PCB272 - Radiation Physics

Monday 27th March

 Radiation is instantaneous in a clinical room, which can be dangerous at times

 ALARA Principle, to keep dosses low as practical

 High resolution images = smaller the target
 Region of interest should only be targeted
 Short exposure time needed depending on the body part (whole body means
someone is breathing so shorter)
 Three possible X-ray images occur
 If receptor is closer to patient there is more scatter
 Darker spots in X-ray mean more light is being transmitted

Tuesday 28th March

 X-ray thine -> produces heat-> electrons emerge on the surface
 If electrons are out of target it will interact with the nuclei
 Electron looses energy if reflected, refracted
 Electrons are created, then accelerated then, smash to target then produces
electron
 Increased voltage means more accelerated energy (for something like pelvis more
energy is needed, as well as duration, compared to a wrist)
 Larger patients vs a child will require different measures.
 Exposure is how much X-rays we are exposing the patient to
 Exposure and some are two different things
 100kv X-ray = maximum electron looses energy and is totally absorbed by the
nucleus
 exposure is proportional to (current x time)/(voltage x 1 over distance squared)
 Exposure should be constant. REARRANGE:

 SI Units
 Different biological cells would have different effects. They have different dose limits
 Decay per second – gigabecquerels
 Destroy all or almost nearly all cancer cells, then the body’s immunity kicks
 Missing treatment at start has potential risks
 Line focus principle: The heat should be controlled, if there is larger mass then the
heat can dissipate much better.

6th March 2017

The atom
Observations have been made that it's what an atom looks like – no one has ever seen it

ER
Fired alpha particles – went straight through
Hypothesised that the foil was made of mostly space but had parts which would reflect
rays

Ema
Emission of electromagnetic energy – losing energy – tragetoty should change – should
spiral into the nucleus

NB

Bma
Two party's of energy – potential and kinetic energy

Bma
When electron moves in towards nucleos, it emitts a photon (X-ray)