1

Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete Using

Plastic Water Bottle Cap Replace Coarse Aggregate
Nazliah Nasir1, Dr. Mohd Yunus Ishak2
1
Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bharu
2
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bharu

Abstract: This study serves as performance indicators concrete workability and strength be mixed using a plastic bottle,
sand, cement and water. The importance of this alternatively stone replacement to reduce plastic waste that is hard to
lapse and to avoid waste of waste that can be adapted to something that can be used in the development of technology
in the future. In addition to reducing the pollution of nature, it also saves costs and apply the concept of 3R which
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. In this study, the determination of the type of form cutting PBAP that will affect the
strength of concrete, water absorption rate during the process of curing, workability replaced coarse aggregate to PBAP
type deduction PBAP and compressive strength of concrete using concrete in volume percentage PBAP specified
content on a regular basis will be viewed through two forms of tests to be carried out, namely compression tests and
slump test. To ensure the success of this study, the materials to be used are as coarse aggregate, cement, sand, water and
plastic water bottle cap diameter not more and not less 31mm. Where will the new PBAP, divided into three forms,
namely the form 1 (original), Form 2 (PBAP cut 2) and 3 (PBAP cut 4). In addition, there are four trial mix to be made
i.e. Sample 1 (control), Sample 2 (PBAP Form 1), Sample 3 (PBAP Form 2) and Sample 4 (PBAP Form 3). This study
showed a sample of 2 of the 3 Samples and Sample 4. In conclusion, among three samples involving the use of PBAP,
samples that use the PBAP Form 1, i.e. original PBAP compared samples use the PBAP Form 2 and Form 3.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This era, the use of concrete used with very extensively for constructing buildings, bridges and so
on. Due to the usage widely and can reach out beyond the ability of the strength of other materials
such as wood and steel. Due to the use of concrete is widely used, then there are various methods of
improvements aimed at making more environmentally friendly concrete using recycled materials or
materials that can be diversified its intended use. This study is made based on inspiration and to
achieve the concept of environmentally friendly, cheap but can be used in the construction industry.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

In this study, the main focus was to review the strength of the concrete material essentially hatchets
coarse aggregate was replaced with a plastic water bottle cap (PBAP) with 1.0% only. First of all,
please note that plastic bottles made of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) which usage only once.
In this study, the reference on the study involving the replacement of the coarse aggregate with
other materials such as mosaics, fragments of spine and waste animal, coconut shells and others to
compare the results of compressive strength obtained as well as the diversity of the scope of his
work.

There is research on the use of waste for a replacement stone mosaic in the production of
concrete [1]. His research found, compression test results using the rest of the mosaic at the age of 7
days is 24MPa and at the age of 28 days is 39MPa only. The result of the study, found the use of
waste as a replacement stone mosaic has been transforming coarse aggregate workability by the use
of percentage waste mosaic. An increase of 11% in the factor 100% use of workability when
mosaic replace waste coarse aggregate due to surface smooth mosaic waste compared coarse
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aggregate that gross and absorption interface water than the rest of the mosaic. However, concrete
strength increased up to 80% by replacing the coarse aggregate to the rest of the mosaic.
Chunks of bone animals were crushed using the machine to get the size as coarse aggregate
to replace it in mix concrete [2]. By using the animal bone pieces, following data comparison
between physical characteristics of animal bone lumps (Crushed Animal Bone – CAB) with coarse
aggregate.

Table 2.1: Comparison of physical descriptions between CAB and coarse aggregate.
Coarse
Descriptions CAB
Aggregate
Maximum size of coarse aggregate (mm) 20.0 20.0
Bulk Density, (Kg/m3) 822 1510
Specific Gravity (SSD) 1.61 2.65
Fineness Modulus 6.66 6.59
Crushed amount (%) 22.0 16.08
Water absorption in 24 hours (%) 4.00 0.20

Studies that have been conducted have found the rate of absorption of water by the CAB
above the ordinary coarse aggregate. This results in a rate ratio of water use, workability and
strength of concrete change. To avoid this problem, the CAB should extend soaked for 24 hours
before dried. The study, workability downwards when the percentage increase in the CAB. The
study, workability downwards when the percentage increase in the CAB. As the CAB lighter than
normal, then coarse aggregate testing Slump Test is inappropriate. Therefore, compression factor
tests are performed. In terms of the strength of the concrete, the concrete strength rates downwards
each time the percentage increase in the CAB. Compressive strength concrete CAB is lower when
compared with ordinary concrete compressive strength concrete but still can be enhanced with the
CAB using Silica Fume.

