wire of radius ro at a constant rate of e · gen per unit volume.
The wire is covered with a plastic insulation layer. Express the heat flux boundary condition at the
interface in terms of the heat generated.

2.58 Consider the base plate of an 800-W household iron with a thickness of L 5 0.6 cm, base
area of A 5 160 cm2, and thermal conductivity of k 5 60 W/m·K. The inner surface of the base plate
is subjected to uniform heat flux generated by the resistance heaters inside. When steady
operating conditions are reached, the outer surface temperature of the plate is measured to be
112°C. Disregarding any heat loss through the upper part of the iron, (a) express the differential
equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction through the
plate, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the base plate by solving the
differential equation, and (c) evaluate the inner surface temperature. Answer: (c) 117°C

2.85 Consider a large 3-cm-thick stainless steel plate (k 5 15.1 W/m·K) in which heat is generated
uniformly at a rate of 5 3 105 W/m3 . Both sides of the plate are exposed to an environment at
30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of 60 W/m2 ·K. Explain where in the plate the highest and the
lowest temperatures will occur, and determine their values.

2.110
3.20, 3.50, 3.63, 3.76, 3.103, 3.119, 3.143