Research on coconut shells are used as replacement coarse aggregate [3]. This study is to
produce concrete more environmentally friendly, save and can be recycled. Shells for fruit not easy
to head up to the size of the crushed sands. Therefore, coconut shells can be used as lightweight
concrete because the coconut shells for physical resistant to compress, find and stress compared
with coarse aggregate especially granite. Compressive strength of concrete obtained each time
adding percentage of coconut shells are dropped. This is because, when the addition of coconut
shells for the percentage increase, then the surface area increased. The results of the use of coconut
shells as coarse aggregate in concrete mix found rising percentage content of coconut shells for
replacing coarse aggregate downwards either strength or compressive strength of the concrete
strength stretching. However, it still can be used as lightweight concrete but it can reduce
construction costs because the materials used are cheap.

3.0 PROBLEM FORMULATION / METHODOLOGY

The use of plastic water bottle (PBAP) is to study the strength of concrete based on the form of
PBAP itself. The use of PBAP 1.0% into three sample of concrete mix with three forms of PBAP.
Methodology this study depends on the objective of seeking to achieve. Where, the study refers to a
study of strength of concrete by using a plastic water bottle (PBAP) replace coarse aggregate. In
this study, the following materials are available as well as the methods to be used.
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3.1 Materials Usage

To produce lightweight concrete by substituting coarse aggregate with plastic water bottle caps, the
following materials are available.

3.1.1 Coarse Aggregate

The size of the coarse aggregate used is 20 mm, where the washed coarse aggregate in advance
before use to ensure that it is not mixed with other resources such as land and other dirt. Physical
condition of the stones is left in a state of coarse aggregate is dry.

3.1.2 Cement

In this study, the use of cement is in such proportions for concrete grade 20. Types of cement used
is Ordinary Portland Cement. It is readily available and is the type of cement used in the concrete
construction industry for granted.

3.1.3 Water

Because the plastic water bottle water impermeable, then water use will be reduced where
appropriate by reference to the ER: 456 – 1978 (CL. 2.20). The maximum limit allowed for
chloride content works of concrete may be reduced from 1000mg/L to 500 mg/L with reference to
IS: 456 – 2000. Excessive water content in light concrete mix will cause concrete less strong
(Neville, 1994). On the other hand, lack of water can also caused concrete mix be not perfect (Poh
Koon Poo, 2004)[4].

3.1.4 Water Bottle Plastic Cap (PBAP)

Plastic water bottle cap used diameter not less 31mm. Additionally, a plastic water bottle cap that
will be used must be provided in three circumstances, namely:

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.1.4 a – form of PBAP, (a) Form 1 (original), (b) Form 2 (PBAP cut 2), and (c) Form 3 (PBAP cut
4).
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3.2 MOULD

Mould size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm will be used to get the size of the examples for each of trial
mix and will be tested its strength on the day's 7 and 28.

Figure 3.2 – Mould used measuring 150mm x 150mm x 150mm

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Preparation of Concrete Mix

To achieve the objective of this research was conducted, then there are four (4) concrete mix types will be
made in specified above as follows:

4.1.1 Sample 1 – is a concrete mix to grade 20 (control).

Weight of coarse aggregate : 24.5 kg

Weight of sand : 13.5 kg
Weight of cement : 8.50 kg
Weight of water ratio : 5.00 kg
Weight of PBAP : 0.00 kg (1% of the weight of the coarse aggregate)

4.1.2 Sample 2 – is a concrete mix with PBAP form 1

Weight of coarse aggregate : 24.25 kg

Weight of sand : 13.5 kg
Weight of cement : 8.50 kg
Weight of water ratio : 5.00 kg
Weight of PBAP : 0.25 kg (1% of the weight of the coarse aggregate)

4.1.3 Sample 3 – is a concrete mix with PBAP form 2

Weight of coarse aggregate : 24.25 kg

Weight of sand : 13.5 kg
Weight of cement : 8.50 kg
Weight of water ratio : 5.00 kg
Weight of PBAP : 0.25 kg (1% of the weight of the coarse aggregate)

4.1.4 Sample 4 – is a concrete mix with PBAP form 3

Weight of coarse aggregate : 24.25 kg

Weight of sand : 13.5 kg
Weight of cement : 8.50 kg
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Weight of water ratio : 5.00 kg

Weight of PBAP : 0.25 kg (1% of the weight of the coarse aggregate)

The following data was obtained from the Compression Test:

Table 4.1 – Data Compression test results

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Figure 4.7.3 – Comparison of compressive strength of concrete per sample from 7 days to 28 days the
curing process.

In this Figure, the 4.7.3 significant improvement in Sample 1 and Sample 2. Where, the strength at 1 Sample
increased by 19.5% from 20.17 MPa while Sample 2 rose by 18.67%. However, for Sample 3 Sample 4 and
decline of 0.31% and 0.46%.

4.2 DISCUSSION

After referring to the data obtained and the observations made, found there are several things that affect the
strength of the concrete, such as:

4.2.1 Form of deduction and position the plastic Water Bottle Cap (PBAP);
4.2.2 Rate of water absorption during the process of curing takes place;
4.2.3 Workability
4.2.4 Concrete volume in PBAP

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.2 – Position/position PBAP in (a) Sample 2, Sample 3 (b) and (c) Sample 4.
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5.0 CONCLUSION

After conducting this study, there are some things that need to be considered in producing quality
concrete mix that is capable of achieving quality grades. This study was conducted to determine if
the water bottle cap plastic. This coupled with the ability to aggregate as an alternative to the
success of the 3R concept of reduce, reuse and recycle the materials we use.

The results showed that one sample mixing using PBAP able to achieve the grade of
concrete strength grade concrete 23.03MPa approaches (control) of 26.60MPa while using only
1.0% of a foreign substance in the mixture PBAP, there are other factors that affect the strength of
concrete. The results of the observations and results obtained in this study showed Form 1 (PBAP
in primary forms) affect the strength of concrete more than PBAP in Form 2 and 3. This indicates
that the use of the PBAP in Form 1 can be used in light construction such as building a perimeter
ditch, outdoor floor (apron slab), etc. In addition, the rate of absorption of water has affected the
strength of concrete. This can be evidenced by the data obtained in each cube in each sample that
was created.

Undoubtedly, each sample affects the workability by type form PBAP used besides
proportion of water. However, in this study, workability at Sample 4 is very easy because the PBAP
has been cut to 4 in trial mix process. Unlike at Sample 1 and Sample 2, where, on a sample of 2,
PBAP in original form need scrutiny during the concrete mix process carried out because there is
concern, such as with concrete PBAP not fully resulted in a lot of air space that will contribute to
the deterioration of the quality and strength of the concrete. Based on observations and data
collected, can be concluded that the content of or the volume of concrete that meets space PBAP
stronger than less PBAP contains concrete. This can be proved by the access Sample 2 strength
pressure higher than the pressure at the sample access strength 3 and Sample 4.

REFERENCES

[1] Sudarshan D.Kore,A.K.Vyas et.al. ,2016. “Impact of Marble Waste as Coarse Aggregate on
Properties of Lean Cement Concrete”. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291554319_Impact_of_Marble_Waste_as_Coarse
_Aggregate_on_properties_of_lean_cement_concrete (accessed on 20th May 2016)
[2] Javed Ahmad Bhat, Reyaz Ahmad Qasab dan A.R Dar,2012. Retrieved from
http://arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2012/jeas_0912_780.pdf (accessed on 20th
May 2016)
[3] Akshay S.Shelke et al, 2014. Retrieved from
th
http://www.ripublication.com/ijcer_spl/ijcerv5n3spl_02.pdf (accessed on 20 May 2016).
[4] Poh, Koon Poo.2004, Pembangunan Konkrit Ringan Menggunakan Polisterena, Serbuk
Aluminium Dan Kayu Dalam Kejuruteraan Awam [TA439. P747 2004 f rb] [Microfiche
7540]. Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. (Accessed on 20th May 2016).